Ancient - Qin Shi Huangdi & the terracotta warriors

Pit One

It was dug and extended as warriors were created. - 6,000 terracotta warriors and horses - rows of kneeling archers and their stance was interpreted as 'at rest' - largest of the four pits

Pit Two

Known as the pit for the calvary - 1400 soldiers

When were the warriors discovered?

March 1974

Pit Four

Nothing - possibly was unfinished

How many warriors have been found?

Over 8000 have been found in the three pits.

Status/ranks of the army

Seven grades - High ranking (generals) - Middle ranking officers - Armoured soldiers - Unarmored soldiers - Charioteers - Cavalrymen - Archers (kneeling & standing) Each rank of officer is taller then the lower rank

Protection of artefacts

- Atmospheric pollution is continually monitored - Portible instruments monitor temperature and moisture in the pits and display cabinets - Tourist's cars have been banned from the vicinity of the museums - extensive tree planning to reduce amount of dust and help reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the environment - Windows and ventilation systems have been updated in pits 1 & 2

His reforms to China

- Destruction of inter-kingdom defensive walls for centralisation - Construction of 2500km of the Great Wall of China - Conscription of more then one million people o work on roads, irrigation systems, palaces, and the Great wall - Standardisation of weights, measures and coinage to strengthen trade - Introduction of a uniform Chinese written language - Dismantling of the feudal system

How were the warriors unique?

- Every face is different as the men represented every part of the empire. The differences were very subtle. - Hairstyles were of social, military and aesthetic significance so there were many differences - Beard and moustaches were marks of beauty and status and showed individuality within the conformity

The firing of the warriors

- Fired at temperatures of 950 - 1050 degrees celsius - Most soldiers and horses were fired in one piece - Archeologists have not yet found evidence of a large enough kiln to fire them in one piece. - However, local peasants have found kiln remains around the site

Nature of Qin warfare

- Large peasant-based armies - Society based on military principals - Status and progress depended on military performance - Tough, mobile, highly disciplined - Gongs, drums, banner and flags used for communication on the battlefield - Crossbowmen, the shock troops, led the infantry

How were the warriors made?

- Made in moulds, left for a few days, then fired, though some of the heavier bodies are made of coiled clay - Local clay used then cooked in kilns built into the loess walls

Armour

- Made of leather - Plated in large pieces (lower ranks) or buckled together in small pieces (upper ranks) - Some sleeve armour - Charioteers in full armour - Calvary lightly clad - ordinary soldiers wore no armour at all Six different types of armour according to military rank.

Weapons used by the army

- Mainly bronze and wood, iron just developing - Crossbows and standard bows - Spears and lances - Swords - Dagger axes - Halberds - The ge was the main weapon at the time (a dagger axe attached to a wooden pole)

Helmets

- No terracotta warriors have been found with helmets or shields, however, helmets were standard at the time - archeologists have argued that this is duet the valour and fearlessness of the guards - Another interpretation is that the soldiers are at attention and therefore do not need to wear heavy equipment.

Colouring the soldiers

- Painted in bright and colourful pigments - First covered with a dark brown lacquer then painted with one or two thick layers of pigments - The artisans used cinnabar, malachite, and azurite, bone white and 'Han purple' for colours. Often used combinations of red and green - Historians believe that the use of bight colours refers to the fact there was no colour code for the army, and that soldiers prepared their own robes using whatever materials they could find

Chariots

- Remains of 126 war chariots were located. The two wheeled vehicles were drawn by four horses each and were provided with reins and bronze fittings - A single chariot was found in pit 3 which is more ornamental and may have been used to carry the commander of the army

Metallurgy and military science

- Terracotta army created at the end of the Bronze Age and the beginning of the Iron Age - Most advanced bronze technology of the periods - Military science was well advanced with several well-known theories about warfare published in Sun Zi's The Art of War

Why was the Qin army so effective?

