ANCPsyc

antisocial personality disorder (APD)

condition in adults characterized by a pervasive pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others

predominantly inattentive presentation (ADHD-PI)

condition in which children appear easily distracted, careless, not listening, unfocused, disorganized, and forgetful

combined presentation (ADHD-C)

condition in which children are both easily distracted and aggressive and defiant

predominantly hyperactive-impulsive presentation (ADHD-HI)

condition in which children don't have trouble focusing but are likely to be aggressive and defiant

mood disorder

condition in which the subject suffers from extreme, persistent, or poorly regulated emotional states

spectrum disorder

condition whose symptoms, abilities, and characteristics are expressed in many different combinations and degree of severity

A one-time comparative study of children who are 7, 10, and 13 years old is an example of

cross-sectional research

Which of the following correctly pairs an imaging technique with its area of focus

dMRI - connection

Statistics that track new cases of anxiety disorders that appear in children following their exposure to a natural disaster would be considered ________ rates.

incidence

internalizing problems

include anxiety depression, somatic complaints and withdrawn behavior

A state of breathless euphoria, or frenzied energy, in which individuals have an exaggerated belief in their power describes:

mania.

depressive ruminative style

narrow and passive focus on negative events for long periods of time

internal validity

reflects how much a particular variable, rather than extraneous influences, accounts for the results, changes, or group differences

Which of the following psychological disorders is most associated with children from inner-city area who are living in poverty?

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

real-time prospective design

schema in which the research sample is followed longitudinally over time, with data collected at specified time intervals

epigenetic

set of underlying biological changes to genetic structure resulting from environmental factors, such as toxins, diet, stress

epidemiological research

study of the incidence, prevalence, and co-occurrence of childhood disorders and competencies in clinic-referred and community samples

What is epidemiological research?

-study of the incidence, prevalence, and co-occurrence of childhood disorders and competencies in clinic-referred and community samples

Disorders such as Klinefelder's and Turner's syndrome occur in __________ live births

1 in 400

Which best reflects the number of children in the U.S who live in poverty?

1 in 5

According to the U.S Department of health and Human Services (2016), each year nearly ________________ verified cases of child abuse and neglect occur in the United States, and more than ________________ in Canada.

1 million; 80,000

The total number of children and adults with intellectual disability is estimated to be

1 percent to 3 percent of the population

In children under 18, a personality disorder has to be present for how long before diagnosis? What disorder cannot be diagnosed in children under 18?

1 year; ASPD

How Childhood Trauma Affects Health Across the Lifetime Transcript

0:00 In the mid-'90s, the CDC and Kaiser Permanente discovered an exposure that dramatically increased the risk for seven out of 10 of the leading causes of death in the United States. In high doses, it affects brain development, the immune system, hormonal systems, and even the way our DNA is read and transcribed. Folks who are exposed in very high doses have triple the lifetime risk of heart disease and lung cancer and a 20-year difference in life expectancy. And yet, doctors today are not trained in routine screening or treatment. Now, the exposure I'm talking about is not a pesticide or a packaging chemical. It's childhood trauma. 00:54 Okay. What kind of trauma am I talking about here? I'm not talking about failing a test or losing a basketball game. I am talking about threats that are so severe or pervasive that they literally get under our skin and change our physiology: things like abuse or neglect, or growing up with a parent who struggles with mental illness or substance dependence. 01:19 Now, for a long time, I viewed these things in the way I was trained to view them, either as a social problem -- refer to social services -- or as a mental health problem -- refer to mental health services. And then something happened to make me rethink my entire approach. When I finished my residency, I wanted to go someplace where I felt really needed, someplace where I could make a difference. So I came to work for California Pacific Medical Center, one of the best private hospitals in Northern California, and together, we opened a clinic in Bayview-Hunters Point, one of the poorest, most underserved neighborhoods in San Francisco. Now, prior to that point, there had been only one pediatrician in all of Bayview to serve more than 10,000 children, so we hung a shingle, and we were able to provide top-quality care regardless of ability to pay. It was so cool. We targeted the typical health disparities: access to care, immunization rates, asthma hospitalization rates, and we hit all of our numbers. We felt very proud of ourselves. 02:33 But then I started noticing a disturbing trend. A lot of kids were being referred to me for ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, but when I actually did a thorough history and physical, what I found was that for most of my patients, I couldn't make a diagnosis of ADHD. Most of the kids I was seeing had experienced such severe trauma that it felt like something else was going on. Somehow I was missing something important. 03:09 Now, before I did my residency, I did a master's degree in public health, and one of the things that they teach you in public health school is that if you're a doctor and you see 100 kids that all drink from the same well, and 98 of them develop diarrhea, you can go ahead and write that prescription for dose after dose after dose of antibiotics, or you can walk over and say, "What the hell is in this well?" So I began reading everything that I could get my hands on about how exposure to adversity affects the developing brains and bodies of children. 03:47 And then one day, my colleague walked into my office, and he said, "Dr. Burke, have you seen this?" In his hand was a copy of a research study called the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study. That day changed my clinical practice and ultimately my career. 04:12 The Adverse Childhood Experiences Study is something that everybody needs to know about. It was done by Dr. Vince Felitti at Kaiser and Dr. Bob Anda at the CDC, and together, they asked 17,500 adults about their history of exposure to what they called "adverse childhood experiences," or ACEs. Those include physical, emotional, or sexual abuse; physical or emotional neglect; parental mental illness, substance dependence, incarceration; parental separation or divorce; or domestic violence. For every yes, you would get a point on your ACE score. And then what they did was they correlated these ACE scores against health outcomes. What they found was striking. Two things: Number one, ACEs are incredibly common. Sixty-seven percent of the population had at least one ACE, and 12.6 percent, one in eight, had four or more ACEs. The second thing that they found was that there was a dose-response relationship between ACEs and health outcomes: the higher your ACE score, the worse your health outcomes. For a person with an ACE score of four or more, their relative risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was two and a half times that of someone with an ACE score of zero. For hepatitis, it was also two and a half times. For depression, it was four and a half times. For suicidality, it was 12 times. A person with an ACE score of seven or more had triple the lifetime risk of lung cancer and three and a half times the risk of ischemic heart disease, the number one killer in the United States of America. 06:19 Well, of course this makes sense. Some people looked at this data and they said, "Come on. You have a rough childhood, you're more likely to drink and smoke and do all these things that are going to ruin your health. This isn't science. This is just bad behavior." 06:38 It turns out this is exactly where the science comes in. We now understand better than we ever have before how exposure to early adversity affects the developing brains and bodies of children. It affects areas like the nucleus accumbens, the pleasure and reward center of the brain that is implicated in substance dependence. It inhibits the prefrontal cortex, which is necessary for impulse control and executive function, a critical area for learning. And on MRI scans, we see measurable differences in the amygdala, the brain's fear response center. So there are real neurologic reasons why folks exposed to high doses of adversity are more likely to engage in high-risk behavior, and that's important to know. 07:32 But it turns out that even if you don't engage in any high-risk behavior, you're still more likely to develop heart disease or cancer. The reason for this has to do with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the brain's and body's stress response system that governs our fight-or-flight response. How does it work? Well, imagine you're walking in the forest and you see a bear. Immediately, your hypothalamus sends a signal to your pituitary, which sends a signal to your adrenal gland that says, "Release stress hormones! Adrenaline! Cortisol!" And so your heart starts to pound, Your pupils dilate, your airways open up, and you are ready to either fight that bear or run from the bear. And that is wonderful if you're in a forest and there's a bear. (Laughter) But the problem is what happens when the bear comes home every night, and this system is activated over and over and over again, and it goes from being adaptive, or life-saving, to maladaptive, or health-damaging. Children are especially sensitive to this repeated stress activation, because their brains and bodies are just developing. High doses of adversity not only affect brain structure and function, they affect the developing immune system, developing hormonal systems, and even the way our DNA is read and transcribed. 09:20 So for me, this information threw my old training out the window, because when we understand the mechanism of a disease, when we know not only which pathways are disrupted, but how, then as doctors, it is our job to use this science for prevention and treatment. That's what we do. 09:42 So in San Francisco, we created the Center for Youth Wellness to prevent, screen and heal the impacts of ACEs and toxic stress. We started simply with routine screening of every one of our kids at their regular physical, because I know that if my patient has an ACE score of 4, she's two and a half times as likely to develop hepatitis or COPD, she's four and half times as likely to become depressed, and she's 12 times as likely to attempt to take her own life as my patient with zero ACEs. I know that when she's in my exam room. For our patients who do screen positive, we have a multidisciplinary treatment team that works to reduce the dose of adversity and treat symptoms using best practices, including home visits, care coordination, mental health care, nutrition, holistic interventions, and yes, medication when necessary. But we also educate parents about the impacts of ACEs and toxic stress the same way you would for covering electrical outlets, or lead poisoning, and we tailor the care of our asthmatics and our diabetics in a way that recognizes that they may need more aggressive treatment, given the changes to their hormonal and immune systems. 11:05 So the other thing that happens when you understand this science is that you want to shout it from the rooftops, because this isn't just an issue for kids in Bayview. I figured the minute that everybody else heard about this, it would be routine screening, multi-disciplinary treatment teams, and it would be a race to the most effective clinical treatment protocols. Yeah. That did not happen. And that was a huge learning for me. What I had thought of as simply best clinical practice I now understand to be a movement. In the words of Dr. Robert Block, the former President of the American Academy of Pediatrics, "Adverse childhood experiences are the single greatest unaddressed public health threat facing our nation today." And for a lot of people, that's a terrifying prospect. The scope and scale of the problem seems so large that it feels overwhelming to think about how we might approach it. But for me, that's actually where the hopes lies, because when we have the right framework, when we recognize this to be a public health crisis, then we can begin to use the right tool kit to come up with solutions. From tobacco to lead poisoning to HIV/AIDS, the United States actually has quite a strong track record with addressing public health problems, but replicating those successes with ACEs and toxic stress is going to take determination and commitment, and when I look at what our nation's response has been so far, I wonder, why haven't we taken this more seriously? 13:03 You know, at first I thought that we marginalized the issue because it doesn't apply to us. That's an issue for those kids in those neighborhoods. Which is weird, because the data doesn't bear that out. The original ACEs study was done in a population that was 70 percent Caucasian, 70 percent college-educated. But then, the more I talked to folks, I'm beginning to think that maybe I had it completely backwards. If I were to ask how many people in this room grew up with a family member who suffered from mental illness, I bet a few hands would go up. And then if I were to ask how many folks had a parent who maybe drank too much, or who really believed that if you spare the rod, you spoil the child, I bet a few more hands would go up. Even in this room, this is an issue that touches many of us, and I am beginning to believe that we marginalize the issue because it does apply to us. Maybe it's easier to see in other zip codes because we don't want to look at it. We'd rather be sick. 14:22 Fortunately, scientific advances and, frankly, economic realities make that option less viable every day. The science is clear: Early adversity dramatically affects health across a lifetime. Today, we are beginning to understand how to interrupt the progression from early adversity to disease and early death, and 30 years from now, the child who has a high ACE score and whose behavioral symptoms go unrecognized, whose asthma management is not connected, and who goes on to develop high blood pressure and early heart disease or cancer will be just as anomalous as a six-month mortality from HIV/AIDS. People will look at that situation and say, "What the heck happened there?" This is treatable. This is beatable. The single most important thing that we need today is the courage to look this problem in the face and say, this is real and this is all of us. I believe that we are the movement.

Skepticism of research is necessary because:

1) experts on childhood disorders frequently disagree 2) research studies that appear in mainstream media are often over simplified 3) research findings often conflict 4) research has led to different recommendation for same problems 5) even when scientific evidence is relatively clear and produces consensus, many parents and professionals may dismiss findings because of exception

What factors need to be considered when diagnosing a childhood disorder?

1. Culture 2. Severity 3. Pattern 4. Age/development level 5. Competence: the ability of the child to adapt to its environment.

According to the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for intellectual disability, the developmental period generally ends before the age of __________.

18

Research suggests that about _______ child in ______ has a mental health problem that significantly impairs their ability to function.

1; 8

From 17th to 18th century, what proportion of children died before age 5 because of lack of remedies for illness?

2/3

At what age can a researcher first seek to obtain assent from a potential child subject

7 seven

What are the ABCs of assessment?

A = Antecedents, the events that immediately precede a behavior B = Behavior(s) of Interest C = Consequences, the events that follow a behavior

Video Transcript: Infant-Caregiver Attachment

>> Female Narrator: Attachment is a strong, enduring bond that develops between a child and his or her caregiver. Attachment forms through a reciprocal relationship between a caregiver and an infant. Six-week-old Isolan [assumed spelling] cries, and her mother responds by picking her up and comforting her, responding sensitively to the child's needs. Over time, as Lynette continues to be responsive to the needs and cues Isolan exhibits, she and her child will likely develop synchrony, or reciprocal cooperative interactions, that help build strong attachments. [ Music box playing Lullaby Song ] >> Female: Did you get a boo-boo? What happened to you? Can you show me? >> Male Narrator: Initially, children show a preference for human contact in general, and accept the comfort of a stranger without a fuss. Over time, however, they begin to show a strong preference for the people who care for them the most, usually the parents. As specific attachments develop, infants begin to show both a fear of strangers and separation anxiety. >> Mother: Thank you. Thank you. That was really nice. Is he your friend? >> Male Narrator: Stranger anxiety is typically manifested between seven and nine months of age. Nine-month-old Hannah is obviously distressed when held by an unfamiliar adult. She reaches for her mother, cries, and shows great relief when reunited with Mom. [ Baby crying and mother comforting ] >> Mother: Who's that? Is that the baby? >> Female Narrator: Separation anxiety begins at about eight or nine months of age, and peaks between 12 and 24 months. Nine-month-old Olivia is anxious and upset when Mom leaves the room. But is easily comforted on her return. [ Baby crying ] [ Mother enters and consoles baby ] As children and parents interact over time, separation anxiety decreases. Children begin to understand that separations are temporary, and are comforted by a variety of familiar caregivers. >> Mother: That's my boy. Do you want this? Huh? Do you want to use it? Okay. Oh, Jenna, do you want to use it? You have to ask William. Is it all right? Is it okay? Okay, you know what? I got these for William. I'm going to give you some too. All right? William, you stay and play here and I'm going to help Jenna. All right? Jenna would like some too. >> Mother: Nice building Rachel. You know I'm making that tower.

How is a deficit in intellectual functioning different from a deficit in adaptive functioning

A deficit in intellectual functioning involves the ability to reason and solve problems

Which of the following choices BEST defines a psychological disorder?

A pattern of behavioral, cognitive, emotional or physical symptoms shown by an individual.

How are psychological disorders defined?

A pattern of behavioral, cognitive, emotional, psychological signs and symptoms that are associated with one or more of the following.... distress, disability, or increased rick for further harm.

Section 7.4

A probable location of these deficits is a structure called the "planum temporale," a language-related area in both sides of the brain. In a normal brain, the left side of the planum temporale is usually larger than the right side; however, in the brain of an individual with a reading disorder, the two sides are equal

What is a risk factor?

A variable that increases the chances that a negative outcome will occur.

What is a protective factor?

A variable that reduces the chance that the child will develop a disorder.

Lilly tells her therapist, "All the other girls hate me anyway." Her therapist responds, "Maybe they won't if you stop hitting and teasing them. Did you ever think that what you're doing is not getting you anywhere?" What is Lilly's therapist trying to do with such advice in the context of problem-solving skills training (PSST)? a. Lilly's therapist is attempting to devalue her aggression, showing her that it is not having the desired effect. b. Lilly's therapist is trying to find a point of empathy, where Lilly understands why the other girls are hostile toward her. c. Lilly's therapist is suggesting the Golden Rule, which is fundamental to PSST. d. Lilly's therapist is relying on one of the milestones recommended by the Fast Track intervention.

A, B and D

Which of the following disorders is characterized by age-appropriate symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity? a. PTSD b. ADHD c. OCD d. ADD

ADHD

One of the most common precursors to childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) is

ASD

Children from minority groups face challenges in adapting to their receiving culture in a process known as _____

Acculturation

Which of the following represents an environmental stressor that can affect the development of a disorder?

All of these are environmental stressors

Which of the following domains would a psychologist assess abnormal child behavior in terms of competency?

All of these can be used to assess a child's competency

What formal term do clinicians use for the detailed understanding of the individual child as a unique person.

An idiographic case formulation

What early civilization considered children to be a servant of the state?

Ancient Greece

What are internalizing problems

Anxiety, depression, withdrawn behaviors. GIRLS

Which of the following is not a problem commonly reported among female children

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Oswaldo's parents agree to a course in parent management training (PMT). The father tends to be too lenient with Oswaldo and the other too strict. So, Oswaldo received mixed messages about his truancy, bullying, and other antisocial behaviors. How might PMT help this family? a. PMT will show the father that his leniency (e.g. the father sees Oswaldo's bullying as "standing up for himself") is really positive reinforcement. b. A family therapist can address how the mother and father react differently to Oswaldo's behavior and show all three "what page they need to be on—the same one." c. Family therapy with PMT will show both parents systematic methods of rewarding good behaviors and punishing the bad. d. PMT is particularly useful in showing how overly disciplining a child is counterproductive.

B, C and D

What is the ABAB reversal?

Baseline, intervention, baseline, intervention. When changes in behavior only occur during the intervention phases, this provides evidence that changes in behavior are due to the intervention.

What are some general gender differences in the onset of disorders?

Boys 3-4x more for early onset (ASD/ADHD) Girls more likely for those that peak in adolescence (ED, MDD) Girls may be referred less as suffering is more likely internal Girls show relational aggression more and experience self image issues. Children who engage in forms of social aggression not typical of their sex are significantly more maladjusted than gender-normative children

Which of the following areas make comprise the human brain?

Brain stem, hindbrain , midbrain, and forebrain

Which researcher/theorist has an ecological model that shows the richness and depth of the various layers of a child's environment portrayed as nested and interconnected structures?

Bronfebrenner

____ is a treatment that focuses on teaching both effective parenting practices and strategies for coping with challenges of parenting a child with ADHD. a. Parental Boot camp Training (PBT) b. Anger management c. Parent Management training (PMT) d. Parental Educational exchange (PEE)

C

Before a new medication is approved for sale to the public, researchers must determine its a. reliability b. effectiveness c. efficacy d. validity

C Efficacy

How is assessment and treatment approached from the Family perspective?

Change and improve family structure

____ and _____ are fundamental aspects of biological and behavioural systems

Change and reorganization

How is assessment and treatment approached from the Cognitive perspective?

Change faulty thinking

Under the DSM-V, what two groups can now be essentially diagnosed using the same criteria?

Children and adults

In the city-states of early Greece, how did society consider children?

Children were considered to be servants of the state.

Which of the following behaviors best reflects the features of excessive anxiety in children with ADHD?

Children with ADHD worry about being separated from their parents.

What was the first disorder unique to children and adolescents?

Children's masturbation

DSM-5 includes a framework for developing a ____ formulation of disorder based on ____ identity

Cultural

Which part of the brain is most responsible for regulating our emotional experiences, expressions, and impulses? A) Hypothalamus NO B) Hindbrain C) Basal ganglia D)Limbic system

D Limbic System Section 2.4c

Molecular genetics research methods directly assess the association between variations in _____________.

DNA sequences and variations in a particular trait.

Which DSM editions neglected children and adolescents?

DSM I and II

What is Cross-Sectional Research?

Data collected at one point in time

What factors must be controlled for in experiments assessing childhood disorders?

Demographic and situational factors such as SES, parents' marital status, child's age, gender, and cultural background

Approximately 20% to 30% of children and adolescents with ADHD also experience

Depression

Derek clearly takes pleasure in participating in the "A-Roosta-Sha" children's song and its various dance steps. What did you notice about his response to his teacher's verbal commands for each of the songs body movements? a. Derek performs like the other children with some slight delays or misinterpretation. b. Derek stands and smiles without participating directly. c. Derek performs the movements but at no point does he speak or sing. d. Derek performs only his own variation of the movements.

Derek stands and smiles without participating directly.

What is the purpose of assessment?

Description Case formulation: understanding the diagnosis and creating a game plan

Which of the following issues does NOT represent a topic that current research studies in abnormal child psychology seek to address?

Developing treatment methods that are based on personal experience and opinion

Developmental psychopathology emphasizes the importance of ______

Developmental processes and tasks

_______________________ is an approach to describing and studying disorders of childhood, adolescence, and beyond.

Developmental psychopathology

The first humanitarian institution for educating so-called "feeble-minded" youth was established by

Dr. Samuel G. Howe

This advocate for the humane and moral treatment of those afflicted with psychological problems worked tirelessly to help establish 32 mental hospitals dedicated to the treatment of troubled youths.

Dorothea Dix

The first humanitarian institution for educating so-called "feeble-minded" youth was established by __________.

Dr. Samuel G. Howe

Currently, recommendations for children with LD emphasize educational methods designed for the child and that that child's existing abilities should be cultivated. What do these proposals recognize

Each child is unique and learns in his or her own way

What is the organization of development perspective? And what does it imply?

Early patterns of adaptation, such as infant eye contact and speech sounds, evolve with structure over time and transform into higher order functions such as speech and language -implies an active, dynamic process of continual change and transformation

_________________________ refers to individual differences in the threshold and intensity of emotional experience which provides information about an individual's level of distress and sensitivity to the environment.

Emotion reactivity

What does the amygdala control?

Emotion regulation and agression

______ are the ways infants and young children first communicate with the world around them and their ability to regulate this is a critical aspect of the early relationships with caregivers.

Emotional reactivity and expression

Define Nomothetic.

Emphasizes general principles that apply to all people.

Define Idiographic

Emphasizes the detailed representation of the individual child

Personality is considered a (changing/enduring) trait of an individual. What are 2 frequent tests used to measure personality?

Enduring Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory - Adolescent (MMPI-A) Personality Inventory for Children, Second Edition (PIC-2)

What two important hormones does the pituitary gland regulate?

Estrogen and testosterone

What population may be at greater risk of being misdiagnosed or underdiagnosed?

Ethnic minorities

The study of the causes of childhood disorders is known as:

Etiology - which considers how biological, psychological, and environmental processes interact to produce the outcomes that are observed over time

What are the cognitive processes in the brain that underlie a child's capacity for self-regulation functions? a. Regulatory controls (RCs) b. Cognitive Distortions (CDs) c. Executive function (EFs) d. Cognitive Deficits (CDs)

Executive function (EFs)

Which choice would be an example of a protective school or community factor that can enhance a child's level of psychological resilience

Fig 1.2 connections to social organizations Adults outside the family who take an interest in promoting the child's welfare Attendance at effective schools

What is a moderator variable?

Factor that influences the direction or strength of a relationship of a relationship between variables.

Which of the following is a common behavior problem exhibited by a three-year-old child

Fig 2.2 You may find yourself turning back to this table to reorient yourself to children's normal and abnormal development overactivity

Which of the following would be the farthest from the center of Bronfenbrenner's ecological model of environmental influences

Fig 2.8 cultural customs

The mental hygiene movement aimed to isolate those who were deemed 'mentally unclean' (T/F)

False - provides a benchmark of changing attitudes towards children and adults with mental disorders

Personality disorders are diagnosed in early childhood (T/F)

False - rarely diagnosed until late adolescence or early adulthood

moderator variable

Fig 3.2 factor that influences the direction or strength of a relationship between variables have an INDEPENDENT effect on the existing relationship between two variables

What was the purpose of the Massachusetts Stubborn Child Act of 1654?

Formalized a parent's prerogative to enforce child obedience - permitted parents to put children to death for misbehaving

Who was the first theorist to give meaning to the concept of mental disorders by linking it to childhood experiences?

Freud

This statement best describes the goal of functional analysis:

Functional analysis identifies as many factors as possible that contribute to a child's problem behaviors.

Gavin's mother and father discussed several defining features of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) that affected their son's development where he had shown marked improvement. These included __________. a. Gavin's deficits in social-emotional reciprocity in regard to back-and-forth communication b. Gavin's repetitive movements c. Gavin's deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviors d. Gavin's fixated interests

Gavin's deficits in social-emotional reciprocity in regard to back-and-forth communication

Nadine Burke Harris: How Does Trauma Affect A Child's DNA?

