ANS 3310 Final
Define cross contamination
"the physical transfer of contaminate/hazard from one item to the next"
The HACCP is broken down into several major steps. How many steps are there?
7
What is a prion?
A misfolded protein that causes disease
Parasites are named based on their locomotion. Within the protozoan group, "Sporozoan" varieties have what type of motion?
Adults do not move, they are spore-like
What is the fourth group of food safety hazards that are not always included with the main three?
Allergens
____ the only ciliate parasite that can cause infections in humans
B. coli
With regards to the 28-Hour rule, what forms of transportation are not required to give breaks to animals in transport?
Boat
How are most cases of prion diseases diagnosed in animals?
Brain tissue sample
Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) an be triggered by a WHAT bacterial infection?
Campylobacter
___ Bacteria that commonly causes complications like temporary paralysis and Guillan-Barre syndrome
Campylobacter
In the 1970s, the FDA incorporated HACCP into their programing due to major outbreaks of what bacteria in canned goods?
Clostridium
_____ Bacteria that cannot be passed from one person to the next but is commonly contracted where large amounts of food are produced
Clostridium
What is the more proper or scientific name for spherical bacteria?
Cocci
Which of the following is NOT true of prions?
Contains nucleic acid genetic material
___ A parasite that is highly resistant to chlorine and alcohol cleaning agents
Cryptosporidium
What is the name of the muscle that lies under the skin of livestock animals? It is known as the "skin twitch" or "fly twitch" muscle.
Cutaneous trunci
Cyanide is a compound that is produced by crushing plant parts. What type of chemical hazard is capable of producing cyanide?
Cyanogenic glycosides
Which of the following is true of livestock vision?
Decreased depth perception
What is one of the most common side effects of food borne illness that may lead to hospitalization?
Dehydration
What is one example of a physical hazard?
Dirt
What type of cleaning process utilizes chemical agents to reduce microbial population and requires specific contact or dwell times to be effective?
Disinfection
Which of the following is a violation while working with animals in a processing facility or while transporting animals?
Dragging conscious animals
What approved animal handling tool is known to become harmful/abusive when overused or used improperly?
Electric Prod
Which food additive may not end up in the final product?
Enzyme preparations
True or False - Cleaning is the action of reducing microbial cell numbers on a surface
FALSE; Cleaning is the removal of physical items, SANITIZING is the decrease of microbial loads
True or False - Tape worms can not be killed even when held at extremely cold temperatures.
FALSE; Tapeworms can be killed if they are chilled to a low enough temperature AND held at that temperature for a long enough period of time.
True or False - HACCP is only used in the US
FALSE; its internationally recognized
True or False - All roundworms are considered parasites.
FALSE; leeches are used for medical purposes.
True or False - Ectoparasites are a type of virus.
FALSE; they are parasites
True or False - "Dark Cutters" are pigs that have too much glucose in their muscle.
False;
True or False - Animals have less taste buds than humans.
False;
True or False - At-home prepared food is safe to eat when stored for in the refrigerator for 7 or more days.
False;
True or False - Bacteria are prokaryotes, meaning they are made up of multiple cells.
False;
True or False - Cortisol is known as the "happy" hormone in animals.
False;
True or False - Kuru is a prion disease that is localized to New Delhi.
False; •Well-known disease found in New Guinea
True or False - Food additives do not have to be checked for safety prior to use.
False; ◦Food additives need to be checked for potential harmful effects on human health before they can be used.
True or False - Bioaccumulation is the buildup of chemicals within an organism over time.
False; Bioaccumulation is the increase of a hazard in an organism over time
True or False - All food colorings that are used in the US are used by other countries.
False; FDC Green 3 is not allowed in the European Union
True or False - Prions can be denatured or destroyed if they are heat shocked at 400 F for one hour.
False; no cure
True or False - Animals need more space in a trailer when the temperatures are cold.
False; they use each others body heat to stay warm. need more space if it is hot outside
True or False - Viruses are treated using antibiotics.
False; viruses are not considered living and are not treated with antibiotics
Most parasites can be diagnosed through sampling what?
Fecal matter
What does FDC mean in reference to food coloring?
Food, Drug, Cosmetic
___ Protozoan that has a hearty outer shell that makes it resistant to chlorine and is commonly found in water
Giardia
____ Bacteria that is found in over half the world's population and is known to cause ulcers of the GI tract
H. pylori
What is the HACCP system? What does it stand for OR what is it's purpose?
Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point - an international system for food safety that capitalizes on PREVENTION of food borne illness.
Which of the following is a class or subgroup of chemical hazards?
Heavy metals - CHEMICAL
___ A short term viral infection that has no treatment or cure but there is a preventative vaccine available
Hepatitis A
Enzyme preparations are used to...
Increase production or quality of a product
Who can remove a "US Rejected Tag" from equipment or a portion of a facility?
Inspector
Helminths are round worms (nematodes) and segmented worms (annelids). Name ONE helminth that is NOT considered a parasite and what it can be used for.
Leeches for medical use; Localized venous congestion after surgery, improve blood flow, remove clotted blood
Protozoan parasites are classified based on what?
Mode of movement or locomotion
Helminths are parasites but they differ slightly from protozoan parasites. Which of the following is true of helminths but not protozoans?
Multicellular
Mycotoxins are produced by molds and fungi. These toxins fall under what category of chemical hazards?
Naturally occurring toxins
___ a virus that is not related to the flu virus and is the most common viral cause for food borne illness
Norovirus
When preparing food, you maybe asked to wear a hair net. What type of hazard is hair?