- The bronze trigger mechanisms were very advanced and had a great accuracy range - Records from the Han dynasty claim that the weapons could fire arrows more then 800m. - Weapon manufacturers in the Qin dynasty were particularly advanced at making weapons out of bronze - They were technologically and tactically advanced

How were the warriors balanced?

- The chest is hollow - There was three solutions: On a base - Make them knelling - Make the legs heavy and body light

Weapons of the terracotta army

- The soldiers had real shields, halberds, dagger axes, crossbows and bows - Up to 40,000 bronze weapons and arrowheads have been found in pit one. - The weapons bear the inscription of the workshop it was made in, the manufacturer, his assistants, a production number and date - Archeologists believe these may have been used by real soldiers

Purpose of the burial vaults/terracotta warriors

- To demonstrate the magnificence and power of the emperor forever - To defend the emperor for eternity - As part of the emperor's needs in the afterlife just as they were needed in his real life

Were the soldiers modelled off real people?

A team of archeologists from University College London worked with experts from the mausoleum site to reveal that no two ears were precisely the same out of a group of 30. This amount of variation resembles a real human population.

Facts about the mausoleum

- Tomb lies in the middle of a complex of 7.5 square km. However sites and other buildings related to the tomb covers an area of 56 square km. - The burial chamber is 23 metres below and built in a square enclosure, with doors in the middle of each of the four walls - The tomb was surrounded by a city of palaces above ground and hundreds of chambers below the ground - The layout of the tomb matches the layout of the Qin capitol Xian so that the emperor could rule in the afterlife

The creators of the warriors

- about 100 foreman supervised about 1000 workers - some names are known and 87 different foreman identified - Many have worked on the Apang palace - Artisans made the final adjustments to each head it make it individual - Estimated to be over 100,000 soldiers

Other finds then the warriors

- single horse skeleton, some with groom - bells, bowls and tiles - water garden - statues of officials - several hundred graves

The excavation of the pits

- site was commanded by Zhao Kingpin, local historian and curator of Lintong museum - Began an exploratory dig within two months and revealed pit one - Took 20 days to reveal width of pit - Another 4 years revealed only one fifth of the pit Work began on pits 2 and 3 - There are other pits: Chinese view is to wait until more is known about how to preserve them.

What were numbers of criteria for World heritage site did the mausoleum meet?

1,3,4,6

How many tourists visit the mausoleum each year?

2 million tourists, about 50,000 a day in the high season

When did Qin die?

210BC

All books of the opposing schools of thought were burned except for those in the Qin imperial library.

213BC

Qin Dynasty

221BCE to 206BCE

Qin conquered Yan

222BC

Qin conquered Chu

223BC

Qin conquered Wei

225BC

Qin conquered Zhao

228BC

Qin took over Han

230BC

When did he become Qin king?

246BC, only 13 years old

When was Qin born?

259BC

How old was Qin when his rule started?

34 years old

Advantages and disadvantages of the Great wall of China

Advantages - Protected China from outside threats Disadvantages - Financial burden - Slaves worked long hours and many died

How were the warriors discovered?

Discovered by a group of farmers digging a well - thought they had dug into an old kiln - then thought they had found an 'earth god' when the first soldier appeared - next we found Qin bricks, which they knew from past diggings were valuable - then found arrowheads, which they sold for scrap by the kilo

What is World Heritage Criteria 3?

To bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization which is living or which has disappeared;

Preserve

To maintain something in it's original state

The main source of the tomb

The Sima Qian - However, he was writing over 100 years after the emperors death

Pit Three

The armies headquarters - resembled the inside of an army tent - smallest of the four pits

Conservation

To protect from loss of damage

What is the World heritage criteria number 1?

To represent a masterpiece of human creative genius

Restoration

To return something to it's former condition

How many parts were the warriors made in?

They were made in 10 parts for the body to allow for the differences of stance, weapon, role and placement

What is World Heritage Criteria 4?

To be an outstanding example of a type of building, architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates (a) significant stage(s) in human history;

What is World Heritage Criteria 6?

To be directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal significance.