GUY RAZ, HOST: So if Moshe Szyf is right, that positive experiences can rewrite DNA and improve health, what about negative experiences? Well, about 10 years ago, a pediatrician named Nadine Burke Harris was asking herself that very same question. NADINE BURKE HARRIS: In the back of my mind, I always thought, like, I wonder if stress hormones are affecting the health of my patients. I'm like, I wonder if that's even possible. RAZ: Back then, Nadine had just finished her medical training at Stanford. BURKE HARRIS: That's right. I started a clinic, a pediatric clinic, in Bayview-Hunters Point, which is one of San Francisco's most low-income and underserved neighborhoods. RAZ: And as soon as Nadine opened that clinic, she started to notice something. BURKE HARRIS: A lot of kids were being referred to me by teachers, by principals, by school counselors for ADHD. It was a lot. Like, it wasn't (laughter) - it wasn't, like, two or three. It was a lot. RAZ: And then she noticed another thing that, at first, seemed totally unrelated. One of her patients came in with asthma. BURKE HARRIS: I asked, what could it be that could be setting off, you know, your daughter's asthma? Could it be, you know, pet dander or could it be pollen? Like, when do you notice that her asthma flares up? And this mom said to me, you know, doctora, I noticed that her asthma tends to get worse when her dad punches a hole in the wall. RAZ: And hearing that convinced Nadine to start asking all of her patients about what was happening at home. BURKE HARRIS: So I had all of these patients who had these symptoms of ADHD, asthma, eczema, you know, skin rashes - right? - but who also had severe histories of adversity, you know, violence in the community, violence at home, parents who are either mentally ill or substance dependent or incarcerated. What I observed, and I started to notice this pattern, was that my patients who had the worst symptoms were also the ones who had the worst histories of adversity. RAZ: So you start to think that this adversity, this trauma is potentially affecting their physical health. BURKE HARRIS: Yes. RAZ: But this was a hunch at the beginning, right? BURKE HARRIS: Yes, that's exactly right. Yeah, it's like that voice in the back of your mind saying, ha. RAZ: So what did you do? BURKE HARRIS: Well, one day, my colleague Dr. Whitney Clarke walked into my office and he said, have you seen this? And he was holding in his hand a research paper called the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study. And it was like I was hit by a bolt of lightning. RAZ: Yeah. BURKE HARRIS: Because what it said was childhood adversity in and of itself is a risk factor for major health problems. RAZ: The study seemed to confirm what Nadine had suspected all along, that adversity could rewire a child's brain and body, Nadine Burke Harris picks up the story from the TED stage. (SOUNDBITE OF TED TALK) BURKE HARRIS: That day changed my clinical practice and ultimately my career. The Adverse Childhood Experiences Study was done by Dr. Vince Felitti at Kaiser and Dr. Bob Anda at the CDC. And together, they asked 17,500 adults about their history of exposure to what they called adverse childhood experiences or ACEs. Those include physical, emotional or sexual abuse, physical or emotional neglect, parental mental illness, substance dependence, incarceration, parental separation or divorce or domestic violence. For every yes, you would get a point on your ACE score. And then what they did was they correlated these ACE scores against health outcomes. What they found was striking. Two things - number one, ACEs are incredibly common. Sixty-seven percent of the population had at least one ACE and 12.6 percent, 1 in 8, had four or more ACEs. The second thing that they found was that there was a dose response relationship between ACEs and health outcomes. The higher your ACE score, the worse your health outcomes. For a person with an ACE score of four or more, their relative risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was 2.5 times that of someone with an ACE score of zero. For hepatitis, it was also 2.5 times. For depression, it was 4.5 times. For suicidality, it was 12 times. A person with an ACE score of seven or more had triple the lifetime risk of lung cancer. And 3.5 times the risk of ischemic heart disease, the number-one killer in the United States of America. Some people looked at this data and they said, come on, you know, you have a rough childhood, you're more likely to drink and smoke and do all these things that are going to ruin your health. This isn't science. This is just bad behavior. It turns out this is exactly where the science comes in. RAZ: In just a moment, Nadine Burke Harris explains how childhood adversity can rewrite a child's DNA. Stay with us. I'm Guy Raz, and you're listening to the TED Radio Hour from NPR. (SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC) RAZ: It's the TED Radio Hour from NPR. I'm Guy Raz. And on the show today, Hardwired - ideas about how our biology and our experiences determine who we are. And before the break, Pediatrician Nadine Burke Harris was explaining that childhood adversity is one kind of experience that can result in severe health problems. (SOUNDBITE OF TED TALK) BURKE HARRIS: We now understand better than we ever have before how exposure to early adversity affects the developing brains and bodies of children. It affects areas like the nucleus accumbens, the pleasure and reward center of the brain that is implicated in substance dependence. It inhibits the prefrontal cortex, which is necessary for impulse control, an executive function, a critical area for learning. And on MRI scans, we see measurable differences in the amygdala, the brain's fear response center. So there are real neurologic reasons why folks are exposed to high doses of adversity are more likely to engage in high-risk behavior. And that's important to know. But it turns out that even if you don't engage in any high-risk behavior, you're still more likely to develop heart disease or cancer. The reason for this has to do with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the brain's and body's stress response system that governs our fight-or-flight response. How does it work? Well, imagine you're walking in the forest, and you see a bear. Immediately, your hypothalamus sends a signal to your pituitary, which sends a signal to your adrenal gland that says, release stress hormones adrenaline, cortisol. And so your heart starts to pound. Your pupils dilate. Your airways open up. And you are ready to either fight that bear or run from the bear. And that is wonderful if you're in a forest, and there's a bear. But the problem is what happens when the bear comes home every night. And this system is activated over and over and over again. And it goes from being adaptive or lifesaving to maladaptive or health-damaging. Children are especially sensitive to this repeated stress activation because their brains and bodies are just developing. High doses of adversity not only affect brain structure and function. They affect the developing immune system, developing hormonal systems and even the way our DNA is read and transcribed. RAZ: Wow. So, I mean, that child then exhibits certain behaviors based on that exposure, I guess, right? BURKE HARRIS: That's exactly right. Probably, I would say behavior is the canary in the coal mine. So some kids demonstrate behavioral symptoms and as adults - more likely to suffer from depression, attempt suicide, have problems in the workplace, become incarcerated. But some kids don't show any behavioral symptoms. Some kids just get sick all the time - rashes or asthma or auto-immune disease - right? - where your immune system attacks your own body, right? And then they're more likely to be sick adults - heart disease and arthritis and cancer and strokes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and Alzheimer's. RAZ: I mean, the kids that you have seen, right? - is there any hope? I mean, is it reversible? Is there any way to deal with that? BURKE HARRIS: Yeah. So the good news is, yes, now that we know that your environment has such a profound effect on your biology. One of the most important things that we can do is early detection. (SOUNDBITE OF TED TALK) BURKE HARRIS: So in San Francisco, we created the Center for Youth Wellness to prevent, screen and heal the impacts of ACEs and toxic stress. We started simply with routine screening of every one of our kids at their regular physical. For our patients who do screen positive, we have a multi-disciplinary treatment team that works to reduce the dose of adversity and treat symptoms using best practices, including home visits, care coordination, mental health care, nutrition, holistic interventions and, yes, medication when necessary. But we also educate parents about the impact of ACEs and toxic stress the same way you would for covering electrical outlets or lead poisoning. RAZ: I mean, this is incredible because what you're saying is with the right intervention, you can prevent and even sometimes reverse these huge health problems. BURKE HARRIS: Yeah. And here's what's awesome - is that we're seeing that it works. I literally last week had a follow-up appointment with a patient who is a young girl who had experienced 7 out of the 10 adverse childhood experiences. And this child had stopped growing. She had a diagnosis of failure to thrive. And we implemented some of the things we know to be best practices. We did an intervention called child-parent psychotherapy. But a big part of it was just educating mom about how the child's exposure to adversity was affecting her health. And I will tell you she's back on the growth curve. This family's doing amazing. We can reverse the effects of stress hormones if we detect it early enough. And those things will change their biology. RAZ: Nadine Burke Harris is a pediatrician and the founder and CEO of the Center for Youth Wellness in San Francisco. You can see her full talk at ted.com.

What are the best practice parameters?

Guidelines about appropriate treatment for specific conditions that are evidence based.

What is social cognition?

How children think about themselves and others resulting in the information of mental relationships of themselves, their relationships, and their social world.

What is interval vs. external validity? What threatens the two?

IV = reflects how much a particular variable, rather than extraneous influences, accounts for the results, changes, or group differences -threats: Extraneous influences (e.g. maturation, effects of testing, subject-selection bias, etc. - e.g. an observed decrease in children's nighttime fears after relaxation training for 5 months could be due to maturation rather than treatment), subject selection bias EV = degree to which findings can be generalized or extended to people, settings, measures, times, and characteristics other than the ones in a particular study -threats: characteristics of participants that apply to some people but not others, reactivity of subjects to participating in the research, the setting in which the research is carried out, or the time when measurements are made (e.g. abnormal child research often involves children from minority low SES backgrounds, which makes it hard to generalize findings)

Which is the BEST example of the social contagion effect?

If you had a close relative or friend who committed suicide, your risk of committing suicide is greater.

How does the similar structure hypothesis differ from the similar sequence structure

In addition to sharing the same set of stages, children with the same mental age show equivalent performance on various cognitive tasks.

Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE about intellectual disability from childhood to adulthood a. Young adults with Down syndrome may "plateau" in their IQs. b. Intellectual disability is always lifelong despite adaptive skills, training, improved IQ, and the like. The impairment can be diagnosed with more challenging assessments. c. The adaptive skills of some individuals can work around certain kinds of impairments to the point where the original diagnosis would be impossible to replicate. d. Individuals with mild intellectual disability can attend regular schools and learn with setbacks and frustrations that can result in setting lower goals.

Intellectual disability is always lifelong despite adaptive skills, training, improved IQ, and the like. The impairment can be diagnosed with more challenging assessments.

Describe the case study method. What are the key issues?

Intensive, often anecdotal, observation and analysis of an individual child o Obtain wide range of info from interviews, observations, test results o Rich in detail and provides valuable insight into factors associated with disorder o Problems: unscientific and flawed because uncontrolled methods and selective biases Often use case studies to get a lot of descriptive information to create hypotheses for subsequent research

What type of treatment appears to be the most effective?

Interventions that focus on a specific problem

Which of the following adolescents is at the highest risk of suicide?

Jason, a while American male

British child psychiatrist ____________ integrated aspects of evolutionary biology with existing psychodynamic concepts of early experiences to develop his theory of __________________.

John Bowlby; attachment

People who take _____ may experience a dangerous rise in blood pressure if they eat certain foods like bananas, cheese and some wines, since these foods contain the chemical tyramine.

MAO inhibitors

What do Neurotransmitters do?

Make biochemical connections between neurons and can influence emotion, behavior and learning

What did other researchers hoped to do with the "strange situation" in their research

Measure the attachment bond

The predominant form of treatment for children with COS is a. Cognitive-behavior therapy and prevention b. Institutionalization c. Medication and psychosocial intervention d. primarily with antipsychotic drugs such as clozapine

Medication and psychosocial intervention

How does the Social-Ecological Theory explain child psychopathology?

Need to understand the child's environmental context Parents have a huge impact 1. Parenting style 2. Parents marital relationship 3. Socioeconomic status 4. Siblings/other relatives 5. Peers, teachers, neighborhood, cultural values

The ______________ perspective considers brain and nervous system functions as underlying causes of psychological disorders.

Neurobiological

Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is categorized in the DSM-5 as a(n)_______________ disorder. a. Psychotic b. Mood c. Neurodevelopmental d. Impulse control

Neurodevelopmental

In the DSM-V, which type of disorders originally thought as exclusive to childhood or first occurring in childhood is now understood as continuing into adolescence or adulthood for many

Neurodevelopmental

What are incidence rates?

New cases of a disorder appear over a specified period of time

The genetic cause of COS can be attributed to which gene a. Chromosome 21 b. None c. GxE d. OCA2

None

How common is youth mental illness in the US?

One in every ten

What is the Etiological Theory?

Organizes knowledge about the causes of disorders

What is comorbidity?

Overlapping of two or more disorders

________ teaches parents better monitoring skills

Parental monitoring

What is Retrospective design?

Participants asked about information regarding previous events.

What is a Prospective Design?

Participants selected prior to event occurrence

How is assessment and treatment approached from the Psychodynamic perspective?

Play therapy

What factors are related to the expression of mental illness in children?

Poverty, Gender, Sexual Orientation, Race

Why is transportation a consideration for conducting a family interview when the parents are divorced and the father lives in a different state

Practitioners should take into consideration what assessments are cost-effective and feasible within the limits of available resources

Which of the following is NOT one of the four major categories of risk factors that contribute to intellectual disabilities?

Prenatal

What was the dominant form of treatment during the 1930-1950s?

Psychodynamic

Risk Factors:

Research into risk and protective factors often requires that large samples of children be studied and that multiple domains of child functioning—physical, cognitive, and psychosocial—be assessed over long periods of time. This is necessary because: (1)only a small proportion of children at risk for a problem will actually develop the disorder; (2)the areas of child functioning that will be affected, and how they will be affected, are not known in advance; and (3)the ages at which a disorder may occur or reoccur are also not known in advance.

What are real-time prospective designs? What is an advantage and disadvantage?

Research sample identified and then followed over time, with data collected at specified time periods Can identify children who develop disorder vs. those who don't; less bias and recall problems Disadvantage = loss of people over time and extended length of time to collect data

Which statement is true about research on the effectiveness of cognitive therapy for treating unipolar depression?

Research studies show its effectiveness.

What is a true experiment?

Researcher has complete control over all variables.

____ in clinic settings can see how a child would react in a given situation

Role-play simulation

The risk of a child developing ADHD who also has a parent with the same disorder is approximately 60% which strongly suggests that the disorder _____________________. a. Is the result of environmental factors such as low SES. b. Is related to the mother's side of the family, only. c. Must be related to generations of poor parenting styles. d. Runs in families

Runs in families

The Centers for Disease Control as well as other sources suggest the prevalence of children with ASD in the world's population. a. 1 child in every 2,500 children worldwide have ASD b. Estimates range as high as 1 percent to 2 percent of children c. 100 million children have ASD d. A ratio of 1 in 68 children have some form of ASD

Section 6-5 b. Estimates range as high as 1 percent to 2 percent of children

Carly is partially deaf and uses nonverbal equivalents for asking and answering questions. This kind of response does not fit which key criterion for a true language disorder?

Sec 7.3a Criterion D

What does stimming likely stand for? a. Stimulation b. Repetitive motion c. Self-stimulation d. Jerking movements. Bothering other children in class

Self-stimulation

Which of the following choices best describes the concept of multifinality?

Similar early experiences lead to different outcomes.

ABA is based on whose studies? It is known as a ____ approach behaviour

Skinner; functional (looks at relationship between behaviour and antecedent)

Gavin's father explained the concept of "social stories," a learning concept developed by Carol Gray. Based on the father's explanation, which of the following seems to be the purpose of social stories? a. Social stories are an interactive tool used to preview Gavin's every move to ensure that he doesn't do something unpredictable (e.g., hitting a classmate). b. Social stories are a form of role-playing in which the child Gavin tries to imagine doing something outside of the safe space of sameness. c. Social stories are intended for Gavin and his parents to preview how something in the future, different from Gavin's usual experiences, will occur. d. Social stories are a way for Gavin and his parents to learn how to communicate to each other with some degree of given-and-take.

Social stories are intended for Gavin and his parents to preview how something in the future, different from Gavin's usual experiences, will occur.

Anthropologists believe that race is a (socially constructed/ biological) concept, which helps explain why (very few/very many) emotional and behavioural disorders of childhood occur at different rates for different racial groups

Socially constructed; very few - when SES, sex, age, and referral status are controlled for

What are the benefits of labels?

Standardization, organization, and communication

5.1 Summary The early history of intellectual disability was plagued by ignorance and blame By the mid-twentieth century, progress toward understanding intellectual disability moved more rapidly, as parents, researchers, politicians, and the public sought better answers regarding its causes and better ways to assist both children and adults with ID. Intellectual disability refers to limitations in both intelligence and adaptive behavior. However, many persons with this disorder are capable of learning and of leading fulfilling lives. Despite its drawbacks, the IQ has become a principal standard for diagnosing intellectual disability, combined with other skills and abilities of the child.

Summary

Which of the following statements about the developmental course of ADHD is correct? a. Symptoms of ADHD change with development of the child across the lifespan. b. There is no evidence to suggest that temperament in infancy relates to ADHD c. There are no changes in the presentation of the symptoms associated with ADHD as the child gets older. d. Early markers of ADHD in infancy will remain the same as the child ages.

Symptoms of ADHD change with development of the child across the lifespan.

Which of the following would not be characteristic of the early stages of COS a. Insomnia b. Talking to oneself c. Leaving more and more answers blank on multiple-choice tests d. Only playing on the swing set when no one else is using it

Talking to oneself

5.4 Examples of Support Areas and Support Activities

Teaching/Education Activities Home Living Activities Community Living Activities

Isolyn demonstrates what kind of normal achievement for her developmental period?

attachment

Nine-month-old Olivia reacts strongly to her mother's absence. What experiment by Ainsworth and colleagues used the same scenario to observe and measure separation anxiety?

The Strange Situation

Marlon, a 22-year-old college student, has recently "discovered" that if he makes himself vomit after every other meal, he will lose weight and become more slender. After doing this for three weeks, he shares this revelation with his friend Duane, and Duane tells him, "Man, I never thought of you as bulimic!" Which statement is an accurate assessment of Duane's statement?

The binge-purge cycles of bulimia nervosa must be present for at least 3 months in order to be diagnosed.

Which of the following best represents correct theories on the developing brain?

The brain is a work-in-progress in which the environment plays an essential role as supervisor of re-wiring.

What is competence?

The child's ability to successfully adapt to their environment.

What is multifinality?

The concept that various outcomes come from similar beginnings.

What overriding factors complicate treating children as children rather than as adults or quasi-adults

The current legal status and rights of a child as opposed to an adult's

What would be a good reason for an up and coming mental health expert to focus their attention on the treatment of children's psychological issues?

The demand for mental health services for children is expected to double over the next decade

Which of the following reasons most serves to influence mental health professionals in looking for alternative delivery systems of mental health services, such as nontraditional service providers

The high percentages of children and families that do not receive specialized assessment or treatment services

What are developmental pathways?

The sequence and timing of certain behaviors and life developments over time

What are target behaviours?

The primary problems of concern, with the goal of then determining what specific factors may be influencing these behaviors

Why do those suffering from bulimia nervosa often experience dental complications?

The stomach acid that coats the teeth during self-induced vomiting is damaging to the tooth enamel.

How do the estimated lifetime prevalence rates of mental disorders gathered in prospective research relate to prevalence rates gathered in retrospective research

They are twice as high.

What is the critical way in which death initiators differ from other categories, according to Edwin Shneidman?

They believe they are merely speeding up an ongoing process.

Why do neuroimaging techniques offer limited benefit for research into psychological disorders

They do not indicate cause.

What is the role of electrically charged ions in the brain?

They help to relay messages within a neuron.

Which statement about people with anorexia nervosa is true?

They tend to become preoccupied with food.

Who was the father of behaviourism?

Watson - Little Albert

Consider the similar sequence hypothesis of organic impairment. Is it true that children with intellectual disability pass through stages of development that are different from children without an intellectual disability?

This is not true. Children, regardless of whether they have or don't have intellectual disability, pass through an identical order of development that doesn't vary

"Learning disability" is a diagnostic term for significant problems in reading, writing, math, and other skills required for academic success.

This statement is incorrect. There is no such diagnostic term.

The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) was developed by __________. It is designed to produce a rating scale for individuals from ages 6 to __________.

Thomas Aschenbach/18

What kind of repetitive motion has Imani learned to control? a. Throwing things up in the air b. Facial twitches c. Playing with her hands d Bothering other children in class

Throwing things up in the air

How is assessment and treatment approached from the Behavioral perspective?

Unlearn bad behaviors; change behavior in environmetn

Why doesn't the gene FMR-1 follow a traditional X-linked inheritance pattern

Unlike the female carriers of other X-linked intellectual disability, females with FMR-1 may exhibit phenotypes seen in male progeny.

Most interviews are (structured/unstructured). What are some key issues?

Unstructured; Low reliability and selective/biased information

Especially with ______ (who?), parents/observers record baseline prior to intervention

Very young children

Video Transcript: Resilience in Late Bloomers

Video Transcript: >> In total I think I was arrested 24 times, and went to five different reform school sessions until I was 17 years old. And then I realized I was potentially ready to go into prison if I didn't get my act together, so. >> But, thoracic surgeon Michael Maddaus did get his act together, and today he's a professor and the program director in the department of surgery at the University of Minnesota. >> And then I'll put that other case over here. >> But Maddaus's description of his early life shows that this was no easy path. >> Somebody with incredibly low self-esteem, and sense of self-worth and sense of, you know, ability, that's why I really believed I was just a dumb kid that probably had no future. >> His story exemplifies the kind of resilience seen in some people. People whom develop mental psychologists like Ann Masten call late bloomers. >> We learned about late bloomers by studying resilience over time, and longitudinal studies. >> Masten studies resilience at the Institute of Child Development. >> And late bloomers really are people who start down a very negative road. And, somewhere, usually in their late teens and early 20's and the transition to adulthood, they turn their lives in a totally new direction. >> For Maddaus even the beginning was bumpy. >> And, I was an illegitimate child. He would visit periodically. He actually was a fairly successful businessman in the area. My mother was a waitress. We didn't have much money, or we lived in apartments and moved from various apartments to another. My mother began drinking more. At least it was more apparent to me that she was. And then she got married to a man who had retired from the navy as a cook in the navy, drank quite a bit. And, that's when things really began to unravel. So, it was an undulating back and forth existence between relative peace, and then complete break down and chaos, because she would drink to the point of being bed ridden. One day I came home and found her trying to commit suicide in her underwear. Blood everywhere, had cut her wrists. And then he started hitting me, because he was drunk. And [inaudible] this is crazy. Therefore my friends, particularly as I entered 13 on up range, became the central point of my existence. The focal point of my existence, and they were everything to me. We would be doing most anything you know, burglaries. Car theft was one of our big things. You know any number of sort of acting out things. Non-violent crime in general. >> And, there were drugs. >> No intravenous drugs, but we, you know we were just, you know, anything to do just whatever. Dope, LSD, amphetamines, the whole nine yards. School, I mean it was an non-existent issue. Especially once I got 15 or 16 years old. I could go in and kind of go, but failing. Just barely passing. And, chronic issues of behavior in class and so forth. Tormented, taunted, you know categorized by all of the, my colleagues in school. And that was a really hard shell to work my way out of. >> And as we looked more closely at our data, and other data in other studies we realized that there's a window of opportunity it looks like to us. In the transition to adulthood for young people who have not done so well during adolescence, to recover and do surprisingly well in adulthood. A number of studies have suggested that it is important to have opportunities in the form of things like college, or military service. >> One of the big ones was of course joining the navy. And the sense of order in my life was a welcome thing. But, it was really on the back of the aircraft carrier, one night I was sitting out there on watch, and I just thought, I was thinking about things and I realized that you know, I was either going to do something different, or I was going to end up chipping paint, and cleaning latrines as I was doing now, for the rest of my life. >> And, what you often see with these late bloomers is first, there's an interchange. There's a recognition that oh, I need to, this is not going well. I need to turn my life in a different direction. >> I just made the decision then and there I was going to go to school, and get my GED and move forward. >> And what we think may make a big difference in that window, the transition to adulthood, is that brain development is one your side. The parts of the brain that give you more capability in planning for the future for example and examining your life begin to come on line. >> But, for Maddaus it was often two steps forward and one back. >> I was living with one of my old friends when I got out of the navy. I was drinking again and smoking some pot and this, that and the other. But, I was going to a junior college, and one night I went down to this very famous hard core bar here an got drunk at Moby Dick's and drove a car into a cement pole at 60 miles an hour. Went into the county hospital. Had an operation for some damage to internal organs in the abdomen, and that was it. I mean then I realized okay, this is, the situation's out of control. And, I walked out of there a changed individual. >> Such change Masten says often involves a mentor. >> Adult mentors not in the family, but who come into a young person's life as they begin to move on, and move away from the family. >> I was working at a furniture store delivering furniture, and I met a surgeon that's a local pediatric surgeon in town. So, you might think well why would that be an opportunity? The guy's talking to me a little bit, but yet eventually that lead to a major shift in my existence. >> Protective factors such as mentors, school, a job and religious involvement may offer the resilience in late bloomers. Advised by a mentor to take a vocational screening test, the results suggested that Maddaus should study medicine. >> To be a physician seemed inconceivable to me. I didn't think I would have the intelligence, or you know anything that would be associated with such a very high position in life. >> He transferred to the University of Minnesota as an undergraduate, but the struggle continued. >> I can recount so well how often I was in despair. And, I felt I could not do it, and it was just overwhelming. >> But, he did do it, and Michael Maddaus became a physician at age 28. >> And, if with a little bit of luck sometimes, the right people, the right circumstances come together, you can get a really dramatic shift of direction as you can see in Mike's life. >> To study resilience in late bloomers Masten looks at both current success, and prior risk factors. >> Those are the two key elements. You know measuring how well somebody's life is going, and measuring how much adversity than experience. >> Although Maddaus has not participated in Masten's research, current life success can be measured through input from significant others. Work colleagues, as well as the person himself. And, by looking at self-report data, as well as longitudinal input from teachers and parents, Masten can assess early risk factors. As for down the road? >> I don't want children to have to rely on luck to turn their lives around. We want to put the circumstances and opportunities in place, and also enough people who are willing to be mentors. And, help young people over a difficult transition so that this becomes even more common place than it is.

Ch 4 Assessing Abnormal Behavior in Childhood

Video Transcript: >> Point to peeking. Point to peeking. >> He run into the tree; and he can do this. >> Yes, he can do that. Elijah is the focal child. He's three years old. He's very outgoing. He likes to play with cars. He loves the dinosaurs. And then you got dinosaur. We only use formalized testing on a very limited basis. However, if a teacher has some concerns about a child, or just wants to get a standard score to be able to compare them with other students, then we'll move in to do some more formalized testing. >> Because, sometimes like I said, he gets caught up in his feelings and stuff. So he doesn't really say what he really knows and what he doesn't know. >> Right, so this only looks at his receptive language, right? So he doesn't actually have to be speaking. So when you are saying that he can't get it out, what we're now realizing is that he's definitely taking in the vocabulary. So in the case of this assessment, the teacher was concerned that the child was not able to always express what she thought he knew. And so we wanted to look at his receptive language and be able to determine if he was taking in the information that was given within the classroom. Now we're going to start. The assessment that we used today is called the Peabody Picture Vocab Test. It specifically looks at children's receptive language. When we do the PPVT, we always make sure that we're in a really quiet setting, that the child is able to focus only on the book. So we don't want them to be distracted by other children or other people in the environment. Once we are in a quiet setting, you do it one on one with the child. So the book is a flip book. And it has four different pictures on a page. Point to foot. You start based on the age of the child. And then the level of difficulty increases as you move along within the assessment tool. Which one's turtle? That one's turtle. >> And that's a frog. >> Okay. And this-... >> That's a alligator. >> Yes, you know a lot of reptile names, don't you? They don't actually have to be able to verbalize or orally name the objects. They just have to be able to point to them. So that tells us that they're taking in what we're saying. And then they're able to identify objects by name. Point to painting. Point to painting. Point to dancing. Point to dancing. >> He's dancing with her. >> And a clipboard. >> A clipboard, yes. I think that might be a skateboard. >> Yes, that's a skateboard. >> Point to whistle. Point to whistle. Whistle. >> And that's a-...that's a doorbell. Mm-hmm. Once you've started assessing the child, you track how many they get right, and then how many they get wrong in a set. Point to castle. Point to castle. >> A flower, and a house. It's a house. >> Mm-hmm. Can you point to castle? >> Castle. Okay. Once the child has eight errors in a set, you stop the assessment. When you are doing a standard assessment in this circumstance of PPVT, the raw score is the ceiling item minus the number of errors. That raw score is then converted to a standard score. Then that standard score tells you where that child falls within their own age range. If a child falls below a standard score of 85, then you know they're presenting with some areas of risk. And we use that score to determine if we need to move to an intervention model within the classroom. Or if we need to refer them for additional testing and possibly Special Ed services. Elijah scored right in the average range. So an average score is anywhere from 85 to 105. And he scored a 103. Anything above that would be on the higher average score. So he is scoring right in the average range. Which was reassuring for the teacher to see. Because this is a child that isn't necessarily showing us expressively yet. He's not always able to verbalize what he's learned. This assessment is really important because it's hard for teachers sometimes to determine in an informal setting if a child really is taking in the information and really is acquiring vocabulary. Kids will learn a lot more words in their head before they actually can express them. So this makes-...this allows us to ensure that what the teacher is teaching is actually sinking in. Even if the child can't verbally or expressively relay that information back to the teacher. I know you had some concerns about where he may be with his receptive language. >> Mm-hmm. >> Overall he did well with the assessment today. He scored where he should be. He scored in the average range; his standard score was a 103. Once the data is completed, we sit down with the classroom teacher. And we talk about how the child did. And then we will talk about what's happening in the classroom, what the teacher is seeing in relation to the classroom environment versus what we saw on the formal assessment. Sometimes those things will match up. Sometimes they may vary a little bit, depending on the environment. >> A lot of the times when we're doing our whole group discussions and stuff, sometimes he'll be like on the side fidgeting with something. And I'll just be like, 'Hey, Elijah, who's your grandparent?' Or this, this and that. And he surprises me. Because he is paying attention. But he's just in his own little-...he needs to be moving, like all the time. >> Right. We'll use those formal scores in combination with what the teacher is seeing. And create ways to individualize the instruction for the child. He's building his vocabulary skills. He's taking in the information that you are hoping that he takes in, within your instruction in the classroom. So when you teach it, he's listening. >> Okay, that's good. >> What we need to work on and kind of dive a little bit deeper into now is, how can we create different opportunities for him to get that information out? I think it's important to realize that the assessment tools are there to help guide you. And that you also have to look at each child as an individual. So while they will give us a standard score, we also have to know what's happening in this child's life. And in their classroom. And then make a decision that's best for that individual child. And the most important thing for him is that it's all play-based learning, right? You're not sitting down and drilling him. You're not assessing him formally. We needed to do that this time, so that we could get, you know, a vision of where he is. But in your classroom, everything's going to be fun. Everything's going to be engaging. He's going to be moving. He's going to be playing. And that's the most important thing.