Physical
What type of products cause a majority of food borne illnesses?
Poultry
_____ abnormal protein that attacks the brain and neural tissues of humans and animals
Prion
What bacteria was originally discovered by Dr. Daniel E. Salmon?
Salmonella
____ Bacteria Commonly carried by reptiles, poultry, and livestock animals
Salmonella
Protozoan parasites are classified based on their movement. Which class uses "false feet" or their flexible cell membrane to move?
Sarcodina
____ this helminth may not cause symptoms and is found in undercooked fish
Tape worm
Define the term "sterilization" with regards to food safety.
The process of decontamination by utilizing a combination of chemical application, heat, and/or pressure to eliminate any and all parthenogenic microbes on a surface.
Define Contact Time
The time needed for a cleaning/sanitizing agent to be effective
What general type of helminth is known for residing in the GI tract and has needle-like projections on its body?
Thorny-headed worms
True or False - As a rule of thumb, HOT food should be kept hot, and cold food should be kept cold to prevent microbial growth.
True
True or False - Bacteria can be classified based on if they exist as singles, pairs, chains, or clusters.
True
True or False - Bacteria that are gram negative have two membranes and appear pink or red after gram staining.
True
True or False - Flavoring additives can be natural or artificial.
True
True or False - Food borne illness, or food poisoning, is caused by eating food that is contaminated by bacteria or another harmful substance.
True
True or False - Hand washing is one of the simplest ways to prevent food borne illness.
True
True or False - Rapid heart rate can be indicative of stress.
True
True or False - Room temperature is considered the "danger zone" for bacterial growth.
True
True or False - The leading cause of carcass bruising in cattle overcrowding.
True
True or False - You can face civil penalties if you lie on HACCP documents.
True
True or False - it is possible to develop a vaccine for a virus
True; Example is COVID-19
True or False - Ectoparasites are known as vectors for disease transmission.
True; Example is Mosquitoes
What type of infectious agent is extremely small and needs a host cell for reproduction?
Viruses
Pig carcasses may be deemed DFD, or dark, firm, and dry, when what happens?
When animals are not fed close to slaughter
What are the four general types of infectious agents we talked about in class?
a. Bacteria b. viruses c. parasites d. prions
Bacteria can be classified by what features?
a. Cell wall/cell membrane structure b. Cell shape c. Cellular grouping
What are the three main groups of food safety hazards?
a. Chemical b. Biological c. Physical
Name different possible sources of violations that you may observe while at a slaughter plant or while handling/transporting animals.
a. Excessive physical contact b. misusing handling equipment c. improper handling of ambulatory and non ambulatory animals d. running equipment over sensible or insensible animals for any reason e. physically wounding any sensible animals f. driving animals off semi-trailers over a drop off without providing adequate unloading equipment g. leaving animals in adverse weather conditions while waiting to unload h. flagrant and intentional violation of bedding or boarding requirements i. violation of emergency action plan j. intentional misrepresentation of identity k. delivering under suspension or termination l. Trailer in poor condition m. overcrowding of trailer n. intentional disregard for delivery schedules o. Failure to comply with certain packer requirements p. rude/abrupt behavior or language that does result in fear or the intent to cause bodily harm/injury
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) exists in different varieties based on how the prion is acquired. Name one of those varieties and how it enters the body.
a. Familial - inherited condition b. Sporadic - develops suddenly from unknown factors. Most cases are sporadic and occur around the age of 60 c. Acquired - caused by exposure to infected tissue (ex. Organ transplant) d. Variant - infectious form of the disease that is related to "mad cow disease", caused by the consumption of the prion, usually affects younger individuals
What are the three main types of cross contamination?
a. Food to food b. People to food c. Equipment to food
Name the 5 freedoms of animal welfare.
a. Freedom from thirst and hunger b. Freedom from discomfort due to environment c. Freedom from pain, injury, and disease d. Freedom from fear or distress e. Freedom to express normal behavior
What makes viruses different from bacteria?
a. Live? Core contains genetic info. b. Must have a host cell to reproduce, c. can't treat with antibiotics
Prion diseases can affect both humans and animals. Name the two prion diseases we discussed in class.
a. Mad Cow Disease / Bovine spongiform encephalopathy - Cattle b. Scrapie - Sheep/Goat
Name reasons why food coloring maybe used
a. Offset color loss from light and temperature exposure, temperature extremes, moisture or storage conditions b. Correct natural variations in coloration c. Enhance colors that are naturally occurring d. Provide color to a food that does not have color
Name the four major causes of carcass damage across species
a. Overcrowding b. Fighting c. Handler roughness d. Poorly maintained facilities
There are three general groups of food additives, flavoring additives, enzyme preparations, and other additives. What are the three reasons why "other" food additives are used.
a. Preservation b. Enhance or change the coloring c. Sweetening
Name the three general groups of parasites that we covered in class.
a. Protozoa, b. helminths, c. ectoparasites
Explain how dry storage goods should be kept.
a. Storage area should be clean, dry, well-ventilated, and have good lighting b. Area should be protected from pests and moisture c. Food should be in sealed containers d. Metal, glass, food-grade plastic, etc.
What affects the carcass quality of an animal near slaughter?
a. Stress b. Handling c. Transportation conditions
Name two examples of ectoparasites
a. Ticks b. mosquitos
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are compounds that accumulate in the environment and human body. Where do POPs come from or where are they produced?
a. Unwanted by-products of industrial processes and waste incineration b. Found world-wide