Lori began to talk before her first birthday and could even speak in short but complete sentences as a toddler. Her problems reading words on the blackboard or in a storybook appeared in kindergarten. Why wasn't her problem discovered earlier?

When a child enters school, he or she is taught to connect spoken and written language

What are sensitive periods?

Windows of time during which environmental influences on development, both good and bad, are enhanced

Which statement is NOT true regarding gender and suicide?

Women succeed at committing suicide more often than do men.

For which category of young people are the effects of treatment (for example, psychotherapy) weakest?

Youths with depression or multiple problems

When someone commits suicide because they don't have a sense of belonging within society, this is an example of _____ suicide.

anomic

The co-occurrence of _________ is commonly associated with a lower IQ, academic problems, and an increased risk for CD. a. ADHD b. antisocial disorder (AD) c. SLD d. criminal behavior

a

Which of the following health issues are NOT associated with ADHD? a. Diabetes b. Encopresis c. Sleep disturbances d. Enuresis

a

psychological disorder

a pattern of behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or physical symptoms shown by an individual

risk factor

a variable that precedes a negative outcome of interest and increases the chances that the outcome will occur

multiple-baseline design

across behaviors, different responses of the same individual are identified and measured over time to provide a baseline against which changes may be evaluated

externalizing problems

acting-out behaviors such as aggression and delinquent behavior

attentional capacity

amount of information in short-term memory to which one can attend

health promotion

an approach to the prevention of disease that involves education, public policy, and similar actions to promote health

diagnosis

analyzing information and drawing conclusions about the nature or cause of the problem or assigning a formal diagnosis

residential care

arrangement in which a child whose family cannot adequately provide for him lives in a specialized out-of-home setting

Language functions are, for the most part, stored in the __________.

c. left temporal lobe

Which of the following provides assent for participation in research

child

echolalia

child's immediate or delayed parrot-like repetition of words or word combinations

bullying

children who expose another child, repeatedly and over time, to negative actions, such as physical contact or words

juvenile delinquency

children who have broken a law, anything from sneaking into a movie without a ticket to homicide

randomized controlled trials

children with a particular problem are randomly assigned to different treatment and control situation

with limited prosocial emotions

children with conduct disorder who display either lack of remorse; lack of empathy; or being unconcerned about performance

The age group LEAST likely to commit suicide in the United States is:

children.

The single most common cause of moderate to severe intellectual disability is caused by

chromosome abnormalities

The belief system that a child develops about the world around them is a function of which of the following

cognitive influences

For Imani and Gavin to learn life skills with the ABC process, the __________ includes the teacher's immediate praise and a token or toy, respectively

consequence

When the results of a particular method of measurement are considered reliable, they are

consistent

social cognition

construct to describe how people think about themselves in relation to others, and how they interpret ambiguous events

semistructured interview

consultation that includes specific questions designed to elicit information in a relatively consistent manner

externalizing behavior

continuous feature of behavior that includes a mixture of impulsive, overactive, aggressive, and delinquent acts

What determines the degree of experimentation in research activity

control

Which of the following terms refers to the identification and study of the causes of a particular disorder

etiology

single-case experimental designs

evaluate the impact of clinical treatment on a child's problem

behavior assessment

evaluation of the child's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in specific settings

nondisjunction

failure of the 21st pair of the mother's chromosomes to separate during meiosis

adaptational failure

failure to master or progress in accomplishing developmental milestones

What is the main motivation of someone with anorexia nervosa?

fear of becoming obese

idiographic case formulation

focus of clinical assessment to obtain a detailed understanding of the individual child or family as a unique entity

What is commonly the first step in conducting research into an issue related to abnormal child psychology

forming a hypothesis

Although individuals with Down syndrome can expect to live as long as 60 years, research reveals that most will suffer cognitive decline due to

gene damage on chromosome 21

functional analysis of behavior

general approach to organizing and using assessment information in terms of antecedents, behaviors and consequences across many levels

PET scans measure which of the following to track activity in the brain

glucose

phenotype

individual's observable characteristics or behavior

family history

information is obtained from the parents regarding potentially significant developmental milestones and historical events that may have a bearing on the child's current difficulties

What is considered the most effective method to protect research participants

informed consent

According to Dr. Ann Masten, late bloomers typically turn their lives around in their

late teens to early twenties

This theory suggests that women in our society experience more stress than men.

life stress

Standardization refers to which aspect of the research process

measurement

neuroimaging

method of examining the structure and/or function of the brain

discrete trial training

method of teaching readiness skills involving a step-by-step approach of presenting a stimulus and requiring a specific response

incidental training

method of teaching readiness skills or other desired behaviors that strengthens the behavior by capitalizing on naturally-occurring opportunities

Which intervention for anorexia nervosa includes motivating clients to actively make and follow through on constructive choices regarding their eating behaviors and their lives?

motivational interviewing

protodeclarative gesture

movement or vocalization that directs the visual attention of other people to objects of shared interest

Anhedonia

negative mood state characterized by a lack of enjoyment and loss of interest in most activities

dysphoria

negative mood state characterized by prolonged bouts of sadness

depressogenic cognition

negative perceptual and attributional style and belief associated with depressive symptoms

Boy show higher rates of early-onset disorders that involve ______________, and girls show more ____________ disorders with a peak age of onset in adolescence.

neurodevelopmental impairment; emotional

general intellectual functioning

one's basic level of cognitive ability, which is assessed through administration of a standardized test

negative cognitive triad

pessimistic view about oneself, the world, and the future that are characteristic of youngsters with depression

prognosis

prediction of the course or outcome of a disorder

frontostriatal circuitry of the brain

region consisting of the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia associated with executive functions and response organization

Infants' ability to ________ their emotions are a key element of their relationships with caregivers

regulate

hypothalmic-pituitary-adrenal axis

regulatory system of the brain made of the hypothalamus control center and the pituitary and adrenal glands; it influences a person's response to stress and his or her ability regulate emotions

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

regulatory system of the brain that influences a person's response to stress and ability to regulate emotions

A therapist treating an individual with a conversion disorder works to reduce pleasurable outcomes associated with being sick, while increasing pleasurable outcomes associated with being well. This technique is called:

reinforcement.

A moderator variable is associated with the ________ of other variables

relationship

Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering)

repeated and prolonged pronunciation of certain syllables that interferes with communication

Popular rap artist "Jay Z" demonstrated ____________ when he channeled his challenging childhood experiences into a drive to change his life circumstances for the better.

resilience

social-cognitive ability

skill involved in attending to, interpreting, and responding to social cues

research designs

strategies used to examine questions of interest

Which of the following is NOT generally included in a pro-suicide Web site?

suggestions for avoiding suicide

For adults, the MOST stressful life event on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale is:

the death of a spouse.

incidence rates

the extent to which new cases of a disorder appear over a specified period

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth in the United States face extremely hostile circumstances in a society that is largely heterosexual. In surveys, the most frequent form of victimization reported by this population is:

verbal abuse

Sharon experiences mild manic episodes that alternate with major depressive episodes over the course of time. She would be diagnosed with _____ disorder.

bipolar II

The weeping little boy embraces the daycare worker, seeking comfort. When she says, "Did you get a boo-boo? What happened to you? Can you show me?" in a gentle voice, he is responding to an emotional __________, which helps him interpret and regulate his own emotions.

cue

Which of the following refers to an inability to sustain attention, to remember and follow through on instructions, and resist distraction? a. Flakey b. Defiance c. Distractible d. Inattention

d

The role that exposure to an environmental toxin can play in the underlying structure of a particular gene is an example of a(n) ________ mechanism

epigenetic

social selection hypothesis

premise that people tend to choose environments in which there are other people similar to themselves

amplifier hypothesis

premise that stress may serve to intensify the maladaptive predispositions of parents

reciprocal influence

premise that the child's behavior is effected by and itself affects the behavior of family members

projective tests

present the child with ambiguous stimuli such as inkblots or pictures of people, and the child is then asked to describe what she or he sees

comorbidity

simultaneous occurrence of two or more childhood disorders that is far more common than would be predicted from general population base rates of the individual disorders

nonshared enviornment

subtype environmental influences that refers to the environmental factors that produce behavioral differences among siblings living in the same household.

treatment effectiveness

whether the treatment can be shown to work in clinical practice, not just in well-controlled research settings

treatment efficacy

whether the treatment can produce changes under well-controlled conditions

nomothetic formulation

which emphasizes broad general inferences that apply to large groups of individuals

sensitive period

window of time during which environmental influences on development are heightened, thus providing enhanced opportunities to learn

sensitive periods

windows of time during which which environmental influences on development (both good and bad) are heightened, thus providing enhanced opportunities to learn

The world anomie, which is at the heart of one of the three types of suicide proposed by Emile Durkheim, means:

without law.

What are epigenetic mechanisms?

Changes in gene activity resulting from a variety of environmental factors such as toxins, diet, stress, etc.

What are evidence-based treatments (EBTs)?

Clearly specified treatments shown to be effective in controlled research with specific populations -use of best available evidence and clinical expertise

Who recovered from a severe psychosis and spearheaded efforts to change the plight of other afflicted?

Clifford Beers (1909)

What are the different types of assessment?

Clinical interviews: structured or unstructured Behavioral Assessment: direct observation and self reporting scales Psychological Testing: IQ tests &screening tests

What do continuity and discontinuity imply?

Continuity implies that developmental changes are gradual and quantitative and that future behaviour patterns can be predicted from earlier patterns. (early onset and persistent conduct disorders) Discontinuity implies that developmental changes are abrupt and qualitative and that future behaviour is poorly predicted by earlier patterns. (eating disorders)

In an attempt to understand the cause of ADHD, researchers are studying ___________ influences, such as adoption and twin studies. a. Environmental b. Educational c. Genetic d. Nutritional

Genetic

Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationship between variables

-.82

In addition to individual suffering and stigmatizing attitudes by others, the societal costs of ADHD are estimated at _________________a year and at least ____________________ per individual in the U.S. a. $10 to 20 million; $250,000 b. $100 to 150 million; $50,000 c. $5 to 15 million; $500,000 d. $40 to 70 billion; $14,000

$40 to 70 billion; $14,000

The ability of a child to successfully adapt to his or her environment is called

competence

How does Wechsler define intelligence? What is the most common IQ test?

-"the overall capacity of an individual to understand and cope with the world around him" -Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) - 10 mandatory and 5 supplementary subtests that span age range 6-16 Test produces a Full Scale IQ from 4 indices: Verbal Comprehension Index, Perceptual Reasoning Index, Working Memory Index and Processing Speed Index IQ scores from this are good predictors of academic achievement

Research into risk and protective factors requires large samples of children and multiple domains of functioning assessed over long periods of time because:

1) only small percentage of children at risk for problem will actually develop disorder 2) areas of child functioning that will be affected, and how, are not known in advance 3) ages at which disorder may occur or reoccur are also not known

In addition to co-occuring intellectual disability, a coexisting medical condition may play some part in about __________ percent of children with ASD.

10

Fewer than _____% of children with mental health problems receive proper services to address impairments related to personal, family, or situational factors.

10

Why are case studies used in research?

1) some childhood disorders are rare, making large sample difficult to obtain 2) analyses of individual cases may contribute to understanding of infrequent or hidden symptoms 3) significant childhood disturbances often develop as result of trauma, disaster, or abuse, of which are not easily studied using controlled methods

What are the underlining assumptions in abnormal child psychology?

1. Abnormal behavior is multiply determined 2. Child and environment are interdependent 3. Abnormal development involves continuities and discontinuities.

How are child disorders different from adult ones?

1. Children aren't the ones that are seeking treatment 2. Children's behavior might not be abnormal 3. Interventions often promote further development rather than restoring youth

What are the 3 main purposes of treatment?

1. Description and diagnosis that determine nature and possible causes of child's problem 2. Prognosis that predicts future behaviour 3. Treatment planning and evaluation

How do emotions influence child development?

1. Emotion reactivity vs regulation 2. Socialization 3. Temperament.

How does brain structure and development explain child psychopathology?

1. Genes guide the large-scale structuring: experience does all the fine tuning 2. HPA Axis: stimulated when stressed

How do genetics influence child behavior?

1. Influences behavior, emotions, and learning. 2. Polygenetic: many different genes each make a small contribution 3. Environmental events fine tune

What are risk behaviors for childhood mental illness?

1. Poverty 2. Maltreatment 3. Abuse 4. Low birthweight 5. Parents use of substances/smoking 6. Stressful life events

What are the 3 main components of intervention?

1. Prevention 2. Treatment 3. Maintenance

What factors need to be considered in sample selection and choosing measurement tools?

1. Standardized: Specifies 2. Reliable: Consistent 3. Construct validity: measures what its supposed to measure

What proportion of children has a mental health problem that significantly impairs functioning?

1/8

Sex differences in problem behaviors are insignificant before the age of _____ but increase with age.

3

Children and adolescents with severe intellectual disability constitute the smallest ID group, which is __________ percent of persons with ID.

4

Identical twins of persons with a bipolar disorder have a _____ percent likelihood of developing the same disorder.

40

In the United States, approximately one in every ____ children live in poverty, while that rate is closer to one in every ____ children in Canada

5 : 8

The term "intellectual disability" (ID) replaced "__________" in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. a. cretinism b. feeble-mindedness c. moral imbecility d. mental retardation

5.1 mental retardation

Although symptoms can improve as a child ages ADHD continues into adolescence for at least ____ or more of elementary school children.

50%

The attachment process begins at what age?

6-12 months

multiple-baseline design

A single-case experimental design in which the effect of a treatment is shown by demonstrating that behaviors in more than one baseline change as a result of the institution of a treatment. The critical feature of the multiple-baseline approach is that change must occur only when treatment is instituted and only for the behavior, situation, or individual that is the target of treatment.

As many as ____% of children and families with significant mental health needs do not receive any specialized assessment or treatment services. What populations is this problem worse for?

70-80%; lower SES, ethnic minorities and those in child welfare or juvenile justice systems

Surveys by Costell et al. (2005a) and the National Institutes of Health (2016) have found that approximately one in ____ children suffers from a mental health problem significant enough to impair functioning. Of concern is that this statistic extends to toddlers and infants.

8 eight

ADHD is a difficult disorder to treat because _____ of children with ADHD have a co-occuring psychological disorder.

80%

Stimulant medication increase sustained attention, impulse control, and persistent of work effort in __________ of children with ADHD. a. 80% b. 60% c. 50% d. 12%

80%

__ of children with ADHD also meet criteria for having a specific learning disorders by late childhood when learning disorders are assessed as performing below grade level. a. 75% b. 80% c. 15% d. 50%

80%

Children and adolescents with mild intellectual disability constitute the largest ID group, that is, an estimated __________ percent of people with ID have the mild form of the disorder.

85

For the purposes of intellectual testing, intelligence is based on __________ percent of the population that has scores within two standard deviations of the mean.

95

Megan explained to her psychologist why she runs away. "I just don't feel like I'm one of them." When asked to explain "them," she describes her parents, her family's church, her being taken out of public school and being forced to attend a Christian high school, and so on. What theory best describes what Megan has disclosed? a. The attachment theory b. The coercion theory c. The insecure bond theory d. The independence theory

A and B

The real concern about exposure to media violence, whether on television or online, is that it __________. a. it will desensitize children to the suffering of real people b. leads to pathologically antisocial behaviors (e.g., bringing guns to school) and violence toward girls and women (e.g., rape) c. makes children see violence as normal d. causes "copycat" behavior

A and C

Mental health issues do not affect all children equally. A child from which circumstance would be less likely to face such issues when compared with the other choices?

A child who has no brothers or sisters

What does analogue research evaluate?

A specific variable of interest under conditions that only resemble the situation for which one wishes to generalize o Focus on circumscribed research question under well-controlled conditions o Purpose is to illuminate a specific process that is otherwise hard to study e.g., interested in whether higher than normal rates of alcohol consumption observed in fathers or boys with ADHD might be due to stress of interacting with their difficult children use artificial sample i.e. college students posing as parents vs. other students told to act as someone with ADHD o Problems of external validity

Which of the following statements about ADHD is TRUE? a. ADHD can be easily identified with markers found in the DNA b. ADHD is not a real disorder and is the result of poor parenting and too much sugar in the diet c. ADHD has no distinct physical symptoms that can be identified on an x-ray or blood test d. ADHD can be easily diagnosed with a simple blood test

ADHD has no distinct physical symptoms that can be identified on an x-ray or blood test

What do psychophysiological methods measure? Electrophysiological? What are some limitations?

ANS activity measured by heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, pupil dilation, and electrical conductance of the skin -temperament can influence ANS functioning; electroencephalogram (EEG) measures brain's electrical activity with ongoing thinking, emotion, or arousal; electrodes attached to head -limitations: inconsistency from study to study; physiological responses can be easily influenced

Representing two ends of a spectrum, _____ focuses on observable behaviour while ______ theory focuses on cognitive processes and explanations

Applied behaviour analysis (ABA); social learning

Children like Derek have a significant maturational delay or difference that the narrator refers to with which special, nonjudgmental term? a. An exceptionality. b. Down syndrome c. A developmental disability d. A euphemism

An exceptionality.

In multimethod assessments, methods need to be: (several factors) in order to be effective

Appropriate, reliable, valid, cost-effective and useful for treatment

Which subfield of Psychology is responsible for the development of evidence-based treatments for children, adolescents and families?

Behaviorism

How does the Behavioral Theory explain child psychopathology?

Applied behavioral analysis: children learn as a result of relationships between a behavior and its antecedents and consequences.

Due to the problems with impulsivity, motor inhibition and lack of planning children with ADHD are often described by their parents as _______________. a. Accident-prone b. Insincere c. Self-centered d. Combative

Accident-prone

What is resilience?

Achieving positive outcomes despite being at risk for negative ones.

What are externalizing problems?

Acting out behaviors, aggression, and delinquent behaviors. BOYS

Children's disorders are an indication of _______ in one or more areas of development

Adaptational failure

_______________________ is the failure to master or progress in accomplishing developmental milestones.

Adaptational failure

A __________________ approach attempts to change aspects of the child's environment to improve upon specific problems.

Behavioral

What emerged as a systematic approach to the treatment of child and family disorders in 1950-1960s?

Behaviour therapy - focused initially on children with intellectual disability or severe disturbances and took place in institutions or classroom settings that were thought to provide the kind of environmental control needed to change behaviour effectively

Sorting out the interactive influences of nature and nurture is the task of:

Behavioural genetics

By 2020, what is predicted to exceed physical disease to become the major cause of disability throughout the world?

Behavioural health disorders

In terms of treatment, _______ is good for young children while older children can benefit from _______

Behavioural reward; Cognitive-behavioural methods

Who argued that children were incapable of true adult-like insanity, because the immaturity of their developing brains prevented them from retaining the mental events that caused insanity? Thereby coining the term 'moral insanity'. What eventually replaced the moral insanity view of disorders?

Benjamin Rush - pioneer in psychiatry; Organic disease mode - emphasized more humane forms of treatment (Dorotha Dix)

Table 5.5 Risk Factors for Intellectual Disability

Biomedical Social Behavioral Educational

Which child exhibits an internalizing behavior a. Franz has the habit of intentionally mispronouncing classmates' names. He continues to do so even when his teachers ask him to stop. b. Colleen is often defriended on Facebook because of her tendency to leave taunts and insults on her friends' Timelines. c. Sarah prefers to draw pictures of fires during recess by herself and will not play with the other children. d. Nick speaks to an imaginary friend named "Jack Horner" and has frequent incidences of bedwetting.

C Sarah

Compare cognitive vs. cognitive-behavioural treatments

C = View abnormal behavior as the result of deficits and/or distortions in the child's thinking, including perceptual biases, irrational beliefs, and faulty interpretations CB = View psychological disturbances as the result of both faulty thought patterns and faulty learning and environmental experiences o The way children and parents think about their environment determines how they will react to it o Distortions in cognitive content (beliefs) and cognitive process (thinking and problem solving). o Goal is to identify these and replace them with adaptive ones, teach behavioral and cognitive coping strategies. May also involve how others respond to the child's maladaptive behavior

When making a diagnosis for severity, a therapist must also __________. a. determine if the child meets each criterion b. indicate which symptom cluster is predominant and give it a specifier c. indicate whether the symptoms specify mild, moderate, or severe ODD d. provide an average specifier each symptom

C and D

Describe categorical vs. dimensional classification. What type of approach would work best? Which is better suited for research and clinical?

CC = based primarily on informed professional consensus. Classical categorical approach assumes that every diagnosis has a clear underlying cause, such as an infection or malfunction, and that each disorder is fundamentally different from other disorders DC = assume that many independent dimensions or traits of behavior exist and that all children possess them to varying degrees -Arguably more objective and reliable than clinically derived categories, but they are dependent on sampling, method and informant characteristics as well as age and sex of child. May also be insensitive to contextual influences -Combined approach; depends also on the disorder -Research = dimensional -Clinical = categorical

Compare cross-sectional to longitudinal research. What are the advantages/disadvantages?

CS = different children at different ages of periods of development are studied at same point in time Good because don't need to worry about loss of participants, practice effects, etc. Problems: Limited information regarding developmental changes; no evidence about individual change, rather comparisons limited to age-group differences L = same children studied at different ages or periods of development Good because allows researcher to identify patterns that are common to all children and track differences in developmental paths; can make causal inferences; also allow for identification of individual developmental trends Problems: hard to obtain research funding and resources over long periods; have to wait for meaningful data; aging effects such as increased impulse control, physical prowess, and social opportunity; cohort effects (effects of group experiencing same cultural/historical events); experience of repeated study/observation may threaten validity i.e. may become sensitized, may improve; changes within field of abnormal child psychology

The __________ is a successful example of an early educational intervention program that meets the incomes and ethnicity of African Americans.

Carolina Abecedarian Project

What are prevalence rates?

Cases of a disorder that are specified over a specified period of time.

What is the difference between categorical and dimensional classification systems?

Categorical: DSM; is the disorder present or not? Has good prognosis and treatment planning. LOTS OF STIGMA. Dimensional: Preferred; sensitive to change; insensitive to context.

The ______ (brain structure) has been implicated in ADHD, motor behavior disorders and OCD

Caudate nucleus

Baseline data are taken prior to intervention and are collected from one or two problems that clinicians seek to change. True, baseline data are collected as part of the observation and recording of a behavioral problem. b. True, baseline data are only applicable to a very limited range of presentations in a child or adolescent under observation. c. False, baseline data refer to inconsequential data unrelated to the behavioral problem. d. False, baseline data are gathered from a range of many observations (which the CBCL also rates).

Check Both: True, baseline data are collected as part of the observation and recording of a behavioral problem. True, baseline data are only applicable to a very limited range of presentations in a child or adolescent under observation.

Which of the following is part of the interpretation of a diagnosis a. Drawing conclusions about the nature or cause of the problem b. Analyzing information about the nature or cause of the problem c. Assigning a formal diagnostic label for a disorder d. Determining what a normal child is vis-à-vis the child being assessed

Check all the boxes: a. Drawing conclusions about the nature or cause of the problem b. Determining what a normal child is vis-à-vis the child being assessed c. Analyzing information about the nature or cause of the problem d. Assigning a formal diagnostic label for a disorder

A number of proposals and initiatives have been made to meet the needs of children with ADHD who are not being diagnosed or treated. Which of the following strategies, based on institutional models that work for other needs, might reach more children who lack the advantages of other groups?

Check both: Making children's mental health services more affordable or free, that is, by broadening the delivery systems Making children's mental health services a priority for state and federal assistance programs

Why are ethical concerns elevated when conducting research with child subjects

Children are quite vulnerable.

Children with ADHD often display problems with impulse control and organization. In what way(s) could these behaviors affect the life of the child? a. Children with ADHD may experience frustration for not fitting in with their peers which can impact the child's self-esteem b. Children appreciate other children who don't do well in school which increases the number of positive peer relationships they acquire. c. Children with ADHD are often the class clown due to their high levels of energy which makes them popular amongst their peers and results in many friendships. d. Children with poor organizational skills may receive special services to help with this issue which could help the child succeed tin the long-run.

Children with ADHD may experience frustration for not fitting in with their peers which can impact the child's self-esteem

Which of the following statements about ADHD is TRUE a. Children with overactive and unrestrained behaviors have been documented for more than 200 years. b. ADHD is a disorder that is rarely seen among children in clinical settings c. Typically children with symptoms of ADHD are untreatable due to their high levels of agitation d. Symptoms of ADHD are relatively unseen in children before the age of 15

Children with overactive and unrestrained behaviors have been documented for more than 200 years.

If a child claimed to see "ghosts" at school, which category of treatment would be best suited for treating such an irrational belief?

Cognitive treatments

When an adolescent presents symptoms of depression and obesity, which of the following terms best describes such occurrences

Comorbidity

What is the Quasi-Experiemental research design?

Compares two groups that already exist

In the study of abnormal child behavior, what is the ability to successfully adapt in the environment called?

Competence

Each person's unique genome is established at __________ and consists of approximately _____________ genes.

Conception; 20,000-25,000

Fig 5.3 Severity Levels for Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder Mild Moderate Severe Profound

Conceptual Domain Social Domain Practical Domain

Which of the following is not one of the ABCs of assessment?

Concerns

The economic impact for people with ADHD across the lifespan is: a. Considerable b. Marginal c. Insignificant d. There is no economic impact for people with ADHD

Considerable

Which DSM edition saw the change of classification systems?

DSM IV to DSM-IV-R

Why would DSM-5 be inadequate for diagnosing the speech impediment of an otherwise "intelligent" three-year-old that lacks any physical or neurological cause

DSM-5 gives relatively less attention to the disorders of infancy and early childhood.

A very young boy, Jim "froze" on the high diving board and had to be carried down by the lifeguard. In making a diagnosis, how does DSM-5 classify this negative life event

DSM-5 lacks its own classification, but refers clinicians to selected codes in the current ICD

_____ was a prototypical classification system so a child could be diagnosed with a certain subset of symptoms w/o having to meet all criteria (6 out of 10, etc). Heterogeneity of diagnosis acknowledged.

DSM-III-R

In prenatal intervention for preventing intellectual disability disorder, what is the primary means available to clinicians, parents, and other stakeholders

Educational programs

What is the difference between treatment efficacy and effectiveness?

Efficacy is where the treatment works under lab conditions. Effectiveness is where it works in any setting.

Practical Recommendations for Enhancing Children's Lives through Early Intervention

Encouragement of exploration. Children are encouraged by adults to explore and gather information about their environments. Mentoring in basic skills. A trusted, familiar adult teaches children basic cognitive skills such as labeling, sorting, sequencing, and comparing. Celebration of developmental advances. Family and others who know the child celebrate and reinforce each of the child's accomplishments. Guided rehearsal and extension of new skills. Responsible others assist the child in rehearsing and extending newly acquired skills. Protection from harmful displays of disapproval, teasing, or punishment. Constructive criticism and negative consequences for unacceptable behaviors are used. A rich and responsive language environment. Adults provide a predictable and understandable environment for communication. Spoken and written language are used to convey information, provide social awards, and encourage the learning of new material and skills.

During their clinical interview and subsequent encounters with his therapist, Tommy's mother often speaks for her shy, reticent child, answering the therapist's questions when she needs to assess Tommy's perceptions of himself. How might the therapist succeed in interviewing both mother and child separately but also with the participation of both?

Engaging Tommy in a simple puzzle that only Tommy and his therapist can touch

Treatments often focus on _______ rather than simply removing symptoms

Enhancing child's development

Family systems theorists state that you can understand/predict behaviour of a family member in isolation from other family members (T/F)

False - relationships are the focus

Genetic factors are implicated in 50% of the childhood disorders discussed in this text (T/F)

False - they are implicated in ALL

Family systems theorists argue that it is difficult to understand or predict the behavior a child without examining the influence of the other _______________.

Family members

Why does the latest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) include a "Cultural Formulation Interview"

Federal law mandates that cultural assessments be part of all psychological assessments for which federal funds are used

Clinicians should consult __________ when treating special needs children

Federal, state, and local laws

mediator variable

Fig 3.3 process, mechanism, or means through which a variable produces a specific outcome account for some or all of the apparent relationship between two variables

Which of the following is not considered to be part of the intervention spectrum a. Enhanced therapy b. Continuing care c. Outpatient mental health d. Time-limited therapy

Fig 4.4 c. Outpatient mental health

Specific Examples of Adaptive Behavior Skills (Similar to IQ, these skills are typically assessed using standardized instruments such as the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System—Third Edition (ABAS-III; Harrison & Oakland, 2015) or the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales—Third Edition)

Fig 5.1 Conceptual Skills Receptive and expressive language Reading and writing Money concepts Self-directions Social Skills Interpersonal Responsibility Self-esteem Gullibility (likelihood of being tricked or manipulated) Naiveté Follows rules Obeys laws Avoids victimization Practical Skills Personal activities of daily living such as eating, dressing, mobility, and toileting Instrumental activities of daily living such as preparing meals, taking medication, using the telephone, managing money, using transportation, and doing housekeeping activities Occupational Skills Maintaining a safe environment

Clinical interviews use what type of style of assessment? Interviews learn (more/less) faster than observation

Flexible, conversational; more faster

Gavin's mother relates the importance of Gavin's early diagnoses. At what age was her son diagnosed with ASD and how does that compare with the typical age of onset? a. Gavin was diagnosed after his second birthday, during that timeframe when most parents notice a lack of progress in their child's development. b. Gavin was diagnosed at 19 months, which is close to the earliest point in development. c. Gavin was diagnosed by the time he was 1 year old, which is the earliest point in development at which a child can be diagnosed according to the DSM-5. d. Gavin was diagnosed in preschool, when the diagnosis is usually made for most children.

Gavin was diagnosed at 19 months, which is close to the earliest point in development.

Donald reads with his lips moving. He really tries hard. How should his teacher or therapist assess his problem in a formal manner?

Have him take an applicable IQ test

Todays' focus on _________ encourages changes, opportunities, and competence to achieve one's health potential.

Health promotion

Which pioneering researcher in the field of eugenics connected genes to the inheritance of dysfunctional traits such as alcoholism and low intelligence

Henry Goddard

Which pioneering researcher in the field of eugenics connected genes to the inheritance of dysfunctional traits such as alcoholism and low intelligence?

Henry Goddard

When a child can finally hear and say his name "Jim" by hearing his name spelled j, i, and m, what happened in his brain?

His brain has perceptually mapped the letters and sound of his own name

Dan is often very restless and can be found running around the classroom, bouncing on his chair, and talking excessively. These behaviors best represent which aspect of ADHD? a. Distractibility b. Hyperactivity c. Impulsivity d. Inattention

Hyperactivity

Describe the steps of the research process

Hypothesis, observation, theory, examine previous findings, and decide general approach identify sample, select measurement methods, and develop research design and procedures gather and analyze data and interpret results

Compare idiographic vs. nomothetic formulation in clinical assessments

I = detailed understanding of the individual child or family as a unique entity N = emphasizes broad general inferences that apply to large groups of individuals

In addition to the demands of school, which of the following scenarios might reveal problems in speech articulation and expression earlier (as well as later) in life?

Karl's older brother has a new pet chameleon named "Chameleon." Karl gets mad when his brother laughs at him for calling it "Camel.

What are incidence vs. prevalence rates?

I = extent to which new cases of a disorder appear over a specified period of time e.g., number of youth who develop depressive disorder during school year P = refer to all cases observed during a specified period of time e.g., number of teens with conduct disorder in the general population during 2012 and 2013

Participants in an experiment need to give _______ (related to ethics), while children need to provide ____. Participation must be _____ and researchers need to maintain participants' _________ and __________.

Informed consent; assent; voluntary; confidentiality and anonymity

5.5 Summary Prevention, Education, and Treatment

Intervention efforts are most successful when offered at the earliest point in time, especially through the preschool years. Interventions for children with intellectual disability are matched to the child's individual needs and abilities, and are integrated with the family, school, and community. Successful interventions often include behaviorally based training and educational components that teach specific skills and reduce undesired behavior.

Why is the facilitated communication method considered by many psychology professionals to be pseudoscience

It is not backed by research.

5-year old Jaclyn is an autistic child. What is the primary problem with this statement?

It uses a term related to abnormality to describe the child, rather than the condition

Which noted English philosopher of the seventeenth century advanced the novel idea that children should be raised with thought and care rather than indifference and harsh treatment?

John Locke

Which of the following task would represent the impulsivity associated with ADHD? a. John is often reprimanded by his teacher for blurting out the answers in class without raising his hand. b. Cristian will often be the last child in the classroom because he will hold the door open for all of his classmates. c. Mark is often "left behind" on classroom instructions because he will stare out the classroom window daydreaming. d. Marco will endlessly fidget and squirm in his seat in class which makes him annoying to the students around him.

John is often reprimanded by his teacher for blurting out the answers in class without raising his hand.

Of the following, who is at an increased risk of suicide?

John, who is recently divorced

Which researcher argued that many mentally defective children were actually suffering from emotional and behavioural problems of appropriate intellectual challenge? What distinction did this lead to?

Leta Hollingworth; Led to a distinction between persons with intellectual disability (imbeciles) and those with psychiatric or mental disorders (lunatics)

What are different types of measurement?

Longitudinal Interviews Questionaires Observations Self reports

________ have been used since the 1930s to treat the symptoms of ADHD. a. Stimulant medications b. Vegetarian diets c. Anti-depressants d. Lobotomies

Stimulant medications

What do the adrenal glands do?

Stress response

When a clinician must find another way to set up meetings with a therapist for a home-schooled child, she may take into account __________ to achieve effective treatment a.the cultural compatibility hypothesis b. local political sensitivities c. the parent's religious beliefs d. the child's comfort level in a home setting

Mark all the boxes

How is assessment and treatment approached from the Biological perspective?

Medications

Which researcher took interest in meaning of children's play and argued that all actions could be interpreted in terms of unconscious fantasy?

Melanie Klein

Symptoms of ADHD were first described by ________________ in 1775 a. Alexander Crichton b. Thomas Paine c. Jason Spiegelman d. Melchior Adam Weikard

Melchior Adam Weikard

The levels of severity for an intellectual development disorder include __________.

Mild, moderate, severe, profound

During the 1940s and 1950s, it was not uncommon for children with behavioral issues to be incorrectly labeled as a person with ____________________, even though they displayed no intellectual disability. a. Intellectual disability b. Traumatic Brain Injury c. Minimal Brain Damage and Minimal Brain Dysfunction (MBD) d. Down Syndrome

Minimal Brain Damage and Minimal Brain Dysfunction (MBD)

Compare moderating vs. mediating variables

Moderator variables have an independent effect on existing relationship between two variables • Influence the direction or strength of the relationship of variables of interest; association depends on or differs as function of moderators • E.g., correlation between severity of physical abuse history and internalizing problems was greater for females vs. males -sex = moderator i.e. relation between abuse and internalizing problems depended on third variable Mediator variables account for some or all of the apparent relationship between two variables • Process, mechanism, or means through which a variable produces a particular outcome; describe what happens at the psychological or neurobiological level to explain how one variable results from another • E.g., relationship between maternal distress and child conduct problems is partially mediated by type of discipline mothers use on days they feel distressed

Which of the following psychological disorders is positively correlated with ADHD and likely to co-occur? a. Mood disorders like Major Depressive Disorder b. Anxiety disorders like Body Dysmorphic Disorder c. Psychotic disorder like Schizophrenia d. Dissociative disorders like Dissociative amnesia

Mood disorders like Major Depressive Disorder

Clinical populations tend to have (more/less) comorbidity

More

Over time major theories have become (more/less) compatible with each other

More

What is behaviour analysis or the functional analysis of behaviour?

More general approach to organizing and using assessment info in terms of the ABCs Goal is to identify as many factors as possible that could be contributing to the a child's problem behaviors, thought and feelings and to develop hypotheses for the factors that are most important and/or the most easily changed

Problems or disruptions of brain growth and development at a younger age are typically associated with_________________________.

More severe organic disorder and central nervous system complications

Psychoanalytic theory emphasized that personality and mental health outcomes had (multiple/singular) root(s)

Multiple

Which of the following terms is a diagnostic term recognized by the DSM-5 a. Communication disorder b. Cognitive impairment c. Learning disorder d. Specific learning disorder

Multiple Answers: A and D

Using the same diagnostic criteria for children as well as adults in diagnosing schizophrenia makes it easier to a. treat cases of adult-onset schizophrenia if the problem is caught early enough in childhood b. identify continuities in the onset of schizophrenia in children, adolescents, and adults c. compare cases of childhood-onset and adult-onset schizophrenia d. treat COS in children with the same options available for adults

Multiple Answers: B and C

Which of the following would be a description of a child exhibiting the "flattened effect" of characteristic of childhood-onset schizophrenia? a. Caleb stares impassively at pictures of things he used to like, such as goldfish, cupcakes, and Thomas the Tank Engine. b. According to her mother, Felice will not smile when told she looks pretty, even after brushing her hair and attempting to reinforce her positive image by showing her a picture in a fashion magazine. c. Conrad laughs at himself whenever he sees his reflection in a window. d. Nora will lay in a fetal position on the floor for hours and does not watch television with the other children.

Multiple answers: A and B a. Caleb stares impassively at pictures of things he used to like, such as goldfish, cupcakes, and Thomas the Tank Engine. b. According to her mother, Felice will not smile when told she looks pretty, even after brushing her hair and attempting to reinforce her positive image by showing her a picture in a fashion magazine.

The assumption that abnormal child behavior is _____________ requires that clinicians consider the influence of interacting events and developmental pathways on the developmental of a disorder.

Multiply determined

Why would a new psychological test designed for "diversity" across a broad spectrum of racial, ethnic, or cultural groups be problematic?

Such a test might still be culturally biased on a micro rather than the macro level of a standardized test.

behavioral genetics

branch of genetics that investigates possible connections between a genetic predisposition and observed behavior

Qualitative research focuses on ____ and emphasizes _____ definitions. It can be problematic because ____. It is often used together with _____ methods.

Narrative accounts, descriptions, interpretation, context, and meaning; operational; researchers can introduce bias, findings are not easily generalizable; quantitative

Brain circuits and _______________ relate to particular psychological disorders, permitting more targeted treatments.

Neurotransmitters

What is discontinuity?

Normal and abnormal developmental changes are abrupt and qualitative

What is continuity?

Normal and abnormal developmental changes are gradual and quantitative

During a clinical interview, what might the interviewer observe in addition to writing down what interviewees tell them, that is, what also can be considered "responses" to questions

The interviewer may want to observe nonverbal communication, such as facial expressions and body posture

According to Bandura's social learning explanation behaviour may be learned not only through operant and classical conditioning but also through _____ learning

Observational (vicarious) learning

Which of the following is more likely to be a postnatal environmental factor that may interact with a genetic susceptibility to COS? a. Maternal diabetes b. Older paternal age c. Toxic insult d. Low birth weight

Older paternal age

Which of the following psychological theories is most associated with Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)?

Operant Conditioning (positive and negative reinforcement; extinction and punishment)

In the _______________________ perspective, early patterns of adaptation evolve with structure over time and transform into higher-order functions.

Organization of development

What does the frontal lobe control?

Organizing, planning, and movement

What do reporting methods assess? What are the two types of report?

Perceptions, thoughts, behaviours, feelings, and past experiences of the child, parents, and teachers; includes unstructured clinical interviews, highly structured clinical interviews, highly structured diagnostic interviews, and questionnaires -self report vs. informant-report

Although Bishop and colleagues in a 1999 twin study found environmental factors to be the cause of language and speech orders, Bishop himself later found genetic evidence for

Phonological short-term memory

Which of the following developmental precursors was not listed or discussed for children with COS or who develop schizophrenia later in life a. Affective disturbances b. Movement abnormalities c. Pica (eating nonnutrivie substances) d. Substance abuse

Pica (eating nonnutrivie substances)

Examples of environmental experiences?

Prenatal environment, childhood illness and diet, early caregiving including maltreatment, inadequate stimulation, and attachment.

What does the pituitary gland do?

Produces regulatory hormones (estrogen &testosterone)

Impairments from the effects of social inequality of chronic poverty may be due to (what brain abnormality)?

Pronounced effect on PFC development

Dr. Martin is a teacher in an elementary school and several of her students have been diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Which strategy might she employ to help her students stay on task when certain activities need to be accomplished? a. Give the students with ADHD permission to work on their own tasks, even when the class needs to work as a group. b. Repeat instructions and write them on the board at the front of class. c. Encourage students to "police" each other so that the requisite "community pressure" to behave property exists. d. Provide directions only one time so that the students with attentional problems are able to really focus.

Provide directions only one time so that the students with attentional problems are able to really focus

What type of events need to be considered when looking at family, social, and cultural perspectives?

Proximal and distal

Which two major theoretical paradigms helped shape emerging psychological and environmental influences?

Psychoanalytic theory and behaviourism

DSM III and IV discarded _________ and was instead based on _________. More focus was placed on _____ vs. internal disorder

Psychodynamic assumptions about etiology; observable signs and symptoms (had explicit diagnostic criteria); surrounding context

Which is a correct statement about treatment for bipolar disorder?

Psychotherapy along with lithium therapy work best.

In teaching Gavin to use a tissue, what is the nonverbal component of the discriminative stimulus

Pulling out a tissue

Parent information is usually obtained using which methods?

Questionnaire or interview

Very few emotional and behavioral disorders of occur at different times for different racial groups. Which of the following best explains why there is no difference in the timing of behavioral disorders between races?

Race is a socially constructed concept, not a biological one.

What are RCTs?

Randomized controlled trials -children with particular problem are randomly assigned to different treatment and control conditions

What are the two dimensions of emotion processing?

Reactivity and regulation

What is emotion reactivity vs regulation?

Reactivity: the threshold and intensity of the emotional experience and the level of distress following Regulation: ability to enhance, maintain, and inhibit the emotional arousal.

What is a mediator variable?

Refers to the mechanism or process through which one variable affects another.

What is a 'true' experiment? Much of the research conducted on abnormal child psychopathology is:

Researcher has maximum control over the IV or conditions of the interest and can use random assignment of subjects to groups, including needed control conditions, and control possible sources of bias; non-experimental because cannot manipulate severity, symptoms, genetics, etc.

What kind of environment for children and adolescents with intellectual disability shares the same unique responsibilities of family members as well as replicates some of their benefits

Residential care and out-of-home placement

What is the difference between shared vs. non-shared environment?

Shared environment (those that produce similarities in developmental output among siblings in the same family) vs. non-shared environment (environmental factors that produce behavioral differences among siblings)

Why would a mother purposely make her child sick with Munchausen syndrome by proxy?

She craves the attention and praise she receives for the devoted care she gives her sick child

Tarin, an eight-year-old who identifies as a girl, presents with frequent episodes of enuresis. What gender pattern does she fit?

She fits a problem that is more commonly reported among males.

Define standardization, reliability, and validity

S = process that specifies a set of standards or norms for a method of measurement that are to be used consistently across different assessments of the construct of illness R = consistency, or repeatability, of results obtained using a specific method of measurement Internal consistency refers to whether all parts of a method of measurement contribute in a meaningful way to the information obtained To be reliable, info must not depend on single person; rather, need agreement among various people = interrater reliability Test-retest reliability -results need to be stable over time i.e. need to obtain similar results multiple times V = the extent to which a method actually measures the dimensions or construct that the researcher sets out to measure (a degree/spectrum) • 1) Face validity = the extent to which it appears to assess the construct of interest i.e. asking about nervousness before exam is face valid measurement for anxiety • 2) Construct validity = whether scores on a measure behave as predicted by theory or past research i.e. intelligence test has construct validity if children who obtain high scores on it also do well in school o a) Convergent validity -correlation between measures that are expected to be related; indication of the extent to which two measures assess similar or related constructs o b) Discriminant validity = degree of correlation between measures that are not expected to be related to one another i.e. scores from measure of depression should not correlate with a measure to assess intelligence • 3) Criterion-related validity -how well a measure predicts behaviour in settings where we would expect it to do so -at the same time (concurrent validity) or in the future (predictive validity) o Tells whether scores on measure can be used for their intended purpose

Lexapro and Zoloft are:

SSRIs.

Researcher _____ suggested that enmeshed family patterns, in which there exists a lack of appropriate boundaries between family members, often contribute to the development of eating disorders

Salvador Minuchin

Careful definition of the _______ is critical for comparability of findings across studies and for clear communication among researchers

Sample

Which of the following represent the four attachment styles proposed by developmental research Mary Ainsworth (1978)?

Secure, Insecure- Anxious, Insecure- Resistant; Insecure- Disorganized.

In the 1999 film The Sixth Sense, the character Cole Sear claims he sees "dead people." Which of the commonly identified dimensions in child psychopathology might his therapist categorize this claim?

Seeing "dead people" would be categorized as a thought problem (i.e., a strange idea).

What is equifinality?

Similar outcomes stem from different early experiences and developmental pathways.

What type of questions are asked in a semi-structured interview? Do they need to be asked by a therapist? What is a key issue with this method?

Specific questions designed to elicit information in a relatively consistent manner regardless of who is conducting the interview; No can be administered by a computer; loss of spontaneity

What are the limitations of labels?

Stigma & strict definitions

Initially, what form of repetitive behavior is readily observed in Imani? a. Stimming with her hands b. Rubbing her hands c. Clapping her hands d. Picking at her wrists

Stimming with her hands

People, especially age-mates, are often impatient with children with an SLD. When asked about their impatience, they will usually respond that math, reading, and other activities, are easy to complete. What does this say about the preconceptions children with an SLD face?

Such preconceptions are based on what most people can do, not what one person can do.

What is taxonomic vs. problem-solving analysis?

T = focuses on the formal assignment of cases to specific categories drawn from a system of classification such as the DSM-5 or from empirically derived traits or dimensions PS = broader, similar to clinical assessment, process of gathering info that is used to understand the nature of an individual's problem, its possible causes, treatment options, and outcomes

______ refers to the child's organized style of behavior that appears early in development. What are the 3 primary dimensions?

Temperament; Positive affect and approach, fearful or inhibited, negative affect or irritability

What are developmental tests? What major process does it involve to identify children at risk? What two aspects have been the recent focus due to the importance of early detection?

Tests used to assess infants and young children and are generally carried out for the purposes of screening, diagnosis and evaluation of early development; screening to refer for further evaluation; intervention and prevention

What is the hypothesis behind projective testing? How is it performed?

That the child will project their own personality - unconscious fears, needs and inner conflicts - onto the stimuli -presents the child with ambiguous stimuli such as inkblots or pictures of people and the child is asked to describe what they see -divisive and controversial

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders was developed by __________.

The American Psychiatric Association

Why is a medical exam part of a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach to clinical assessment

To investigate whether a physical problem is related to a child's disorder

What variable or variation in the child under observation suggest that the results of the "strange situation" test—whether a child had a strong or weak attachment bond—in doubt

The child's temperament

Single case experimental designs are used to evaluate _____. What are some characteristics of this design (what is the most common design for this method)? What is the 'critical feature'? Advantages/disadvantages?

The impact of clinical treatment, such as reinforcement or medication, on a child's problem o Use systematic, repeated assessment of behaviour over time, replication of treatment effects within the same subject over time, and the participant's serving at his or her own control by experiencing all treatment conditions o Most common are the A-B-A-B (reversal) design and the multiple baseline design carried out across behaviours, situations, or people o ABAB reversal design: 1) baseline behaviour (A), 2) intervention (B), 3) return to baseline during which treatment is removed (A), and then 4) final phase where treatment is reintroduced (B) When changes in behaviour only occur during intervention phase = evidence that changes in behaviour are due to intervention Limitations: if treatment really works, then the behaviour may not reverse during the return to baseline phase; ethical issues -multiple baselines may be measured to compare change Critical feature is that change must only occur when treatment is instituted and only for the behaviour, situation or individual that is the target; simultaneous changes must not occur for untreated behaviours, situations or individuals until the time that each is targeted Advantages: preserve personal quality of case study; degree of control; objective evaluation of treatment for individual cases, permit study of rate disorders; facilitates development and evaluation of alternative and combined forms of treatment Problems: possible that specific treatment will interact with unique characteristics of the child, limited generalization, and subjectivity

nosology

branch of science that attempts to classify psychiatric disorders into descriptive categories

Margaret is four years old and requires diapering to attend school, go the store with her family, and other similar activities. Under which category does this inability fall in the levels of severity for intellectual development disorder?

The practical domains

What are developmental cascades?

The process by which a child's previous interactions and experiences may spread across other systems and alter their course of development somewhat like a chain reaction

What are developmental tasks?

The sequence and timing of particular behaviors and possible relationships between those behaviors.

In terms of the study of child abnormal psychology, what is a developmental pathway?

The sequence and timing of particular behaviors and possible relationships over time.

5.4 Summary

The two-group approach emphasizes the important etiological differences between organic and cultural-familial causes of intellectual disability. Organic causes include genetic and constitutional factors, such as chromosome abnormalities, single-gene conditions, and neurobiological influences. Suspected cultural-familial, or nonorganic, causes of intellectual disability include diverse social, behavioral, and educational risk factors. Some of the established risk factors for intellectual disability include alcohol, lead, and other toxins or injuries that affect prenatal and postnatal development. Other risk factors affect the quality of physical and emotional care and stimulation of the infant and small child, such as poverty and inadequate family supports.

Therapists and clinicians who recommend prenatal services should recommend providers that consider the cultural background of their recipients. Why?

Therapists and clinicians who recommend prenatal services should recommend providers that consider the cultural background of their recipients. Why?

Therapists and clinicians who recommend prenatal services should recommend providers that consider the cultural background of their recipients. Why

There is the recognition that family members make choices based on cultural influences such as ethnicity and language.

Which of the following statements best reflects the current view of ADHD treatments? a. Children with ADHD should only be treated with stimulant medications or dietary management. b. There's no cure for ADHD, but a wide-variety of effective treatments are available to help children cope with the symptoms and lead productive lives. c. There are few treatment options available for children with ADHD which is why the prognosis for them long-term is devastating. d. Treatments options for children with ADHD are primarily long-term care facilities similar to institutions.

There's no cure for ADHD, but a wide-variety of effective treatments are available to help children cope with the symptoms and lead productive lives

Why is it important to avoid using labels (e.g., "an autistic child") when referring to persons with psychological disorders?

These labels describe the patterns of behavior that may occur in certain circumstances, not the people

What is a quasi-experimental design (known group comparison)?

Use of natural experiments whereby comparisons are made between conditions or treatments that already exist -most research in this field tends to be quasiexperimental because cannot induce disorder on child

1-4a The Changing Picture of Children's Mental Health

Those disproportionately afflicted with mental health problems are: Children from disadvantaged families and neighborhoods (Brooks-Gunn, Schneider, & Waldfogel, 2013) Children from abusive or neglectful families (Cicchetti et al., 2010a; Wekerle et al., 2006) Children receiving inadequate child care or suffering from chronic forms of stress (Thompson, 2016) Children born with very low birth weight due to maternal smoking, diet, or abuse of alcohol and drugs (D'Onofrio et al., 2010) Children born to parents with mental illness or substance abuse problems (Sandman et al., 2012) Also, the children in the picture could not easily be grouped according to these categories because children often face combinations of environmental stressors and psychosocial deprivations. Such children are especially at risk of having their healthy development compromised to the degree that they are said to show abnormal behavior or to suffer from a mental disorder.

The ____ gland produces the hormone ______ which is need for proper energy metabolism and growth and is implicated in certain eating disorders

Thyroid; thyroxine

What is the long-term goal of moleular genetics?

To determine how genetic mutations alter how the genes function in the development of the brain ad behaviour for different psychopathologies

What is the purpose of a semistructured interview

To elicit information in a relatively consistent manner regardless of who conducts the interview

What is the objective of neuroimaging? What are the different techniques?

To examine structure and/or function of brain o Structural brain imaging = MRI (radio waves passed through brain tissue to produce image of structure), CT scans o Functional brain imaging = fMRI and positron-emission tomography (PET; assesses cerebral glucose metabolism i.e. if brain is active during current task then will have > glucose) o Diffusion MRI = magnetic imaging method that produces images showing connections between brain regions

What is the objective of neuropsychological assessment? What does the assessment consist of? What other measure is it combined with?

To link brain functioning with objective measures of behavior known to depend on an intact central nervous system -Used clinically to determine a diagnosis, plan treatment, document the course of recovery, measure subtle but significant improvements, and perform follow-up care with children who have neurological impairments or learning disorders -Consist of full batter of tests: verbal and nonverbal cognitive functions, perceptual functions, motor functions, and emotional/executive control functions -Combined with neuroimaging

In 1912, New York Times editors remarked that "this country has so far taken no steps to segregate [i.e., the weak-minded, criminals, alcoholics, juvenile delinquents, and the like], so the number of them is constantly increasing." What did this newspaper of record mean by "segregating"?

To separate males and females of the same kind

During their clinical interview and subsequent encounters with his therapist, Tommy's mother often speaks for Tommy. What kind of information could she contribute for the initial assessment that is more reliably taken from her rather than her child?

Tommy's grades

The dynamic interaction of child and environment is referred to as a ____. A _____ view regards both children and the environment as active contributors

Transaction(al)

Efficacy vs. effectiveness

Treatment efficacy refers to whether the treatment can produce changes under well-controlled conditions vs. treatment effectiveness refers to whether the treatment can be shown to work in clinical settings as well as research

What is the cultural compatibility hypothesis?

Treatment is likely to be more effective when it is compatible with the cultural patterns of the child and family

Surveys estimate that about 1 child in 8 has a mental health problem that interferes with his or her development, and 1 in 10 has a specific psychological disorder

True

The biological perspective recognizes the need to incorporate environmental influences (T/F)

True

Baseline data are taken prior to intervention and are collected from one or two problems that clinicians seek to change.

True, baseline data are only applicable to a very limited range of presentations in a child or adolescent under observation. d. True, baseline data are collected as part of the observation and recording of a behavioral problem.

In males, the sex chromosome pair consists of an _____ and in females the sex chromosome pair consists of _____

XY; XX

What are specifiers (related to DSM)?

Used to describe more homogeneous sub-groupings of individuals with the disorder who share particular features and to communicate info that is relevant to treatment, after using diagnostic criteria -e.g. inattentive type for ADHD

Applied Behavior Analysis and ASD

Video Transcript: What time is it? Five. Good job; you're right. It's 5:30. Good job, Imani. Applied Behavior Analysis allows children to make meaningful behavior changes. It teaches academic skills, functional life skills, social and communication skills. It allows them to really gain access to the curriculum. For new teachers entering into the field of Applied Behavior Analysis, it's important that they learn to select the appropriate behavior. What time is it? One. Atta girl; good job, Imani. What time is it? Four-thirty. Try again. Look, it's in between the three and the four. Three-thirty. Good job; 3:30. So we have to look at the learner to see, what are the behaviors that would make the most impact on the learner's education? This one's tricky; 6:30. Look, in between the six and the seven; 6:30. ABC is the three term contingencies arrived from Applied Behavior Analysis. So there's an Antecedent, a Behavior, and a Consequence. The Antecedent is what occurs directly before the behavior, so that's the A. The B is Behavior, so the Antecedent occurs and the Behavior follows. And then the C is the Consequence. Consequence increases or decreases the likelihood that that Behavior will occur again in the future. So the student that you are observing, Imani, she is a middle school student who is working on vocational skills, mainly to learn the functional use of money. And as you can see from her interaction with her teacher, she is given an SD, which is called Discriminative Stimuli. Where the teacher presents the coin and says, "Find four." Four. Good job, Imani. Four; good work. Imani then matches the correct coin based on the discriminative stimuli. The teacher then provides positive reinforcement to encourage or to increase the likelihood of Imani learning to identify that coin again in the future. So she provides positive reinforcement. And then as she moves through the sequence of the SD, the response, and then the reinforcement, which is the A-B-C, she then provides reinforcement in the form of a token system. Imani, give yourself a token. Nice job working. Good job. Applied Behavior Analysis, it allows us to teach many, many skills. And especially for, for new learners, we need to teach functional life skills. You did it. You did all the colors on the caterpillar. It's a caterpillar. Gavin needs to learn how to use a tissue appropriately. And because he does not have that skill, we need to teach him how to do that. And in this observation, you will see Gavin learning how to use a tissue appropriately. Set. Show me ready. Ready. Do this. She gave him the SD to do this; which is picking the tissue out of the box and wiping his nose appropriately. Yes, good for you; you did it. Gavin is really doing a nice job. And the teacher continues to use positive reinforcement to increase the likelihood that Gavin will learn to use a tissue appropriately and independently. Nine more. And she continued to do that sequence for ten trials. Nice. You did it. You did all of your object imitation. You get a break. Break. With the...big green truck. Vroomm. He was successful. And he earned the truck for staying on task and learning that skill of using a tissue appropriately. When we're teaching new skills, we use a lot of positive praises. And a reward at the end. Nice job.

Developmental Disabilities in Middle Childhood

Video Transcript: >> Female Narrator: While there are individual differences in development, most children develop typically. Some children, however, may show significant maturational delays or differences. These children are often diagnosed with developmental disabilities. These developmental differences are frequently referred to as exceptionalities, an inclusive term for a wide variety of conditions. Derek, for example, has Down Syndrome. While he has many delays in his development, due to a third chromosome Number 21, he is able to participate in and enjoy activities in his classroom. And the other students in class clearly feel that he is a member of their group. >> Come join us. [ Inaudible chatter ] >> [Inaudible] this first. >> Come on, Derek, it's nice to see you today. [ Inaudible chatter ] >> Good morning, Derek. It's nice to see you too. >> Oh, my God! >> Teacher: Aroostasha! >> Group: Aroostasha! Aroostasha-sha! Aroostasha! Aroostasha! Aroostasha-sha! >> Teacher: Hands in. >> Group: Hands in. >> Teacher: Palms up. >> Group: Palms up. >> Teacher: Shake your hands. >> Group: Shake your hands. >> Teacher: Knees together. >> Group: Knees together. Aroostasha! Aroostasha! Aroostasha-sha! Aroostasha! Aroostasha! Aroostasha-sha! >> Teacher: Hands in. >> Group: Hands in. >> Teacher: Palms up. >> Group: Palms up. >> Teacher: Elbows up. >> Group: Elbows up. >> Teacher: Shake your hands. >> Group: Shake your hands. >> Teacher: Knees together. >> Group: Knees together. >> Teacher: Tongue out. >> Group: Tongue out. Aroostasha! Aroostasha! Aroostasha-sha! Aroostasha! Aroostasha! Aroostasha-sha! >> Male Narrator: Mikayla has a different exceptionality. She has been diagnosed with Asperger's Disorder, a label used to describe a certain pattern of behavioral differences. Mikayla's exceptionality involves difficulty in relating to other people, as can be seen when she interacts with her classmates. [ Inaudible chatter ] >> Child: Mikayla! No, blue. Where is the blue? [ Inaudible chatter ] Mikayla! That's green. Where is next blue? >> Mikayla: This blue. >> Child: Where is the next blue? >> Mikayla: This blue. >> Child: This blue. >> Female Narrator: Many developmental disabilities are diagnosed based on delays or differences from what we know of typical development. And different labels are used to describe the patterns of difference. It is important to remember, however, that a child with a disability is first and foremost a child. And that all children are typical in many ways. >> Teacher: Shake your hands. >> Group: Shake your hands. >> Teacher: Knees together. >> Group: Knees together.

Social Development Attachment

Video Transcript: From the moment of birth, children are social creatures. Infants in all cultures, in all primate species, develop an intense bond with their caregivers. A bond researchers call attachment. A fellow named John Bowlby, who was a psychoanalyst in England, came up with some ideas with a research psychologist named Mary Ainsworth. And the two of them together developed the essence of attachment theory, that the actual experiences children have in the first years of life shape their sense of themselves, their faith and connections with other people, and their way of perceiving reality, so that as they then march through the rest of development, these early experiences form a foundation for the person's developing personality. Attachment, however, doesn't just mean holding and being connected. It also means supporting the child as she or he develops. It means allowing them to toddle away and yet being there when they toddle back with joy in their eyes. And similarly, as children get older, supporting them in engaging in age-appropriate growth, and yet always being nurturing and loving and kind and caring. At the essence, I think, of what a child needs is a parent to have what's called contingent communication. And contingent communication means that a parent-- number one, perceives the signals of a child. Number two, the parent has to understand the meaning of those signals and what it means for the internal state of the child. The third aspect of contingency is for the parent to be able to respond in a timely and effective manner, so that the child is experiencing a signal from the parent, a touch from the parent, a statement from the parent that shows that the child was seen, understood, and cared about. That's what contingency is. And so at the emotional level, if we had to put words to it, the child then has something which a patient of mine once coined-- I love this term. It's called feeling felt. The child feels felt by the parent. Put in other terms, the child can see in the parent's eyes that he or she exists in the parent's mind. NARRATOR: Researchers agree on the importance of the attachment bond. The controversy centers on how best to measure it. Mary Ainsworth invented a procedure many years ago called the Strange Situation. And it caught on because everyone wanted to believe you could measure it. In the strange situation, a child and mother, one year of age, come to a laboratory. And the mother and the child play for three minutes. And then a stranger enters. And then the mother leaves. So now there's this one-year-old alone in a strange room with a stranger. And you see tremendous variation, in terms of how the child is able to respond, cope with the modest stresses to which he or she is exposed. And Mary Ainsworth and her students decided that if that child got very upset at that point when the mother left, and when the mother returned, if that child was not soothable, they concluded that child had an insecure attachment. Or if the child did not cry when the mother left-- said "bye-bye"-- ignored the mother when she returned, that child was also called insecurely attached. While the child who cried a little, but when the mother came and picked the child up, the child quieted within a few seconds, that child was called securely attached. Now if that were true, that would be a great discovery. But who's going to be that first group? That's the high reactive infant. So that temperament is the major determiner of whether you're going to scream like crazy when your mother leaves you with a stranger. And then when your mother comes in, you're so upset, it's very hard for you to be soothed. So that strange situation is, in my opinion, not a sensitive measure of the quality of your attachment. There is definitely this sort of hard-wired temperament that plays a factor. And I don't think we can minimize that. But the issue is how does that temperament interact with the kind of attachment relationships that get formed. So it's not an either/or, but it's a variety of factors that are likely to go into how a child accommodates to those transitions in life.

Which of the following is not representative of projective testing?

Viewing a finished puzzle and selecting its constituent parts in 1 minute

Why do many children experience more than one form of SLD?

Virtually every aspect of learning and making use of what one has learned relies on the same functions of the brain.

Interventions were given to persons with (visible/both visible and hidden) disorders because the paradigm was based on a (biological/biopsychosocial) model

Visible; biological

Because those with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder may process input differently than those without the condition, which technique might help a teacher with assisting students who struggle with ADHD? a. Eliminating any grading of materials so that kids with ADHD do not feel evaluative pressure. b. Recommending that students with ADHD receive medication to help reduce their symptoms in school. c. Working with students individually or in smaller groups. d. Changing the assignments so that students with ADHD do not have to work as long.

Working with students individually or in smaller groups.

According to special Education teacher Michaela Crowley, what do gifted children and children with intellectual disability have in common? a. Both gifted children and children with intellectual disability have a significant difference in how they perform when compared to the average. b. Gifted children and children with ID can be one in the same—and in this way they exemplify human exceptionalism. c. Both gifted children and children with intellectual disability require a learning environment that addresses their special needs (for even children with above-average intelligence can be perceived as having special needs). d. Michaela Crowley states that such children can thrive in an inclusive classroom.

a

Although most children commit some act of antisocial behavior, the most extreme cases are estimated to be __________, which is still a worrisome statistic. a. 5 percent of all children b. over a half million c. 1 million d. 10 percent of all children

a

Carla no longer enjoys going to gymnastics class as her body changed with puberty. She no longer enjoys eating, even though she overeats to compensate for what is missing in her life. The tern that best describes this state is __________. a. anhedonia b. affective disorder c. anomie d. aporia

a

Dean asks, "So, let me get this straight, your stepfather is the one who gives you the strap? But your mother is too sad to punish you herself. Doing so 'depresses' her 'even more than I already am about you'?" Roberto nods in the affirmative to the therapist. What type of family disturbance best describes the corporal punishment being applied to Roberto? a. Both specific and general family disturbance b. A specific disturbance in parenting practices and family functioning c. Neither a specific nor general family disturbance d. A general family disturbance

a

Dr. Maddaus's revelation at 17—that he might end up in prison—and his "late blooming" is illustrative of which of the following? a. A profound majority of children with CD overcome their defensive attitudes by their late 20s. b. An event of some kind usually forces the juvenile delinquent to reevaluate his or her life. c. Dr. Maddaus is a rare exception, for most children with severe forms of CD continue to display problems well into adulthood. d. Many children with CD eventually become "mature" enough to benefit from cognitive behavioral interventions.

a

It is generally accepted that __________ of children with conduct disorder (CD) also have attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). a. over half b. two-thirds c. 75 percent d. 25 percent

a

Later in life, antisocial personality disorder (APD) can be a companion disorder to __________. a. CD b. ADHD c. MDD d. ODD

a

Leon, a child with conduct disorder, takes small objects that that are not his (e.g. a toy, a crayon, a yogurt cup) from his fellow students. However, when confronted by another child, Leon will cry rather than argue with the child or threaten her. Which negative mood symptom might prevent his conduct problem from seguing into fighting or lying? a. Anxiety b. Depression c. Internalizing d. Passive-aggressive behavior

a

Michaela Crowley discusses children with intellectual disability and points out that such children, to be diagnosed with ID, have a deficiency in two or more adaptive skills. Which of the following children might best exemplify the type of deficiency she means? a. Doris is elated getting a "dollar" for her allowance, even when her therapist shows her a stack of four nickels rather than four quarters. b. Manon can only print letters with a pencil or pen. c. Frances has a specific learning disorder. Her WISC-IV performance score of 72 is in the borderline. Her verbal score of 110 is average, which explains her competence in other areas. d. Carl pretends that he can see the blurry words on the blackboard by carefully listening to how the other children respond when called on by the teacher.

a

On average, a child with conduct problems can cost the public __________ per year. a. $10,000 b. $15,000 c. $50,000 d. $5,000

a

Recall diagnosing Bart Simpson for CD. Given what you know about him based on his list of anti-social acts, which clinical observation suggests there is "hope for the boy"? a. Bart lacks the characteristics of a CU interpersonal style. b. Bart is nothing but a "classic trickster." c. Bart has friends. d. Bart's rapport with Grandpa Simpson.

a

Rodney, who is 8, annoys the other children in class. His half-brother is 19 and his mother works late, so they are "not there for him." How can you see his behavior as functional, even positive, before attempting to modify it? a. Rodney's looking for attention may be an adaptation to overcome loneliness or neglect. b. Rodney's behavior is clearly nonviolent and you can feel safe working with him. c. Rodney has some form of attention deficit, which will make it easier to diagnose his behavior. d. Rodney's behavior suggests that he has an innate friendliness that can be redirected.

a

The Centers for Disease Control has published recent data based on a survey of U.S. high school students who have been involved in hazardous, on-campus behaviors. What is the most common experience that these students have reported a. Physical fights b. Bullying c. Weapons d. Unwanted sexual contact

a

What form of anxiety increases the risk for conduct problems? a. Negative emotionality and social avoidance b. High cortisol level c. Suicidal ideation d. Shyness and fear

a

What is the primary difference between oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder? a. Children with conduct disorder differ in that there is a criterion for inflicting physical pain. b. Children with conduct disorder inflict greater psychological pain on other children. c. Children with oppositional defiant disorder will only inflict physical pain on themselves (e.g., "cutters"). d. Children with oppositional defiant disorder are less violent than children with conduct disorder.

a

What kind of IQ is lower in children with conduct disorder and how does it affect them? a. Verbal IQ is lower and may affect a child's ability to understand language. b. Emotional IQ is lower, which has a negative on emotion regulation and empathy. c. Performance IQ is lower and this affects a child's academic performance. d. Verbal IQ is lower and may interfere with self-control, regulating their own emotions, and empathizing with those of others.

a

When can depression be detected in a child? a. Children as young as 3 can be identified with age-adjusted diagnostic criteria. b. True, clinical depression can only be diagnosed in adolescents with adult diagnostic criteria. This is because childhood depression leads to adult depression. c. Children usually must be 7 or older for age-appropriate diagnostic criteria to be accurate. d. Infants can be diagnosed as depressed if they are passive and unresponsive over long periods.

a

Which of the following conduct problems is more prevalent in childhood? a. Oppositional defiance disorder b. CD with ADHD c. Conduct disorder d. ADHD with ODD

a

Why might children with ADHD be perceived by therapists has having some form of childhood depression in the past? a. Their symptoms are similar to some of those associated with masked depression. b. Children with ADHD, which is associated with a loss of interest in children with depression. c. Children with ADHD were (and still are) often unhappy over the setbacks they suffer in school. d. They are hyperactive, which is a symptom of depression.

a

____ focus(es) on managing inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive behaviors that interfere with learning. a. Educational interventions b. Parental management therapy c. ADHD support groups d. Multimodal treatment

a

_______ by the age of 7 is the most consistent and strongest predictors of poor academic outcomes by the age of 16. a. Inattention b. Combative behavior c. Distorted self-perceptions d. Specific Learning Disorder

a

A-B-A-B reversal design

a baseline of behavior is first taken (A), followed by an intervention phase (B), then a return-to-baseline phase during which the intervention is removed (A), and a final phase in which the intervention is reintroduced (B). When changes in behavior only occur during the intervention phases, this provides evidence that changes in behavior are due to the intervention. One limitation is that if a treatment really works, the behavior may not reverse during the return-to-baseline phase

stigma

a cluster of negative attitudes and beliefs that motivates fear, rejection, avoidance, and discrimination with respect to people with mental illnesses

social cognition

a construct to describe how people think about themselves in relation to others, and how they interpret ambiguous events and solve problems

emotion reactivity

a dimension of emotional processes associated with individual differences in the threshold and intensity of emotional experience

A collection of genes that provides for a heritable trait, such as intelligence or red hair, is called

a genotype

The DSM-5 uses the term "avolition" to describe

a lack of motivation Avolition is a term used to describe the severe lack of initiative to accomplish purposeful tasks

Who is more worried about pleasing others, being attractive to others, and having intimate relationships?

a person with bulimia nervosa

protective factor

a positive variable that precedes an outcome of interest and decreases the chances that a negative outcome will occur

social learning

a theoretical approach to the study of behavior that is interested in both overt behaviors and the role of possible cognitive mediators that may influence such behaviors directly or indirectly

behavioral genetics

branch of science that investigates possible connections between a genetic predisposition and observed behavior

Autism spectrum disorder is found in found __________ to ___________ in boys than in girls

a. 4/5 times more 4 to 5 times more common in boys than in girls

Which of the following is true about autism spectrum disorder (ASD) according to the DSM-5?

a. All children with ASD display its core features, characterized by significant and persistent deficits in social interaction and communication skills and by restricted and repetitive patterns of interests and behaviors.

Family members of children with ASD have been shown to express certain ASD-like traits that are mild enough to be simply interpreted as eccentricities. These traits, however, may be genetic evidence for ASD and are called a. Broader autism phenotypes b. ASD markers c. ASD-risk characteristics (ARCs) d. ASD precursors

a. Broader autism phenotypes

The __________ is a successful example of an early educational intervention program that meets the incomes and ethnicity of African Americans.

a. Carolina Abecedarian Project

Which of the following is part of the interpretation of a diagnosis?

a. Drawing conclusions about the nature or cause of the problem b. Analyzing information about the nature or cause of the problem c. Assigning a formal diagnostic label for a disorder d. Determining what a normal child is vis-à-vis the child being assessed

Currently, recommendations for children with LD emphasize educational methods designed for the child and that that child's existing abilities should be cultivated. What do these proposals recognize?

a. Each child is unique and learns in his or her own way.

Imagine being a therapist working with the parents and a child with ASD. You suggest a form of role-playing on the part of the parents, in which they behave in a way their child would in the classroom with his teacher. Which function(s) might role-playing games improve most?

a. Joint attention, imitation, and reciprocal interaction

Do people who print their names and words have an impairment in written expression—and what about people who "prefer a keyboard," who would rather "text" and "emoji" (regardless of how bad they spell)?

a. Poor handwriting or any "workaround" is an SLD with an impairment in written expression. c. Printing, texting, using a computer keyboard to communicate usually requires normal gross motor skills. Thus, people who can perform those tasks will likely still be able to learn or relearn handwriting.

Why might a therapist describe Julie's inability to look into her teacher's eyes as a "defense mechanism"?

a. Research suggests that children with ASD avoid looking at the eye region because it is perceived as threatening.

Which of the following medical specifiers in diagnosing ASD is the most common?

a. Sleep disturbances

How do medications as clozapine and risperidone act on the central nervous system of children with COS?

a. Such medications block dopamine transmission.

Due to changes in DSM-5 criteria for intellectual disability disorder, the three areas of criteria for diagnosing ID have much less focus on IQ. How might this be explained?

a. The DSM-5 focuses less on IQ because of the years of controversy over IQ measurement and social influence.

The number of children born with Down syndrome has decreased, despite a number of women waiting until their 40s and early 50s to have children. What explains the drop?

a. The drop in Down syndrome births is due to increased prenatal screening and termination of pregnancies diagnosed with Down syndrome.

The DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for intellectual disability has three core features. Which of the following is not one of them?

a. The individual must exhibit deficits in physical strength and stamina in games and social activities.

Which of the following best describes the "Flynn effect"?

a. The way IQ scores have risen sharply since the beginning of IQ testing, with an average of 3 IQ points per decade.

Which of the following best describes the "Flynn effect"? a. The way IQ scores have risen sharply since the beginning of IQ testing, with an average of 3 IQ points per decade. b. The way rising standards in living have produced higher IQs. c. The way test scores drop an average of 5.6 points when they are re-normed every 15 to 20 years. d. The inherent bias in IQ testing, in which lower-income children test poorly.

a. The way IQ scores have risen sharply since the beginning of IQ testing, with an average of 3 IQ points per decade.

For Vanessa and Matthew, the children discussed in this chapter, which of their intellectual disabilities is most discernable by others? a. Their inability to effectively communicate due to their limited language skills. b. Their inability to effectively communicate due to their speech impairments. c. Their inability to use nonverbal communication skills as well as verbal. d. Their ability, despite the intellectual disability, to be understood by others.

a. Their inability to effectively communicate due to their limited language skills

For Vanessa and Matthew, the children discussed in this chapter, which of their intellectual disabilities is most discernable by others?

a. Their inability to effectively communicate due to their limited language skills.

Why is there so little "fanfare" about the heritability of intelligence, which is as high as 50 percent?

a. There is little "fanfare" because the other 50 percent depends on nongenetic factors, that is, environmental influences that vary markedly.

Consider the similar sequence hypothesis of organic impairment. Is it true that children with intellectual disability pass through stages of development that are different from children without an intellectual disability?

a. This is not true, but there is a difference that lies in the rate and upper limit of the invariant development stages of both children with and without ID.

A collection of genes that provides for a heritable trait, such as intelligence or red hair, is called __________.

a. a genotype

For a child with ASD, a lack of pragmatic competence can be simply described as __________.

a. being unable to interpret the context of what is spoken to him or her

Children with dyslexia often cannot understand a sentence because they __________.

a. decode words slowly or not at all b. cannot detect phonological structure of the sentence d. do not recognize the graphemes or shapes of letters d. do not recognize the graphemes or shapes of letters

Learning disability is a term used when a child cannot be diagnosed with intellectual disability, ASHD, autism, a disorder attributed to an organic cause (such as oxygen deprivation during birth), and the like. It is usually applied __________.

a. in the absence of an obvious condition

Neural receptors __________ begin the complex process of developing a perceptual map for assigning words to specific sounds.

a. in the human ear

For a positive ASD diagnosis, ______ in the domain of restrictive and repetitive behaviors are/is required.

a. two of four types

competence

ability to adapt to one's environment

Resilience

ability to avoid negative outcomes despite being at risk for psychopathology A child is exposed to a variety of risk factors for psychological problems. Instead of having difficulties demonstrates extraordinary strength and triumphs over these problems. She is demonstrating a high level of

selective attention

ability to concentrate exclusively on relevant stimuli and ignore task-irrelevant stimuli in the environment

joint attention

ability to coordinate one's focus on another person and an object of mutual interest

adaptive functioning

ability to cope effectively with ordinary life demands, to live independently, and to abide by community standards

phonology

ability to learn and store the rules for combining sounds into meaningful units or words

sustained attention

ability to maintain a persistent focus over time on unchallenging, uninteresting activities or when fatigued

mania

abnormally elevated or expansive mood

A girl who is trying to adapt to her new school environment after moving to Texas from China is undergoing which of the following processes

acculturation

restricted and repetitive behavior

action that is characterized by high frequency repetition in a fixed manner, and desire for uniformity

target behavior

action that is the primary problem of concern

The diagnosis of a psychological disorder indicates a child's failure to

adapt

Which diagnosis is seen more frequently in girls than in boys

adolescent depression

conduct problem

age-inappropriate action and attitude that violates family expectations, societal norms, and the rights of others

relational aggression

aggression in which harm is caused by damaging one's relationships or social status rather than direct physical harm

assent

agreement to participate in a research study without full understanding that's needed for informed consent

Which is NOT one of the initial responsibilities of a counselor at a suicide-prevention program when responding to a caller?

alerting law-enforcement authorities to the caller

Louise is in the hospital, where she has been admitted against her own will. She is being force fed through intravenous tubes in an attempt to get nutrients into her body. Louise is probably suffering from

anorexia nervosa

Bobby has a mild intellectual disability that his parents attribute to a knotted umbilical cord discovered at birth. What medical complication might this cause?

anoxia (lack of oxygen)

Due to the absence of ________, only about one in three children survived to their fifth birthday during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

antibiotics or other medications to cure diseases

A nutritional rehabilitation program for people with anorexia nervosa includes all of the following EXCEPT:

antidepressant medication.

preservation of sameness

anxious and obsessive insistence on the maintenance of uniformity that no one but the child may disrupt

specifiers

any homogeneous subgroup of individuals with a disorder who share particular features

interdependent

applies to the assumption that abnormal child behavior is determined by both the child and his or her environment and that these two factors are interconnected

idiographic case formula

approach to assessment that emphasizes detailed representation of the individual child or family as a unique entity

nomothetic formulation

approach to case formulation or assessment that emphasizes general principles that apply to all people

dimensional classification

approach to classification of child psychopathology that assumes all children possess a number of independent traits of behavior

developmental psychopathology

approach to describing and studying disorders of childhood, adolescence, and beyond in a manner that emphasizes the importance of developmental processes and tasks

developmental psychopathology

approach to studying disorders of childhood and adolescence that emphasizes the importance of developmental processes and tasks

direct instruction

approach to teaching that to improve a skill the instructional activities have to approximate the skill being taught

health promotion

approach to the prevention of disease that involves education, public policy, and similar actions to promote health

Multisystemic Therapy (MST)

approach to treatment that involves family members and draws on multiple techniques and specialized interventions

dimensional classification

approaches assume that many independent dimensions or traits of behavior exist, and that all children possess them to varying degrees

frontal lobes

area of the brain located at the front of each cerebral hemisphere; responsible for functions underlying much of our thinking and reasoning abilities including memory

frontal lobes

area of the brain responsible for functions underlying much of our thinking and reasoning abilities, including memory

This theory holds that women and men are equally prone to depression but that clinicians often fail to detect depression in men.

artifact

More than the other teenage girls in the youth shelter, Manon tends to resort to biting and kicking the other girls when she loses self-control and becomes angry. It would be proper to refer to her symptoms

as within the clinical range of aggressive behavior

pragmatics

aspect of language that focuses on its appropriate use in social and communicative contexts.

developmental test

assessment carried out for the purposes of screening, diagnosis, and evaluation of early development

neuropsychological assessment

assessment that attempts to link brain functioning with objective measures of behavior

projective test

assessment that presents the child with ambiguous stimuli, such as inkblots or pictures of people

Which of the following best describes research correlates

associated but not causal

interdependent

assumption that abnormal child behavior is determined by both the child and his or her environment

organization of development

assumption that early patterns of adaptation evolve and transform into higher-order functions in a structured manner

neuropsychological assessment

attempts to link brain functioning with objective measures of behavior known to depend on an intact central nervous system

mentalization

awareness of other people's and one's own mental states

Bobby has a mild intellectual disability that his parents attribute to a knotted umbilical cord discovered at birth. What medical complication might this cause?

b. anoxia

Ahmed has a speech impediment and his father is under a restraining order that he has violated on numerous occasions. Ahmed has been suspended from school for the third time this year for disruptive behavior when he becomes frustrated at not being understood. Why are these suspensions doing more harm than good in ending these worrisome incidents? a. Suspensions are lowering Ahmed's sense of self-esteem. b. Ahmed has to deal with his verbal deficit and a serious problem on the home front that needs to be factored into further suspensions. c. Suspending Ahmed is exposing him to a possibly violent father. d. Ahmed's case reveals how verbal and language deficits contribute to a range of developmental setbacks.

b

Fast Track program monitors and intervenes with children for high-risk of antisocial behavior __________. a. from 1 to 10 years old b. from kindergarten to tenth grade c. from early childhood to adolescence d. from elementary school through high school

b

If a child is diagnosed with CD, why is often important to treat or monitor him or her into adulthood? a. CD is a precursor of APD, with a nearly 90 percent chance of the child exhibiting psychopathic features in his or her behavior. b. As an adult, the child has a 40 percent chance of developing antisocial personality disorder. c. As an adult, the child has a high probability of becoming a sociopath. d. The likelihood that the child will segue into a psychopathic adult, with many of the menacing features associated with career criminals, is virtually certain.

b

Link (short for Lincoln) is combative at school. The psychologist asks him about his mother's boyfriend. "Does he pick on you? Hit you sometimes?" Why might she ask these questions? a. The school psychologist is required to ask from a list of questions to categorize the type of conduct disorder Link has. b. The school psychologist is looking for the source of Link's maladaptive behavior. c. Children from broken homes tend to be more prone to violent behavior. d. The school psychologist knows that such men are resentful of children by other fathers.

b

Most child delinquents cease being active offenders in their 20s. As adults, however, they should they consider seeking professional treatment, counseling, and the like. Why? a. As adults, they are more likely to use recreational drugs and resort to alcoholism. b. As adults, they have increased risks for other kinds of problems related to their antisocial behavior. c. As adults, they tend to suffer from depression. d. Although their police records are technically "cleaned," such records will nevertheless follow them throughout the course of their lives. This leads to deficiencies in self-esteem.

b

Researchers have ruled out this factor as a primary cause of CD because incidents of disruptive behavior can occur at daycare, preschool, and in the home. a. Socioeconomic status b. The classroom experience and the academic demands c. Delinquent siblings d. Ethnicity

b

Since many children enter school with preexisting conduct problems, such evidence suggests that __________. a. the academic environment should be the first point of prevention b. conduct problems are not the primary cause of academic failure c. they will face many academic problems due to their preexisting learning disability d. conduct problems are a secondary cause for academic failure

b

Symptoms of ADHD were first described by ________________ in 1775 a. Alexander Crichton b. Melchior Adam Weikard c. Jason Spiegelman d. Thomas Paine

b

The alternative term for a mood disorder is "affective disorder." What is operant in the word "affective"? a. An extreme affectation in behavior b. The way an emotional state regulates behavior c. The way depression and apathy changes a person d. A disabling emotion, such as grief

b

The average lifetime cost to society for a youth with conduct problems once he or she leaves high school has been estimated to be __________, especially if he or she becomes involved in criminal activities or drug abuse. a. $500,000 b. $3.2 million to $5.5 million c. $1 million d. $5.5 million to $7.2 million adjusted for inflation

b

The dimension of externalizing behavior consists of two subdimensions, labeled "rule-breaking behavior" and "__________" behavior. a. antisocial b. aggressive c. criminal d. destructive

b

The legal definition of "delinquency" involves which two components? a. A criminal act and a child over the age of 5 years old b. apprehension and court contact c. Antisocial behavior and law breaking d. A property crime and a violent crime

b

What is the attributable difference between just "feeling sad" and depression? a. Feelings of sadness are more likely to disappear without intervention. b. There is no attributable difference. c. Sadness is a normal reaction, whereas depression is abnormal. d. Depression has a longer duration than sadness.

b

What kind of formalized test was Elijah given as he identified pictures and words? a. A PVT test for expressive language b. A PVT test for receptive language c. A picture vocabulary test that asked him to provide a word for a picture d. A PVT test that matches the right word and pictures

b

Which age group is more often reported for antisocial behaviors? a. Grade school students b. Toddlers and preschoolers c. High school students d. Middle school students

b

Which area of concern does Elijah's preschool teacher have? a. Receptive language b. Expressive language c. Cognitive function d. Abstract reasoning

b

Which of the following are NOT correct ADHD presentation-types? a. Predominantly hyperactive (ADHD-HI) b. Predominately Impulsive (ADHD-I) c. Combined (ADHD-C) d. Predominantly inattentive (ADHD-PI)

b

Which of the following statements best represents the most current explanation of ADHD? a. Current models focus on the importance of increased physical agitation associated with hyperactivity, as a singular explanation. b. ADHD is viewed with a multi-pathway model that includes both attention-related and motivation-related theories. c. More focus is currently given to understanding the environmental causes, such as nutrition, that contribute to the development of ADHD. d. The most accepted models for understanding ADHD focus on inattention and problems with impulse control as the primary symptoms of ADHD

b

__ are the most effective and most commonly used to treat the symptoms of ADHD. a. SSRIs b. Stimulant medications c. Anti-psychotics d. Gluten-free diet

b

____ are used to test neurobiological theories and have revealed a consistent set of neural circuits associated with ADHD. a. Behavioral assessments b. Brain-imaging studies c. Intelligence (IQ) tests d. Blood tests

b

The three dimensions include each of the following except ________.. a. defiance b. angry-irritable effect c. negative affect d. hurtful behavior

b Section 9.2 Symptoms of ODD can be grouped into three dimensions across gender that reflect negative affect (angry/irritable mood), defiance (defiant/headstrong behavior), and hurtful behavior (vindictiveness), which differentially predict later emotional and behavioral disorders in early adulthood (Burke, 2012; Herzhoff & Tackett, 2016). For example, in one study, all three dimensions of ODD were related to CD. However, only negative affect predicted later depression, defiance predicted later behavior disorders, and vindictiveness was related to callous and unemotional behavior (Stringaris & Goodman, 2009). All three dimensions of ODD are highly correlated (Burke et al., 2014). However, symptoms of the hurtful behavior dimension do not seem to occur as consistently with symptoms of the negative affect and defiance dimensions, suggesting that they might be more related to the severe conduct problems of CD than to ODD (Burke et al., 2010; Rowe et al., 2010).

For the purposes of intellectual testing, intelligence is based on __________ percent of the population that has scores within two standard deviations of the mean. a. 75 b. 95 c. 50 d. 100

b. 95 From these beginnings in intellectual testing, general intellectual functioning is now defined by an intelligence quotient (IQ or equivalent) that is based on assessment with one or more of the standardized, individually administered intelligence tests, such as the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children, 5th edition (WISC-V; Wechsler, 2014), the Stanford-Binet, 5th edition (SB5; Roid & Pomplun, 2012), and the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, 2nd edition (KABC-II; Kaufman & Kaufman, 2004). These tests assess various verbal and visual-spatial skills (such as knowledge of the world, reasoning, and similarities and differences) and mathematical concepts, which together are presumed to constitute the general construct known as "intelligence." By convention, IQ scores (with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15) are derived from a standardized table based on a person's age and test score. Because intelligence is defined along a normal distribution, approximately 95% of the population has scores within 2 standard deviations of the mean (i.e., between 70 and 130). Subaverage intellectual functioning is defined, accordingly, as an IQ of about 70 or below (approximately 2 standard deviations below the mean).

How is a deficit in intellectual functioning different from a deficit in adaptive functioning?

b. A deficit in intellectual functioning involves the ability to reason and solve problems.

Despite the rigorous, two-domain standard for diagnosing ASD, why is it important not to see ASD as an "all or nothing" condition?

b. ASD is a spectrum disorder.

Dr. Hans Asperger studied the Austrian poet Georg Trakl, who wrote lyrical but fatalistic poems over again, some just a minor variation of an earlier poem or a different poem with the same title. What features of Asperger's syndrome did Trakl present?

b. An obsession with sameness and intense interests

At what age do normally developing children actually comprehend when a parent is making a face at them and expecting a response?

b. Around 12 months

Carlo's gaze routinely drops to Dean's beard whenever Dean gives Carlo a "searching look." Instead of meeting Dean's eyes, Carlo follows the beard. What deficit of ASD does Carlo exhibit?

b. Carlo's fixation on the beard suggests that Carlo has a problem in processing Dean's face and facial expression.

Paraphrasing an old saying, to say that a child with ASD sees "this one blade of grass through the forest" is indicative of a deficit in what area?

b. Central coherence

What does research reveal about the ability of children with ASD to form bonds with their parents and like caregivers?

b. Children with ASD can tell the difference between their primary caregivers and other adults and tend to bond with them.

In prenatal intervention for preventing intellectual disability disorder, what is the primary means available to clinicians, parents, and other stakeholders?

b. Educational programs

While children with moderate to profound intellectual disability show a clear etiology for their disorder, most children with mild intellectual disability have no clear cause. Why is this the case?

b. For children with mild intellectual disability, there is no apparent organic cause.

Whenever he pulls off one of the wheels of his favorite toy-a plastic fire engine-Henry brings it to his therapist to fix. However, he doesn't bring the wheel. If his therapist points to the wheel on the other side of the play room, he doesn't turn to look for it. How might you describe this impairment?

b. Henry has an impairment in joint attention.

The levels of severity for an intellectual development disorder include __________.

b. Mild, moderate, severe, profound

Can an alcoholic father contribute to the teratogenic effects of fetal alcohol syndrome?

b. No, the teratogenic effects of alcohol only occur during fetal development in the womb of a woman who consumes alcohol.

Why would a follower of the eugenics movement in the early twentieth century see the parents of Down syndrome children as a threat to society a. Such parents were in some way Mongolian themselves. b. One or both parents obviously carried inborn qualities that did not improve the white race. c. Sterilization was not yet law. d. The parents were sexual deviants who should not have been allowed to breed.

b. One or both parents obviously carried inborn qualities that did not improve the white race.

What kind of environment for children and adolescents with intellectual disability shares the same unique responsibilities of family members as well as replicates some of their benefits?

b. Residential care and out-of-home placement

Which of the following might be considered a social adaptive behavior skill?

b. Sharing the bathroom in a group home

Polly only meets the first domain of diagnosing autism spectrum disorder. She cannot empathize with others when they tell her how they feel. She parrots them and becomes totally self-referential. If she has a disorder, what label does the DSM-5 provisionally give to her?

b. Social (pragmatic) communication disorder

Which of the following best describes the extreme male brain theory of ASD and what it proposes about the disorder

b. The alleged dominance of the systemizing dimension of the male brain and the alleged dominance of the empathy dimension of the female brain might explain the high ratio of males with ASD.

Research has localized what regions of the brain that likely contribute to the neurological impairments of ASD

b. The cortical and subcortical levels

Why do premature infants exhibit a higher incidence of ASD than children born full term according to some studies a. Premature infants often have poorly developed eyesight and other sensory deficits, which, in turn, impact their ability to properly interact with their environment. b. The exact reason is unknown beyond their gestational age being less than 26 weeks. c. Premature infants, even when delivered by C-section, experience birth trauma more than infants born full term. d. Premature infants are more vulnerable to environmental risks

b. The exact reason is unknown beyond their gestational age being less than 26 weeks

Which of the following is the earliest "revolution" in how to teach children with special needs for virtually every kind of SLD?

b. The inclusion movement

Despite the fact that some children with ASD have fragile-X anomaly and other chromosomal defects, why hasn't a "ASD gene" been identified a. Vaccinations as well as multiple genetic factors are likely the cause of ASD and thus no specific gene will be associated with ASD as the cause. b. There is no "ASD gene" because ASD has been associated with more than one chromosome. c. Studies of specific chromosomal anomalies and their substantial role for the possible genetic factors in ASD are poorly funded. d. Scientists believe there may be more than one ASD gene

b. There is no "ASD gene" because ASD has been associated with more than one chromosome.

Shifting certain speech behaviors from the communication to the repetitive behavior domain in diagnosing ASD doesn't mean that echolalia and perseverative speech are not important to social interaction on a therapeutic level. Why?

b. These so-called pathological behaviors are seen as important for learning how to talk.

The psychologist Henry Goddard traced much of the intellectual disability in the United States to Martin Kallikak, whose name is invented from the Greek words for __________ and __________. a. displeasure/pleasure b. attractive/bad c. good genes/bad genes d. feebleminded/intelligent

b. attractive/bad In his book The Kallikak Family: A Study in the Heredity of Feeble-Mindedness (1912), Goddard traced two lines of descendants from a Revolutionary War soldier, Martin Kallikak, who fathered a child by a "feebleminded barmaid" during the war, which began the first line, and then fathered other children by a "respectable girl" he married after the war. The name "Kallikak" was invented by Goddard from a combination of two Greek words: kalos, meaning "attractive, pleasing," and kakos, meaning "bad, evil."

The most current findings that relate ASD and childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) suggest that __________.

b. autism and COS can be diagnosed in the same child

Although individuals with Down syndrome can expect to live as long as 60 years, research reveals that most will suffer cognitive decline due to __________.

b. gene damage on chromosome 21

Beginning in the 1960s, the recognition that an entire range of learning problems could not be explained by physical and mental deficiencies led to __________.

b. more treatment options for children with learning disorders c. increased teacher training to adequately respond to children with various learning disorders d. the empowerment of new stakeholders in the treatment of children with learning disorders

Despite the different kinds of communication and learning disorders that children have, one common denominator for all these children is __________.

b. stress

According to recent research, what makes it harder for 20 percent of all children to read is __________.

b. their inability to segment words and syllables with their proper sounds

A-B-A-B reversal design

baseline of behavior is firs taken (A), followed by an intervention phase (B), then return-to-baseline phase where intervention is removed (A), then intervention is reintroduced (B. When changes in behavior occur only during the intervention phases, this provides evidence that changes in behavior are due to the intervention

unexpected discrepancy

basic premise of definitions of learning disorders that denotes a disparity between measured ability and actual performance

Instructing bulimia nervosa clients to keep diaries of their eating behavior is what type of treatment technique?

behavioral

Although Paula, a school psychologist prefers to work while listening to public radio broadcasts of classical music and the like, she developed a familiarity with the lyrics of hip-hop music for understanding the anxiety disorders of inner-city students. To her __________ goes a long way in making a competent assessment of their problems.

being culturally aware

non-accidental trauma

being the victim of violence at school or being exposed to violent acts at home or community

A person with _____ displays many of the behaviors of bulimia nervosa but does not engage in compensatory behaviors.

binge eating disorder

Which treatment includes attaching electrodes to a person's muscles to detect muscle contractions which are then converted into tones?

biofeedback

Family pedigree and twin studies have been used to look for a predisposition for unipolar depression within families. Which theoretical framework encompasses these studies?

biological

Stress hormones that influence a child's levels of fear and anxiety reflect which type of influence

biological

John experiences full manic and depressive episodes and would be diagnosed with _____ disorder.

bipolar I

Research supporting a Freudian view of suicide has shown that later suicidal behavior is related to:

both real and symbolic losses in childhood.

COS is rare in children, but it is more common in __________ rather than __________

boys/girls

ADHD is more commonly diagnosed among _____ than ________. a. girls; boys b. boys; girls c. adults; children d. children; adolescents

boys; girls

intervention

broad concept that encompasses many different theories and practices directed at helping the child and family adapt more effectively to their current and future circumstances

phonological awareness

broad construct that includes recognition of the relationship that exists between sounds and letters

developmental tasks

broad domains of competence such as conduct and academic achievement, tell how children typically progress within each domain as they grow

According to the National Center for Educational Statistics, __________ of all children who receive special educational services in the United States and Canada have a learning disability.

c. one-third

Although the Fast Track program achieved its intended long-term goals for adulthood, it did not have as much impact on __________. a. reducing psychopathic behaviors b. severe antisocial behavior c. enhancing life functioning d. preventing substance abuse

c

An estimated __________ percent of young people with conduct problems will also receive diagnoses of depression or anxiety. a. 25 b. 75 c. 50 d. 45

c

Carla admitted to the school psychologist, "I feel like I have had postpartum depression since the day Nicole was born. She can't get mad at me, but she can get mad at school." What current understanding suggests a connection between Nicole's negative emotions and her mother? a. Antisocial behavior is directly related to maternal neglect. b. The percentage of children suffering from high negative emotionality is higher when the mother suffered from postpartum depression c. If a mother is depressed early in her life, research suggests there is greater risk for CD. d. Children who develop CDs actually have a form of sympathetic depression.

c

Compared to children on adolescent-limited (AC) path, children on the life-course-persistent (LCP) path __________. a. experience a marked drop in less serious or "victimless" antisocial behaviors (e.g., vandalism, shoplifting) seen in the teenage years, as the bell curve shows b. become "career criminals" c. display more aggressive forms of antisocial behavior d. are more subject to peer influences and belong to gangs

c

For most children with conduct disorder, the nature of their antisocial behaviors over time __________. a. essentially remains the same, but manifests itself in different ways b. become more covert c. become new and different d. become steadily worse if they go unnoticed by caregivers, teachers, and the like

c

For the teenage child with who has been in and out of detention centers, halfway houses, and foster homes, what makes helping them challenging? a. In many cases, such children will become adults after they have committed a crime. b. Older children with conduct problems and antisocial behavior are more often subject to arrest. c. Society increasingly wants such children treated as adults and facing adult penalties and rehabilitation. d. Modern juvenile detention facilities have become part of the adult prison system.

c

If Elijah were required to verbalize (rather than just point) for the teacher, the same PVT flipbook can also test him for __________. a. Abstract reasoning b. IQ c. expressive language d. receptive language

c

natural experiments

comparisons are made betweeen conditions or treatments that already exist

Most theories of social disorganization see dysfunctional community structures having an initial impact on the __________. a. income of the caregiver that, in turn, leads to financial stressors, which the child experiences as neglect, abuse, malnutrition, and like negative impacts b. school system c. family processes that, in turn, negatively affect the child's development d. child's development and sense of wellbeing

c

Research has shown that a mother's substance abuse during pregnancy and the antisocial behavior of her child __________. a. should be taken into consideration as a reason to discontinue such substance abuse (e.g., smoking, drinking alcohol). b. suggest the strong possibility of an unknown biological transmission of antisocial behavior c. are not directly related d. are directly related

c

Some children with ADHD may outgrow the disorder or learn to effectively cope with the symptoms if they did not display problems with ______________. a. Hyperactivity b. Depression c. Conduct d. Intelligence

c

The "two-pronged" approach to effective interventions for children who are at-risk for conduct disorders or who have early-onset antisocial behavior includes early prevention and __________. a. problem-solving skills training b. multisystemic therapy c. intervention as well as ongoing interventions d. parent management training

c

The most common co-occurring symptom of depression in clinic-referred children is __________. a. crankiness b. anomie c. irritability d. anger

c

There is strong evidence that ADHD is a __________________ disorder, but biological and environmental risk factors shape the expression of the symptoms. a. Genetic b. Cognitive c. Neurodevelopmental d. Biopsychosocial

c

Twin studies have found that ________________ in the family account for only a small amount of the variation in ADHD symptoms. a. Levels of parental education b. Dysfunction c. Psychosocial factors d. Genetic markers

c

What is one advantage that family therapy has over Outward Bound for Oswaldo, whose father is unemployed and his mother is a cashier at Whole Foods? a. Children whose parents live at home should be referred to a qualified family therapist. b. Many state and local governments will subsidize such therapy as long as there is no police record. c. Family therapy is usually more affordable. d. Many jurisdictions mandate family therapy and in-office visits as the first step.

c

Which of the following children are LEAST likely to be diagnosed with ADHD due to gender differences? a. Raul cannot sit still for more than 10 seconds and can be found running around the room during class time. b. Dan is often argumentative with his teachers which results in meetings with his parents. c. Jillian is frequently inattentive and distracted in class, but she's not disruptive and doesn't cause trouble. d. Albert cannot stop talking during class time even when the teacher reminds her to be quiet and her peers get annoyed with her chatter.

c

Which of the following children are demonstrating problems with Executive Function (EF)? a. Enrique feels sleepy in class when he is bored with an assignment that he has no interest in learning. b. Jesse can get irritated when he doesn't understand a concept in math c. Gregory often calls out answers without raising his hand despite remarks from his peers or reprimands from the teacher. d. Helen sometimes forgets to write down her homework, but can recall most of the information while she begins working at home.

c

Which of the following disorders is most likely associated with ADHD that reflects problems with motor coordinating and delays in achieving motor milestones? a. Asperger's Disorder b. Reactive Attachment Disorder c. Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) d. Tic Disorders

c

Which of the following is early predictor of antisocial behavior? a. Being diagnosed with ADHD b. Stealing money from other children c. Fear of new situations d. Nursing beyond the age of 3

c

Which of the following is not one of the recognized forms of depressive disorder? a. Persistent depressive disorder (P-DD) b. Major depressive disorder (MDD) c. Minor depressive disorder (mDD) d. Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD),

c

Which of the following statements about the cause of ADHD is most accurate? a. ADHD is caused by excessive sugar intake that worsens around Halloween. b. Children develop ADHD after watching more than 200 hours of television. c. Numerous causes for ADHD have been proposed but none of have been unanimously accepted as fact due to lack adequate testing or support. d. The most significant factor associated with the development of ADHD is bad parents who typically overindulge their children which promotes poor impulse control.

c

While antisocial behavior in girls is typically nonviolent in nature, about __________ percent of teenage girls are involved in one violent act, such as beating up another girl, whether alone or in a gang. a. 10 b. 20 c. 25 d. 50

c

Why is depression in young people a quality of life issue? a. Depression can lead to thoughts of suicide and suicide itself. b. Depression leads to other mental health problems and drug abuse. c. Depression makes it harder for them to think clearly and function in every aspect of their day-to-day existence. d. Depression causes low self-esteem and self-treatments, such as drugs, alcohol, overeating, and the like.

c

Disorders such as Klinefelder's and Turner's syndrome occur in __________ live births.

c. 1 in 400

Molly, a teenager, admits that she is always "thinking of what to say next so that I have something to say!" When she does participate in a conversation, her responses lack in the input of the person with whom she is conversing. She may have social (pragmatic) communication disorder. What does her admission suggest?

c. A deficit in using communication for social purposes and probably the other requirements for SCD as well

What is the first marker of normal language development in children?

c. By the 1 year, a child should be able to recognize and speak a limited number of words.

What is the earliest age at which there is a measurable correlation in IQ by age 16?

c. By the time children are 4 years old, the correlation with IQ 12 years later is high.

Children with ASD who are most likely to improve over time exhibit which characteristics?

c. Children who acquire speech at a young age

What is the most common attribute of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) that virtually everyone can agree on, laypersons, clinicians, and therapists alike?

c. Children with ASD vary wildly in the core features of the disorder.

The most common genetic cause of autism is __________.

c. Fragile-X syndrome

Among children with mild intellectual disability, boys outnumber females by a ratio of 1.6 to 1. Why do some researchers believe this prevalence may not be accurate?

c. Gender differences in ID may be an artifact of identification and referral patterns that tend to result in more boys being diagnosed as having intellectual disability rather than true differences in prevalence.

As a toddler, whenever Hannah needed "Puff the Bear," she walked over to the television—where he had to be or else the stuffed animal "didn't exist"—and extended her hand and "grasped at empty air without looking at me," according to her mother. What kind of gesture did Hannah demonstrate?

c. Hannah demonstrated a protoimperative gesture.

How does the similar structure hypothesis differ from the similar sequence structure?

c. In addition to sharing the same set of stages, children with the same mental age show equivalent performance on various cognitive tasks.

Jordan's grades improved in arithmetic when he was fitted with hearing aids. Why does he no longer have an SCD?

c. Jordan can now hear the math teacher, whose classroom instruction was crucial in addition to what Jordan read in his textbook.

A number of proposals and initiatives have been made to meet the needs of children with ADHD who are not being diagnosed or treated. Which of the following strategies, based on institutional models that work for other needs, might reach more children who lack the advantages of other groups?

c. Making children's mental health services more affordable or free, that is, by broadening the delivery systems d. Making children's mental health services a priority for state and federal assistance programs

Which of the following is a logical theory for a cause of autism that is now obsolescent a. Divine punishment b. Poor sanitation c. Parental neglect d. Supernatural forces

c. Parental neglect

Lourdes is being seen by her child therapist for the first time. She can answer his simple questions (favorite color and the name of the family cat) but when she does, she rolls her eyes in an exaggerated, counterclockwise motion, without ever looking at the therapist. Which symptom domain of ASD does she exhibit?

c. Possibly both, social communication and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior

Dean, a therapist who specializes in children with ASD, often attempts to "play" with his clients not unlike one of their age-mates. What important "first building block" of teaching is he attempting to cultivate between himself and the child

c. Rapport

The DSM-5 lists three required symptoms for social communication and interaction. Which of the following is most likely not an example of the diagnostic criteria for this domain?

c. Shouting the name of a companion animal more than once whenever it is observed

Which of the following terms is a diagnostic term recognized by the DSM-5?

c. Specific learning disorder d. Communication disorder

Because of the challenges of testing the intelligence of children with ASD, the assessment tool most often used is?

c. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children

Given the anecdotal observations of their own children, what do parents tell us about the earliest point of onset for ASD

c. The age of onset seems to be no later than the second birthday, after the first symptoms in most children diagnosed with ASD have presented and are seen by parents as a cause for concern.

Margaret is four years old and requires diapering to attend school, go the store with her family, and other similar activities. Under which category does this inability fall in the levels of severity for intellectual development disorder?

c. The practical domains

Why doesn't the gene FMR-1 follow a traditional X-linked inheritance pattern?

c. Unlike the female carriers of other X-linked intellectual disability, females with FMR-1 may exhibit phenotypes seen in male progeny.

Not only do some children with ASD regress in their speech development, __________ lack the ability to speak or be understood except in specific scenarios.

c. a significant minority of such children

One theory about the intelligence of autistic savants, which closely aligns with their ability to excel in one thing, like playing any piano composition after hearing it only once, states that __________.

c. children think in images rather than abstract ideas, which allows them to record what they experience

Despite remarkable examples of high-functioning individuals with autism spectrum disorder, most people with ASD __________.

c. exhibit most of the core features of the disorder and rarely display special talents or high intelligence

In the movie Rain Man (1988), the first film that brought autism into the mainstream of popular culture, Dustin Hoffman plays Raymond, an autistic savant whose talent for perfect recall gets him and his brother (Tom Cruise) into trouble in a Las Vegas casino. Raymond's fictional talent exaggerates but exhibits one of the most fascinating features of some people with ASD, __________.

c. the extraordinary perceptual abilities that certain individuals have in rare instances

correlation coefficient

can range from −1.00 to +1.00. The size of the correlation indicates the strength of the association between two variables. A zero correlation indicates no relationship; the closer the value gets to −1.00 or +1.00, the stronger the relationship is. The sign of the correlation coefficient (plus or minus) indicates the direction of the relationship. A positive sign (+) indicates that as one variable increases in value, so does the other, whereas a negative sign (−) indicates that as one variable increases, the other decreases.

Within the context of the development of child problematic behaviors very few ______________________ exist.

cause-and-effect relationships

temperament

child's innate reactivity and self-regulation with respect to the domains of emotions, activity level, and attention

Proponents of facilitated communication state that during this process communication is controlled by the ________, whereas controlled studies indicate that communication is controlled by the ________.

child; facilitator

stimulant medications

class of drugs commonly used for the management of symptoms of ADHD and its impairments

multiaxial system

classification system consisting of several axes of information aout the child or adolescent that may assist a chlinician in planning the treatment of a disorder

nosologies

classifying disorders into descriptive categories

The decision-making process for Felicia's psychological disorder begins with

clinical assessment

stigma

cluster of negative attitudes and beliefs that motivates fear, rejection, and discrimination against people with mental illnesses

sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT)

cluster of symptoms including sleepy, lethargic, easily confused, in a fog, unmotivated, and apathetic

theory of mind (ToM)

cognition and understanding of mental states that cannot be observed directly both in one's self and in others

Which type of therapist considers illness anxiety disorder as misinterpreted bodily cues?

cognitive

For research purposes, Gen Xers who grew up the United States are considered a

cohort

Lance has been diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. His symptoms include a mixture of being very active—even when he should be calm—as well as having a difficult time maintaining his focus. Lance appears to have the ________ presentation of ADHD. a. manic/hypomanic b. predominantly hyperactive-impulsive c. predominantly inattentive d. combined

combined

Iritability

common symptom of major depressive disorder and disruptive mood dysregulation disorder characterized by angry mood and temper outbursts

Language disorder

communication disorder characterized by difficulties in the comprehension or production of spoken or written language

A child who has been diagnosed with depression and social anxiety disorder demonstrates which concept

comorbidity

Developmental psychopathology is primarily centered on which of the following

comparative norms

gene-environment interaction

complex interplay of nature and nurture to account for genetic and environmental influences and their timing

gene-environment interaction (GxE)

complex interplay of nature and nurture to account for genetic and environmental influences and their timing

difference viewpoint

concept that cognitive development of children with intellectual disability isn't the same asvnormally developing children

psychoanalytic theory

concept that personality and mental health outcomes have multiple roots

equifinality

concept that similar outcomes may stem from DIFFERENT early experiences

multifinality

concept that various outcomes may stem from SIMILAR beginnings

developmental pathway

concept to describe the sequence and timing of particular behaviors

Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD)

condition associated with depressed or irritable mood and significant impairment in functioning

bipolar disorder (BP)

condition characterized by an ongoing combination of extreme highs and extreme lows

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)

condition characterized by frequent and severe temper outbursts and chronic, persistently irritability that is present between the outbursts

developmental coordination disorder (DCD)

condition characterized by marked motor clumsiness and delays in achieving motor milestones

major depressive disorder (MDD)

condition characterized by multiple mood, cognitive, psychomotor, or somatic symptoms present during the same 2-week period

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

condition characterized by significant and persistent deficits in social communication and interaction skills, and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior

adolescent-onset conduct disorder

condition for which individuals show no symptom characteristic of the condition prior to age 10 years

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

condition marked by age-inappropriate distraction and impulsivity, resulting in significant impairment in life functioning

childhood-onset conduct disorder

condition whereby the child displays at least one symptom of the condition order prior to age 10 years

When research demonstrates a correlation between two variables that are expected to be related, the research is said to have which of the following

convergent validity

What diagnosis would you give someone who has neurological-like symptoms, such as paralysis or blindness, that have no neurological basis?

conversion

Just before debuting at Carnegie Hall, the pianist suffered paralysis of her left hand for no apparent physical reason. Which BEST describes her disorder?

conversion disorder

A 35-year-old woman hobbles into the office of a physician complaining of a debilitating illness that has robbed her of the use of her left leg and right arm. The physician finds no physical basis for her symptoms. She appears totally unaware that the cause of her symptoms may be psychological. The diagnosis would be:

conversion disorder.

treatment

corrective action to eliminate or reduce the impact of an undesired outcome that has already occurred

An African American child suffering from anxiety and fear-induced insomnia after seeing white people carrying Confederate flags on television may exhibit a __________ that is specific to life in the United States, much like the mal de ojo causes similar presentations among children in Mexico.

cultural syndrome

A new Cincinnati Police task force met with school psychologists and parents whose minor children had experienced opioid addiction. Which strategy for curbing this kind of antisocial behavior does this encounter best exemplify? a. Psychiatric perspective b. Parent-professional stakeholder initiative c. Psychological perspective d. Public health perspective

d

Although ADHD is not associated with an intellectual deficit, children with this disorder score ________ lower on IQ tests than control children or siblings. a. 20 to 30 points b. 10 to 15 points c. 15 to 20 points d. 5 to 9 points

d

Dan is often very restless and can be found running around the classroom, bouncing on his chair, and talking excessively. These behaviors best represent which aspect of ADHD? a. Distractibility b. Impulsivity c. Inattention d. Hyperactivity

d

Dr. Maddaus sees the cause of his conduct disorder as centered around __________. a. a shared genetic predisposition b. his being an illegitimate child c. his stepfather Frank d. the parent-to-child effect of an alcoholic mother

d

Given that serotonin has a beneficial effect, which of the following examples would be the most plausible observable personality trait (phenotype) for a child with a genetic resilience to being bullied from the 5-HTT gene? Why might they not suffer as much from being bullied? a. Children with elevated levels of serotonin are more likely to interpret a bully as funny, not really intending malice. b. Such children have a naturally serene quality. c. Bullied children with the 5-HTT gene have an internalized ability to heal their emotional wellbeing. d. Such bullied children would experience less anxiety or fear when during such a negative experience and in the aftermath.

d

In addition to his impressive juvenile arrest record, Dr. Maddaus mentions this factor, which is a characteristic of children diagnosed with conduct disorder (CD). a. Aggressive behavior b. Limited prosocial emotions c. Psychopathic features d. Self-esteem deficit

d

Like some learning disabilities, most children with antisocial behaviors see their problems __________ throughout childhood. a. level off b. go unnoticed c. increase d. diminish

d

Multisystemic therapy (MST) is intended to obviate the need for __________. a. PMT and PSST when these options fail on their own b. in-home placement of children and adolescents with severe conduct disorder c. the involvement of the juvenile justice system d. out-of-home placement

d

Research suggests that children with conduct disorder, especially in severe forms, __________. a. suggests that both ADHD and CD are the same disorder b. are predisposed to ADHD c. have cognitive impairments attributed to neurodevelopmental abnormalities d. typically experience the various indications for ADHD first

d

Shannon, 16, was adopted by the Smith family when she was an infant. She recently discovered parallels between her stealing money for drugs and and her birth mother, who died of a heroin overdose 10 years earlier. What might the family's psychologist tell the Smiths about the challenges facing their daughter as she recovers? a. Shannon's stealing and drug use can be attributed to undeniably hereditary factors. b. The Smiths should inform their daughter of her birth mother's background. c. More information is needed about the birth mother's relatives to be sure that there is a hereditary problem and that specialized forms of treatment are required. d. Shannon's conduct issues may have as much to do with how she was raised as it does hereditary factors.

d

The second highest category of disability, according to Michaela Crowley is __________. a. Handwriting (dysgraphia) b. Reading ability c. Mathematics skills d. Speech-language disability

d

The staff meeting shown in the video discusses enlisting the aid of __________ for students with severe learning disability. Michaela Crowley states that such participation is crucial to a multidisciplinary approach for exceptional children because of their familiarity with the child. a. teaching assistants b. experts who work in the classroom c. special education teachers d. parents

d

Trina is 15. Her mother allows her to sleep with her boyfriend at home because it is a "safe place." Trina, however, thinks her mother is being "creepy" and disobeyed her until the police brought her home for engaging in a sexual act. How should Trina's behavior be treated? a. Trina exhibits how the gender disparity in children with a CD begins to narrow at her age. b. Trina's engaging in sexual misbehavior, which is an indirect form antisocial behavior, is typical of her gender. c. Her sexual misconduct will likely result in Trina becoming pregnant at an early age. d. Even though her mother is permissive about sex, an objective therapist should treat Trina's oppositional behavior first.

d

When a child responds to being disciplined by an uptick in his or her antisocial behavior, it could be attributed to __________ in the brain. a. an inability to sense fear b. a stress-regulating defense mechanism c. an inability to experience pain d. low arousal and low reactivity

d

Which child best represents an early manifestation of a deficiency in prosocial emotions? a. Betty, 13, claims that Will, a classmate, touched her inappropriately. It is found out later he did not. b. Quinten, 11, will stand in front of his mother's car when he doesn't want her to take him to school on test days. c. Charlie, 16, has been suspended from Biology 101. He steals and buries the preserved animals used by his fellow students because he doesn't think it's morally right. d. Carl, 5, punches David for no reason in the back of the head. Carl will not apologize. He says, "I don't want to care!"

d

Which of the following symptoms is rare or nonexistent for children diagnosed with ODD? a. Getting even with other children b. Getting even with adults c. Argues with other children d. Violent interactions with other children involving physical contact

d

Which of the four categories of conduct problems has the highest risk for later psychiatric problems and impairments in functioning? a. Oppositional-destructive b. Covert-destructive c. Covert-nondestructive d. Overt-destructive

d

Why have psychologists abandoned various single-cause theories for conduct problems? a. The theory of an innate cause has been superseded by other theories that emphasize learned behaviors. b. Actually, psychologists and researcher have refined the single-cause theories into various sub-theories. c. The theory that relies on learned behaviors has been replaced by theories that see a genetic cause. d. None of these theories serve to explain the diversity in antisocial behavior.

d

In many intervention scenarios, the parent is an important part of the child's therapy. For a child diagnosed with conduct disorder, why might a foster home serve as an appropriate safe place until the parent or parents can help (or learn how to help)? a. Parents are often emotionally drained and unwilling to assist professionals. b. Most children with CD are delinquents and state and local jurisdictions require a foster home or halfway house. c. The parents often have criminal records and require discrete forms of treatment before they can "do their children any good." d. A foster home might be needed if the child's home environment is not conducive to his or her welfare.

d Section 9.3 The DSM-5 groups symptoms of CD into four dimensions: aggression to people and animals (e.g., bullying, physical cruelty), destruction of property (e.g., fire setting, vandalism), deceitfulness or theft (e.g., conning, shoplifting), and serious violations of rules (e.g., truancy, running away from home).

Recall the chart that categorizes conduct problems into four basic types with a range of extremes (i.e., destructive, nondestructive, covert, and overt). Colin keyed his mother's Mercedes Benz in the garage because she wouldn't let him play "Carmeggedon." Then he tried to cover it up with touchup paint. How would you categorize his behavior as delinquency? a. Overt cruel aggression b. Destructive oppositional behavior c. Covert status violation d. Covert, destructive property violation

d (Categories of Conduct Problems Figure 9.2)

From an overall ethical perspective, which of the following is the primary focus when conducting research with children a. respecting the right to privacy b. protecting scientific freedom c. assuring the child's welfare d. balancing all three factors

d Balancing all three factors

Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest causal relationship between Variable A and Variable B a. +.73 b. −.86 c. +.12 d. None

d None A correlation between two variables does not mean that one variable causes the other.

methylphenidate

drug most commonly used in treating children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

The total number of children and adults with intellectual disability is estimated to be __________.

d. 1 percent to 3 percent of the population

According the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), __________ of the children with ASD have co-occurring intellectual disability.

d. 70 percent

What is "specific" about a specific learning disorder (SLD)? What makes it different from an intellectual disability?

d. An SLD is specific to underachievement in academic skills that are not attributable to intellectual disability, developmental delay, or physical cause.

Deficits in a child's phonology can be interpreted as which of the following?

d. An inability to construct spoken sounds into words a. An inability to combine separate sounds and remember them as words

What evidence is there that SLD can begin in utero and at critical stages in fetal development?

d. Certain cellular anomalies in the left hemisphere that can only occur during the fifth to seventh month of gestation

Experts on children's intelligence believe the gains that fall under the "Flynn effect" can mostly be attributed to which factor?

d. Child-focused parenting

What is one of the most profound ironies seen in the behaviors of children with ASD?

d. Children with ASD show extremes, reacting negatively, positively, or not at all to comparable stimuli.

Which of the following is not a similarity between children of childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) and children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) a. Children with COS can say inappropriate things. b. Children with COS can exhibit disturbing behavior. c. Children with COS can have problems with communication. d. Children with COS present symptoms during infancy.

d. Children with COS present symptoms during infancy.

Conrad is a poor reader like his older brother who is currently serving in juvenile detention for beating up "a smart kid." Why should his mother be concerned?

d. Children with SLD are more likely to develop antisocial behavioral problems.

Why did the APA reduce the number of domains from three to two for diagnosing ASD?

d. Clinicians found it hard to separate deficits in communication and social interaction, such as where to assign a deficit if a child could only speak but while looking at the ground rather than at the person addressing him.

What key factor or delay in their development makes it difficult for Down syndrome individual to establish independent living skills?

d. Down syndrome children experience a considerable delay in expressive language development.

In cognitive-behavioral therapy, what is the difference between teaching a child to be strategical in solving a problem and then metastrategical?

d. In addition to solving one kind of problem (being strategic), the child would learn how to transfer what she or he has learned to another kind of problem in another kind of scenario (being metastrategic).

Which of the following statements is not true about intellectual disability from childhood to adulthood?

d. Intellectual disability is always lifelong despite adaptive skills, training, improved IQ, and the like. The impairment can be diagnosed with more challenging assessments.

Consider the example of Jackie. Why would her therapist interpret the child's "emotional response" as an indication of a difficulty in language comprehension?

d. Jackie's anger and frustration function for what is communication to her, her only way of responding when she cannot use her words or know what is said to her.

What connection did Kanner, an early pioneer of ASD, make between the so-called "refrigerator parent" and a child with what he called "early infantile autism"?

d. Kanner saw a parallel between cold, indifferent parents and their offspring. He also saw autism as a defense mechanism on the part of a child whose parents subconsciously wanted their offspring to die.

Manon, who is being diagnosed for ASD, more often ignores the other children at the play-table stacking blocks. She seems not to notice them or the blocks and only looks over with a startled expression when she "decides to hear." What is the best way to describe her deficit based on this anecdotal description?

d. Manon is not monitoring the social interactions around her.

Which of the following children most likely exhibits a positive symptom of COS?

d. Manon refuses to speak to her imaginary invisible friend, Jimmy.

Why would a follower of the eugenics movement in the early twentieth century see the parents of Down syndrome children as a threat to society?

d. One or both parents obviously carried inborn qualities that did not improve the white race.

Which of the following is not one of the four major categories of risk factors that contribute to intellectual disabilities?

d. Prenatal

By observing a brain-damaged patient's ability to write down what he could not otherwise express through speech, Franz Joseph Gall led to which breakthrough?

d. Specific areas of the brain process how humans express and receive language.

What part of the brain or body does the genetic cause of stuttering have the most effect according to research?

d. The left hemisphere of the brain

"Learning disability" is a diagnostic term for significant problems in reading, writing, math, and other skills required for academic success.

d. This statement is incorrect. There is no such diagnostic term.

Annie was born premature. When she was diagnosed for ASD, this information from her medical records was indicated as __________.

d. a specifier associated with her disorder

The Interactive Autism Network estimates that people with ASD use __________ different therapies, behavioral programs, and other kinds of treatment

d. about 400

The psychologist Henry Goddard traced much of the intellectual disability in the United States to Martin Kallikak, whose name is invented from the Greek words for __________ and __________.

d. attractive/bad

Folk stories of infants stolen by elves or fairies and replaced with __________ suggest that ASD has been around for centuries.

d. changelings

The single most common cause of moderate to severe intellectual disability is caused by __________.

d. chromosome abnormalities

Although Down syndrome children develop a sense of self, they may not be able to express that they are "mad" at another child or feel "happy" in a group of age-mates. This is due to delayed and aberrant functioning in their __________.

d. internal state language

By medicating children with ADS, the chief benefit is __________.

d. managing specific behavioral symptoms of ADS and comorbid behaviors

The term "intellectual disability" (ID) replaced "__________" in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

d. mental retardation

Jenny has a hard time telling certain words apart. For example, she cannot read the difference between the word "carpenter" and "caterpillar." She has a problem with __________.

d. phonemes

Charles takes copious notes when he meets with the parents of a child with ASD who has been known to kick them and others. Charles usually asks if he can share a favorite food or candy with the child. He has a purpose, which is to

d. research his options for rewarding positive behaviors

The word "autism" is derived from the Latin word for "__________."

d. within oneself

Which of the following did researchers employ to develop the human connectome

dMRI

developmental-versus-difference controversy

debate regarding the cognitive progression of children with mental impairments

According to physician, George Sill, symptoms of overactivity and poor attention in the early 1900s were the result of a. lack of structured nutrition b. problems with prefrontal regulation c. poor parenting skills d. defective moral control

defective moral control

treatment effectiveness

degree to which a therapy can be shown to work in actual clinical practice

treatment efficacy

degree to which a therapy can produce changes under well-controlled conditions that depart from those typically used

external validity

degree to which findings can be generalized, or extended to characteristics other than those in the original study

Sleeper effects

delayed effects later in life. may not be immediately apparent during childhood but may surface later on

The goal of qualitative research is to

describe and interpret

Pruning

describes a process in which the brain reduces unnecessary neural connections

neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia

design in which a genetic vulnerability and early neurodevelopmental insults result in impaired connections between many brain regions

randomized controlled trial (RCT)

design to evaluate treatment outcomes in which children are arbitrarily assigned to various treatment and control conditions

random assignment

designation of research participants whereby each participant has an equal chance of being designated to either condition

For Imani, the SD requires of her the

desired behavior

adaptational failure

deviation from or inability to master or progress in accomplishing developmental milestones

Relaxation and biofeedback training are NOT helpful in the treatment of which physical ailment?

diabetes

A state-funded study that identified all Grade 10 students with an eating disorder is an example of what type of research

epidemiological

cross-sectional research

different youngsters at different ages or periods of development are studied at the same point in time

communication disorder

difficulty producing speech sounds or with speech fluency or difficulty understanding what other people say

emotion reactivity

dimension of emotional processes associated with individual differences in the threshold and intensity of emotional experience

prevention

directed at decreasing the chances that undesired future outcomes will occur

dyslexia

disorder of reading not due to low intelligence

schizophrenia

disorder that involves characteristic disturbances in thinking (delusions), perception (hallucinations), speech, emotions, and behavior

A unipolar type of depression that is characterized by outbursts of severe temper during childhood or adolescence is called:

disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.

hallucinations

disturbance in perception in which things are seen, heard, or otherwise sensed even though they are not real

delusion

disturbance in thinking involving disordered thought content and strong beliefs that are misrepresentations of reality

Data collected from pediatricians on their patients' response to a new anti-anxiety medication will be used to determine its

effectiveness

behavior analysis

effort to identify factors that could be contributing to a child's problem behavior, thoughts, and feelings

maintenance

effort to increase adherence to treatment over time in order to prevent a recurrence of a problem

Unlike the other eating disorders, binge eating disorder does NOT necessarily begin with:

efforts at extreme dieting

maintenance

efforts to increase adherence to treatment over time to prevent relapse or recurrence of a problem

According to Durkheim, people who are isolated, alienated, and nonreligious are most likely to commit which type of suicide?

egoistic

What is a primary form of communication for very young children

emotion

Which of the following is at the core of attachment theory

emotion

When the class hamster died, five of the children cried a little, two were almost inconsolable, and six didn't seem very concerned. Which of the following terms best reflects this situation?

emotion reactivity

multimethod assessment approah

emphasizes the importance of obtaining information from different informants in a variety of settings and using a variety of methods that include interviews, observations, questionnaires, and tests

personality disorders

enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates noticeably from the expectations of the individual's culture

random assignment

ensures that the independent variable caused the result rather than another variable

Which of the following is at the center of sensitive periods of development

environment

A person who is subjected to high stress will experience a flood of ________ from their adrenal glands.

epinephrine

If two children go to different schools, have different hobbies, different teachers, and a variety of cultural exposures but both end graduating from high school with honors and going to good colleges, this would demonstrate the concept of

equifinality

analogue research

evaluates a specific variable of interest under conditions that only resemble or approximate the situation for which one wishes to generalize

multimethod assessment approach

evaluation emphasizing the importance of obtaining information from different informants, in a variety of settings

From a scientific perspective, which of the following is the most important aspect of a theory

evidence

euphoria

exaggerated sense of well-being

A reactive depression is referred to as:

exogenous.

This technique is also used with people with obsessive-compulsive disorder as an effective treatment for people with bulimia nervosa.

exposure and response prevention

Brandon suffers from bulimia nervosa and has finally sought the help of a therapist. His psychologist, who ascribes to the cognitive-behavioral model, gives Brandon instructions to eat specific types and amounts of food but to resist (at all costs) the urge to make himself vomit. The hope is that Brandon will come to see that eating can be a healthy and constructive behavior that requires no undoing. Brandon's psychologist is using a technique called:

exposure and response prevention.

Validity

extent to which a measure actually assesses the dimension or construct the researcher sets out to measure

internal validity

extent to which an intended manipulation of a variable accounts for observed results, changes, or group differences

validity

extent to which it actually measures the dimension or construct that the research sets out to measure

Reliability

extent to which the result of an experiment is consistent or repeatable

goodness of fit

extent to which two things are suited

The findings of a research study that can readily be applied to members of a larger population are considered to have

external validity

Munchausen syndrome is also known as _____ disorder.

factitious

structured observation

highly structured situations involving specific tasks or instructions usually carried out in the clinic or laboratory

prognosis

formulation of predictions about future behavior under specified conditions

incidence rate

frequency at which new cases of a disorder appear over a specified period of time

Which of the following terms best reflects the perspective of applied behavior analysis

functional

The neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia attributes __________ as causing disruptions in the early development of the brain a. gene mutations b. the genetic influence of a child's parents c. the limbic system d. impaired connections to the hippocampus

gene mutations

research

generally viewed as a systematic way of finding answers to questions that follows certain rules

Which developmental task is associated with the age period of middle childhood

getting along with peers, including acceptance and making friends

prevention

group of activities directed at decreasing the chances that undesired future outcomes will occur

cohort

group of individuals who are followed during the same time and experience the same cultural or historical events

cohort

group of individuals who are followed over time and who experience the same events during the same time period

presentation type

group of individuals with something in common that makes them distinct from other groups

disruptive behavior disorders

group of repetitive and persistent patterns of antisocial behavior

What does the thyroid gland do?

growth rate, eating patterns/eating disorders

When his father has Logan on the weekends, the boy will not hold his father's hand in the park because, as he puts it, "I feel monster fur!" Logan, who is being diagnosed for COS, could be experiencing a __________ when he touches the hairs on his father's skin

hallucination

Which of the following is NOT a rationale for the skeptical attitudes many people have toward research in abnormal child psychology

harmful experiments

executive function (EF)

higher-order mental process enabling a child to maintain a problem-solving orientation to attain a future goal

Which term best reflects the contemporary perspective on child and adolescent development

holistic

epinephrine

hormone produced by the adrenal glands that is released into the bloodstream in response to stress

epinephrine

hormone produced by the adrenal glands that is released into the bloodstream in response to stress in order to energize and prepare the body for a possible threat.

Which of the following brain structures plays a key role in regulation of emotion

hypothalamus

diagnosis

identification of a disorder from an examination of the symptoms

screening

identification of subjects at risk for a specific negative outcome

A clinical assessment is only meaningful __________.

if it results in practical and effective interventions

This is a disorder in which people mistakenly fear that minor changes in their physical functioning indicate a serious disease.

illness anxiety disorder

Hypochondriasis is presently called:

illness anxiety disorder.

nonverbal learning disability (NLD)

impairment characterized by deficits related to right-hemisphere brain functioning, such as problems in social skills and problem solving

specific learning disorder

impairment in a particular area in learning and using academic skills

speech sound disorder

impairment in which children lag behind playmates in learning to articulate certain sounds

case study

intensive and usually anecdotal observation and analysis of an individual subject

case study

intensive, usually anecdotal, observation and analysis of an individual child

inattentive

inability to focus or SUSTAIN one's focus

hyperactivity-impulsivity

inability to inhibit dominant responses in relation to ongoing situational demands

inattention

inability to stick to tasks or play activities and to RESIST DISTRACTIONS

semistructured interviews

include specific questions designed to elicit information in a relatively consistent manner regardless of who is doing the interview

With the improved diagnostic distinction among various disorders and syndromes, there has been a (an):

increase in earlier recognition and understanding of previously understood or undetected problems.

Low serotonin activity has been found to be linked to which effect that may contribute to suicidal behaviors?

increased aggression

destructive-nondestructive dimension

independent feature of antisocial behavior consisting of a continuum ranging from negative to positive actions

overt-covert dimension

independent feature of behavior consisting of a continuum of antisocial behavior ranging from accessible to hidden

The current view of child development considers the interaction of

individual and environment

informed consent

individual's expressed willingness to participate in a research study, based on complete understanding of what's involved

genotype

individual's specific genetic makeup

moderator variables

influence the direction or strength of the relationship of variables of interest

causes

influence, either directly or indirectly through other variables, the occurrence of a behavior or disorder of interest

When a couple attends a parent-teacher conference to learn how their child is performing in the classroom, what are they engaged in

informant report

Interviews, observations, questionnaires, and tests are the __________ in a multimethod approach

informants

developmental history

information about potentially significant historical milestones and events that might have a bearing on a child's current difficulties

developmental history

information is obtained from the parents regarding potentially significant developmental milestones and historical events that might have a bearing on the child's current difficulties

family history

information regarding potentially significant developmental milestones and historical events that might have a bearing on a child's current difficulties

alerting

initial reaction to a stimulus involving the ability to prepare for what is about to happen

double depression

instance in which a major depressive episode is superimposed on the individual's previous persistent depressive disorder

problem-solving skills (PSST)

instruction targeting the cognitive deficiencies and distortions displayed by children who experience conduct problems in interpersonal situations

inclusion movement

integration of individuals with disabilities into regular classroom settings, regardless of the severity of the disability

cultural-familial group

intellectual disability (ID) in which there is no evidence of organic brain damage (usually associated with mild ID)

organic group

intellectual disability stemming from clear organic causes such as brain damage or improper central nervous system development

In a recent survey of 248 adolescent girls, which activity did NOT lead to eating disorders and body dissatisfaction?

intramural sports clubs

For children with ASD who cannot speak normally, encouraging them to make spontaneous, word-like sounds with their mouths can be used specifically in

learning language through operant speech training

Which of the following is NOT a medical problem that has been misdiagnosed as conversion or somatic symptom disorder?

leukemia

mild intellectual disability

level of impairment whereby children SHOW SMALL DELAYS in development early but typically aren't identified until early elementary years

profound intellectual disability

level of impairment whereby children SUFFER ORGANIC causes of impairment and are identified at a very young age

moderate intellectual disability

level of impairment whereby children are IDENTIFIED DURING PRESCHOOL years, when they show delays in reaching early developmental milestones

severe intellectual disability

level of impairment whereby children are IDENTIFIED IN INFANCY because of delays in development and biological anomalies

Rosita swings between periods of bottomless depression and high-flying enthusiasm. She never hits the middle. Her physician is MOST likely to recommend treatment with:

lithium

A documentary film series that interviews the same set of people every seven years could be considered an example of which of the following

longitudinal research

coercion theory

premise proposing that threatening parent-child interactions serve as the training ground for development of antisocial behavior

Dr. Michael Maddaus describes a childhood in which he experienced

low self-esteem

Hispanic Americans have _________ rates of high blood pressure, high cholesterol, asthma, and cancer when compared to white Americans or African Americans.

lower

neural plasticity

malleable nature of the brain, evidenced throughout the course of development (use-dependent)

This is a state or episode of euphoria or frenzied activity in which people may have an exaggerated belief that the world is theirs for the taking

mania

What was the first "disorder" that experts identified as being unique to children and adolescence?

masturbatory insanity

Suicide prevention centers:

may deliver services over the phone using paraprofessionals.

electroencephalogram (EEG)

measure of brain functioning whereby electrodes record the electrical activity of the brain

communication deviance

measure of interpersonal attentional and thought disturbance observed in families of children with schizophrenia or schizotypal personality disorder

electroencephalogram

measures electrical activity in the brain

Which type of variable is associated with the outcomes of research

mediator

It is predicted that by 2020 ________________ problems will surpass all _______________ diseases as a major cause of disability throughout the world

mental health; physical

Euthanasia is also called "_____.

mercy killing

molecular genetics

method that directly assesses the association between variations in DNA sequences and variations in particular traits

callous and unemotional (CU) interpersonal style

mode of social interaction characterized by absence of guilt, lack of empathy, and traits of narcissism and impulsivity

structured observation

monitoring in which a subject is given specific tasks to carry out, and researchers look for specific information

protoimperative gesture

movement or vocalization used to express needs, such as pointing to an object that one desires

The notion that people who are exposed to the same situations might end up in with very different outcomes demonstrates the concept of

multifinality

A perceptual map connects __________, which allows a child to hear the difference between words, no matter how closely they sound alike a. dedicated connections in the brain b. the auditory cortex to the ears c. similarities between sounds d. phonemes together to form language

multiple answers: A and D

If you print the letter R and see it as a picture of an R, which of the following words would best describe it as a symbol (of an R, of course)? a. Linguistic marker b. Semiologue c. Phoneme d. Grapheme

multiple answers: B and D

Dyscalculia can best be described as a. Dyscalculia is the inability to count numbers. b. Dyscalculia is the generic name for all disorders associated with math. c. Dyscalculia is the inability to perform more advanced calculations, such as division. d. Dyscalculia stands for a range of math difficulties.

multiple answers: C and D

Loretta, since she first "learned to talk," used what her mother called "cute ways of pointing, nodding, rolling her eyes, and shrugging her shoulders. Now, we have to say 'Use your words, Etta!'" What does this say about the role of parents in speech disorders? a. Parents can reinforce nonverbal forms of communication. b. Parents are the cause of their own frustration when it comes to talking to their children. c. Perhaps none, since Loretta may have a speech developmental problem. d. Loretta's mother, like many parents, took shortcuts in interacting with her daughter that had a deleterious effect.

multiple answers: a and c

Which of the following is key to advancing formal scientific knowledge in a particular field of study

multiple findings

What are the main characteristics of behavioural treatments?

o Assume that many abnormal child behaviors are learned. o Focus on re-educating the child using procedures derived from theories of learning or from research Positive reinforcement, time-out, modeling, and systematic desensitization o Often focus on changing child's environment

Excessive activity of the neurotransmitter _____ apparently contributes to slowdowns of the immune system.

norepinephrine

prevalence rate

number of cases of a disorder, whether new or existing, observed during a specified period of time

correlation coefficient

number that describes the degree of association between two variables of interest

correlation coefficient

number that describes the degree of association between two variables. from -1 to +1 with zero meaning no relationship. +1 = direct relationship -1 =indirect relationship

What is the objective of behavioural assessment?

o A strategy for evaluating the child's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in specific settings, and then using this information to formulate hypotheses about the nature of the problem and what can be done about it -direct observation rather than inference

What are the top 4 neurotransmitters implicated in disorders?

o Benzodiazepine-GABA - Anxiety o Dopamine - Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, ADHD o Norepinephrine - not specific disorders, but acts to regulate or modulate behavioral tendencies o Serotonin - Regulatory problems, OCD, Schizophrenia and Mood Disorders

What are 2 laws with profound effects on treatment?

o Education for All Handicapped Children Act (1975) - ensure education o Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (2004) - ensure rights

What are some failures of DSM-V?

o Failure to capture the complex adaptations, transactions and setting influences identified as crucial to understanding and treating psychopathology o Gives less attention to disorders of infancy and childhood o Fails to fully capture interrelationships and overlap in many childhood disorders o Relative lack of emphasis on situational and contextual factors surrounding and contributing to various disorders o In use - some children may not meet diagnostic criteria or their problems may fall into more than 1 DSM category and may not qualify for much needed services o Contains excessively large numbers of diagnostic categories of limited validity o Define disorders based on observable signs and symptoms that fail to map closely onto the underlying causes for these disorders. NIMH thus launched the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) to classify mental disorders based on their biological origins Aims to move towards laboratory-based approaches for more precise and effective treatments.

Describe theory and method of family treatments

o Family models challenge the view of psychopathology as residing only within the individual child. o Family therapies vary in assumptions and approach to treatment o Therapist interacts with whole family or a select subset of members. May focus on family interaction, communication, dynamics, contingencies, boundaries, or alliances

Describe some of the major checklists and rating scales used to assess child disorders

o Global behavior checklists are used to ask parents, teachers, and sometimes the youths themselves to rate the presence or absence of a wide variety of child behaviors or to rate the frequency and intensity of these behaviors o Strengths - degree of standardization and ability to compare child's scores to known reference groups of same age, same gender, economical to administer and score, and provide rich info o Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) - a leading checklist designed by Thomas Achenback for children 6-18. Reliable and valid. Has been used to assess children in 80 or more cultural groups and has proven robust. o Briefer versions can also be given, some to assess progress as treatment continues o There are also rating scales that are more specific and focus on single disorders o Usually parents and teachers do these, but child-friendly self-report checklists are an option o Rating scales provide a more specific look at problems than global checklists

What are the two types of observational methods?

o Naturalistic observation = observing behaviour of child and others under child's natural environment o Structured observation = observing behaviour of child in highly structured situation involving specific tasks or instructions usually carried out in the clinic or lab Need to have task that elicits behaviour of interest Cost effective; focused observations; useful for studying child behaviours that occur infrequently; greater control over situation; permit use of other assessment procedures Bad because of problems of representation i.e. do observations in clinic provide representative sample?

What are neurobiological treatments?

o Psychopathology as a result of neurobiological impairment or dysfunction and rely primarily on pharmacological and other biological approaches to treatment. o Growing interest in developing interventions that target basic mechanisms such as gene expression, neurotransmission abnormalities, etc o Besides pills, ECT for depression, large doses of vitamins of minerals for ASD, and scrupulous elimination of food additives and preservatives for ADHD o Use of psychotropic drugs in children increased drastically from late 1980s to mid 1990s as public acceptance grew o Concerns about use in very young children and frequent abuse or misuse by adolescents. o Disproportionately used by whites (20 vs 4-9% of youth)

What are client-centred treatments? Main theory?

o Psychopathology as the result of social or environmental circumstances that are imposed on the child and interfere with their basic capacity for personal growth and adaptive functioning. o Therapist relates empathically and respects child's capacity to achieve their goals

What are the 3 major patterns of attachment?

o Secure o Insecure (avoidant or resistant) o Disorganized, disoriented

What are the main characteristics of psychodynamic treatments?

o View child psychopathology as determined by underlying unconscious and conscious conflicts. o Focus on helping child develop an awareness of unconscious factors that may be contributing to his or her problems. o Play therapy or verbal interactions with therapist o Some support for effectiveness, more research needed

What are cultural syndromes?

o a pattern of co-occurring, relatively invariant symptoms associated with a particular cultural group, community or context ie. mal de ojo (evil eye) in Mediterranean and Latino communities, causes fitful sleep, crying with no reason, diarrhea, vomiting, and fever in children.

These theorists emphasize relationships and propose that depression results when people's relationships leave them feeling unsafe and insecure.

object relations

Mary Ainsworth's laboratory experiment of the "strange situation" was intended to

observe the strength or weakness of the attachment bond

naturalistic observation

observing in child's natural environment

attachment

ongoing process of establishing and maintaining an emotional bond with parents or other significant caregivers

The fact that a child must learn to babble before they can talk is an example of which of the following

organization of development

Which of the following terms best reflects the scientific approach to research

organized

comorbidity

overlapping of two or more disorders at a rate greater than would be expected by chance alone

Shneidman believed that the key to suicide is a feeling of psychological:

pain.

What is the term that refers to suicide attempt that does not result in death?

parasuicide

What is Munchausen syndrome by proxy?

parents intentionally make their child sick

behavioral activation system (BAS)

part of the brain that initiates behavior in response to cues of reward or nonpunishment

behavioral inhibition system (BIS)

part of the brain that produces anxiety and hinders ongoing behavior in the presence of novel events

brain circuit

path made up of clustered neurons that connect one part of the brain to another

brain circuits

paths made up of clustered neurons that connect one part of the brain to another

oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)

pattern of angry/irritable mood, argumentative behavior, or vindictiveness lasting at least 6 months

psychological disorder

pattern of behavioral, cognitive, or physical symptoms that causes significant distress in the subject

externalizing problems

pattern of behaviors that begins during childhood and encompasses behaviors such as aggression and delinquent behavior

internalizing problems

pattern of behaviors that begins during childhood and includes anxiety, depression, somatic symptoms, and withdrawn behavior

cultural syndrome

pattern of co-occurring, relatively invariant symptoms associated with a particular cultural group, community, or context

psychopathic features

pattern of deceitful, callous, manipulative, and remorseless behavior

Those who develop anorexia nervosa tend to have what characteristic prior to the disorder?

perfectionism

Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder

persistent difficulty with the social use of language and communication

impulsive

person who is prone to acting with little or no consideration of possible consequences

hyperactive

person with an unusually high level of energy and an inability to remain still

positive bias (positive illusory bias)

person's report of higher self-esteem than is warranted by his or her behavior

quality of life

person's subjective perception of their situation as evidenced by physical, psychological, and social functioning

protective factor

personal or situational variable that reduces the chances for a child to develop a disorder

Jenny has a hard time telling certain words apart. For example, she cannot read the difference between the word "carpenter" and "caterpillar." She has a problem with

phonemes

Which term reflects how the brain continually changes based on the demands placed on it

plasticity

Suicide programs that are put into action following an individual's suicide are referred to as:

postvention.

Psychodynamic theorists say that _____ and _____ are the two mechanisms at work in hysterical somatoform disorders.

primary gain; secondary gain

target behaviors

primary problems of concern

developmental cascades

process by child a child's previous interactions and experiences may spread across other systems and alter his or her course of development (chain reaction)

developmental cascades

process by which a child's previous experiences and interactions may spread across systems and alter development

Standardization

process by which a set of norms is specified for a measurement to be used consistently across different assessments

transaction

process by which the subject and environment interact in a dynamic fashion to contribute to the expression of a disorder

transaction

process by which the subject and environment interact to contribute to the expression of a disorder

clinical assessment

process of differentiating, defining, and measuring behaviors, cognitions, and emotions, as well as environmental circumstances

treatment planning and evaluation

process of using assessment information to generate a treatment plan and evaluate its effectiveness

Parent Management Training (PMT)

program aimed at teaching adults to cope with their child's difficult behavior and their reactions to it

parent management training (PMT)

program aimed at teaching mothers and fathers to cope effectively with their child's difficult behavior

heritability

proportion of the variance of a trait that is attributable to genetic influences

The practice of facilitated communication with autistic children is considered an example of which of the following

pseudoscience

Which type of theorist believes that conversion and somatic symptom disorders are caused by unconscious conflicts carried forth from childhood, which arouse anxiety, and that individuals convert this anxiety into more tolerable physical symptoms?

psychodynamic

What do you call the study of the connections between stress, the body's immune system, and illness?

psychoneuroimmunology

developmental task

psychosocial task of childhood that reflects broad domains of competence and indicates how children typically progress

intervention

range of problem-solving strategies directed at helping the child and family adapt to their circumstances

childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS)

rare and possibly severe condition that has an onset prior to age 18 and worse long-term outcomes

prevalence rates

refer to all cases, whether new or previously existing, observed during a specified period of time

culture-bound syndromes

refer to recurrent patterns of maladaptive behaviors and/or troubling experiences specifically associated with different cultures or localities

treatment

refers to corrective actions that will permit successful adaption by eliminating or reducing the impact of an undesired outcome that has already occurred

external validity

refers to the degree to which findings can be generalized, or extended to people, settings, times, measures, and characteristics other than the ones in a particular study

screening

refers to the identification of children at risk, who are then referred for a more thorough evaluation

pronoun reversal

repetition of personal pronouns exactly as heard, without changing them according to the person being referred to

conduct disorder (CD)

repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others are violated

self-stimulatory behavior

repetitive body movements or movements of objects, such as hand flapping or spinning a pencil

informed consent

requires all participants be fully informed of the nature of the research as well as the risks, benefits, expected outcomes and alternatives before they agree to participate

real-time prospective designs

research sample is identified then followed over time with data collected at specific time intervals

qualitative research

research type using narrative accounts, description, interpretation, context, and meaning

true experiment

researcher has maximum control over the independent variable or conditions of interest and can use random assignment of subjects to groups, include needed control conditions, and control bias

In order to understand the causes and contributing factors to a suicide, researchers often gather information about a person who has ended his or her life. They may talk to friends, family members, or colleagues. They may examine paperwork or records. With appropriate permission, they may talk to doctors or other professionals in an attempt to build a picture of the suicide victim's state of mind and motivation. This kind of "psychological autopsy" is formally called a(n):

retrospective analysis.

Which is NOT a diagnostic criterion of anorexia nervosa?

rigid compensatory behaviors, including exercising, misuse of laxatives, and self-induced vomiting

The surgeon in the video, Dr. Michael Maddaus, talks about difficulties in his early life. According to the reading, elements associated with an increased vulnerability to psychological disorders are collectively called __________ factors.

risk

From the perspective of abnormal child psychology, a harsh parenting style in the family home would be classified as a ________ of a particular disorder.

risk factor

life-course-persistent (LCP) path

route to antisocial behavior in which the child engages in antisocial behavior starting at an early age

adolescent-limited (AL) path

route to antisocial behavior whereby the child's antisocial behavior begins around puberty, and desists in young adulthood

retrospective design

sample of people is identified at the current time and asked for information relating to an earlier time

After a binge, a bulimia nervosa client feels all the following emotions EXCEPT:

satiation.

single-case experimental designs

schema most frequently used to evaluate the impact of a clinical treatment on a subject's problem

eugenics

science that deals with all influences that improve the inborn qualities of a race

developmental pathway

sequence and timing of particular behaviors and possible relationships between behaviors over time

Research suggests that mania may be linked to low _____ activity.

serotonin

What neurotransmitter may play a role in eating disorders?

serotonin

tic disorders

set of conditions characterized by sudden, repetitive, nonrhythmic motor movements or sounds

categorical classification

set of diagnostic systems that are primarily based on informed professional consensus

nonshared environment

set of factors that produces behavioral differences among siblings living in the same household

shared environment

set of factors that produces similarities in developmental outcomes among siblings living in the same household

emotion regulation

set of processes by which emotional arousal is redirected, controlled, or modified to facilitate adaptive functioning

negative cognitive schemata

set of stable structures in memory that guide information processing consistent with the subject's negative self-image

phonemes

set of the basic sounds that make up language

self-injurious behavior (SIB)

severe and sometimes life-threatening acts that cause damage to the subject's own body

resilience

showing sustained competence under stress

learning disability

significant difficulty in mastering one or more of the following skills: listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, and mathematics

decoding

skill necessary for reading that involves breaking words down into parts

Which is NOT a behavioral symptom of depression?

sleep disturbance

A young boy who sees his friend get hit and killed by a car and then as a teenager is afraid to learn to drive may be experiencing which of the following

sleeper effect

Darnell knows that he's great at sports and that most of the kids in his class like him and think he's funny. What is Darnell demonstrating?

social cognition

According to most modern cultural anthropologists, the concept of race is

socioculturally constructed

Madeline appeared at the clinic complaining of pain in her knee, shoulder, and abdomen, nausea and vomiting, and exhaustion. She is truly experiencing these symptoms although a known physical cause cannot be identified. The patient history revealed that she had been going to clinics for years trying to get treatment for these complaints and a host of other physical symptoms. The diagnostic consensus was that Madeline suffered from:

somatic symptom disorder.

DSM-5's diagnostic criteria uses __________ to rate subtypes of a disorder

specifiers

standardization

specifies standards or norms for a method of measurement that are to be used consistently across different assessments of the construct of interest

The WISC-V places greater emphasis on fluid reasoning, higher-order reasoning, and information-processing speed than other factors such as spelling because __________.

spelling is seen as being culturally influenced

cultural compatibility hypothesis

states that treatment is likely to be more effective when compatible with the cultural patterns of the child and family

What should an investigator do when over the course of research the potential for causing harm to child subjects becomes apparent

stop the research project

behavioral assessment

strategy for evaluating the child's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in specific settings, then using this information to formulate hypotheses about the nature of the problem and what can be done about it

retrospective design

strategy in which people in the research sample are asked to provide information relating to an earlier time

research design

strategy used to examine questions of interest

cortisol

stress hormone produced by the adrenal glands

central coherence

strong tendency of humans to interpret stimuli in a global way that takes the broader context into account

The well-known Strange Situation procedure used to identify child attachment styles is an example of which of the following

structured observation

qualitative research

study for which the purpose is to describe, interpret, and understand the phenomenon of interest

epidemiological research

study of incidence, prevalence, and co-occurrence of childhood disorders and competencies in clinic-referred and community samples

etiology

study of the causes of disorders

cross-sectional research

study whereby different individuals at different ages/stages of development are studied at the same point in time

longitudinal research

study whereby the same individuals are studied at different ages/stages of development

shared environment

subtype of environmental influences that refers to the environmental factors that produce similarities in developmental outcomes among siblings living in the same household. if siblings are more similar than expected from only their shared genetics this implies an effect of the environment both siblings share, such as being exposed to marital conflict, or poverty, or being parented in a similar manner

clinical description

summarizes the unique behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that together make up the features of the child's psychological disorder

clinical description

summary of unique behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that together make up the features of a given psychological disorder

co-rumination

system for representing the major categories of child psychopathology and the boundaries and relations among them

classification

system for representing the major categories or dimensions of child psychopathology and the boundaries and relations among them

research

systematic way of finding answers to questions

best practice guidelines

systematically developed statements to assist practitioners and patients with decisions regarding appropriate treatments for specific clinical conditions

categorical classification

systems are based primarily on informed professional consensus, an approach that has dominated and continues to dominate the field of child psychopathology

test

task given under standard conditions to assess some aspect of the subject's knowledge, skill, personality, or condition

test

task or set of tasks given under standard conditions with the purpose of assessing some aspect of the child's knowledge, skill or personality

self-instructional training

teaching children to use verbal cues to process information, to keep themselves on task

operant speech training

teaching strategy that involves a step-by-step approach that successively increases the child's vocalizations; and teaches them to imitate sounds

inclusion

teaching strategy that the abilities of children with special needs will improve from associating with normally developing peers

response-cost procedure

technique for managing a subject's behavior involving the loss of reinforcers following inappropriate behavior

A child who is described as "slow to warm up" would be characterized as having a fearful

temperament

hostile attributional bias

tendency of aggressive children to ascribe negative intent to others, especially when another child;s intentions are unclear

distractibility

term used to describe deficits in ability to concentrate exclusively on relevant stimuli

natural experiment

test in which comparisons are made between preexisting conditions or treatments

competence

the ability to successfully adapt to their environment

organization of development

the assumption that early patterns of adaption evolve over time and transform into higher-order functions in a structured manner

assent

the child shows some form of agreement to participation without necessarily understanding the full significance of the research, which may be beyond younger children's cognitive abilities

equifinality

the concept that similar outcomes stem from different early experiences and developmental pathways

multifinality

the concept that various outcomes may stem from similar beginnings

reliability

the consistency/repeatability of results obtained using a specific measurement method

Which of the following carries the ultimate responsibility for the ethical integrity of a research project

the investigator

neural plasticity

the malleable nature of the brain, evidenced throughout the course of development

molecular genetics

the methods of genetics that directly assess the association between variations in particular traits. more than an association, variations in genetic sequences are thought to cause variations in the traits. these methods offer more direct support for genetic influences on child psychopathology

Effectiveness

the performance of an intervention under 'real-world' conditions

Efficacy

the performance of an intervention under ideal and controlled circumstances

emotion regulation

the process by which emotional arousal is directed, controlled or modified to facilitate adaptive functioning

attachment

the process of establishing and maintaining an emotional bond with parents or other significant caregivers

mediator variables

the process, mechanism, or means through which a variable produces a particular outcome

longitudinal research

the same children are studied at different ages or periods of development

etiology

the study of the causes of disorders. with respect to childhood disorders, considers how biological, psychological, and environmental processes interact

Suicide can be caused by immediate or long-term stressors. Which circumstance would NOT be considered a long-term stressor?

the sudden death of a loved one

epigenetic

the underlying biological changes to genetic structure resulting from environmental factors such as toxins, diet, stress and many others

Health promotion practices are focused on enabling each person to achieve

their potential their health potential

social learning

theoretical approach to studying behavior interested in overt behaviors and how possible cognitive mediators may influence such behaviors

discontinuity

theoretical position for explaining development proposing that normal and abnormal development changes are abrupt and qualitative. discontinuity theorists, such as Piaget and Erikson, argue that children pass through developmental stages that are qualitatively different from each other

discontinuity

theoretical position for explaining development that proposes that normal and abnormal developmental changes are abrupt and qualitative

continuity

theoretical position for explaining development that proposes that normal and abnormal developmental changes are gradual and quantitative

continuity

theoretical position for explaining development which proposes that normal and abnormal developmental changes are gradual and quantitative. Continuity theorists argue that development is an additive process that is ongoing rather than happening in distinct stages.

family systems

theory that one's behavior can be most accurately understood in context of the dynamics of their family

family systems

theory that the behavior of an individual can be most accurately understood in the context of the dynamics of his or her family

diathesis-stress model of depression

theory that the impact of stress is moderated by individual risk factors, such as genetic risk

cultural compatibility hypothesis

theory that treatment is likely to be more effective when consistent with the child's and family's beliefs

eclectic

they use different approaches for children with different problems and circumstances and that they see most of these approaches as having value

When developing and conducting research focused on children, when must ethical factors be considered

throughout the process

Which term best reflects the relationship between a child and their environment?

transactional

A "weight thermostat" that is responsible for keeping an individual at a particular weight level is called:

weight set point.

According to Beck, individuals repeatedly interpret their experiences, themselves, and their futures in negative ways that lead them to feel depressed. He calls this the cognitive:

triad.

true experiment

trial in which the researcher has maximum control over the independent variable or conditions of interest

An adult who has an anxious, avoidant attachment style would likely have difficulties with which aspect of relationships

trust

Nearly _________of parents report _______________behaviors other than the core symptoms of ADHD as be the most concerning. a. three-fourths; compulsive b. one-half; defiance c. one-sixths; neuro-cognitive d. two-thirds; aggression

two-thirds; aggression

hopelessness theory

view that depression-prone individuals make internal, stable attributions to explain negative events and external, unstable attributions about positive events

naturalistic observation

unstructured observation of a child in his or her natural environment

clinical assessments

use systematic problem-solving strategies to understand children with disturbances and their family and school environments

developmental tests

used to assess infants and young children and are generally carried out for the purposes of screening, diagnosis and evaluation of early development

neuroimaging

used to examine structure and function of living brains (PET, fMRI)

treatment planning and evaluation

using assessment information to generate a plan to address the child's problem and evaluate its effectiveness

Protective Factor

variable that precedes a negative outcome of interest and DECREASES chances that the outcome will occur A personal or situational variable that reduces the likelihood that a child will develop a psychological disorder is called a

Risk Factor

variable that precedes a negative outcome of interest and INCREASES chances that the outcome will occur

risk factor

variable that precedes an outcome of interest and increases the chances of a negative or certain outcome

correlates

variables that are associated at a particular point in time with no clear proof that one precedes the other

Who were two pioneers of children's rights?

• John Locke (1632-1704): an English philosopher and physician who believed in individual's rights and expressed the novel opinion that children should be raised with thought and care instead of indifference and harsh treatment. • Jean Marc Itard (1774-1838): launched in the 17th century a new era of helping orientation toward special children, which initially focused on the care, treatment, and training of the people then termed "mental defectives"