ANS 3310 Final

Define cross contamination

"the physical transfer of contaminate/hazard from one item to the next"

The HACCP is broken down into several major steps. How many steps are there?

7

What is a prion?

A misfolded protein that causes disease

Parasites are named based on their locomotion. Within the protozoan group, "Sporozoan" varieties have what type of motion?

Adults do not move, they are spore-like

What is the fourth group of food safety hazards that are not always included with the main three?

Allergens

____ the only ciliate parasite that can cause infections in humans

B. coli

With regards to the 28-Hour rule, what forms of transportation are not required to give breaks to animals in transport?

Boat

How are most cases of prion diseases diagnosed in animals?

Brain tissue sample

Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) an be triggered by a WHAT bacterial infection?

Campylobacter

___ Bacteria that commonly causes complications like temporary paralysis and Guillan-Barre syndrome

Campylobacter

In the 1970s, the FDA incorporated HACCP into their programing due to major outbreaks of what bacteria in canned goods?

Clostridium

_____ Bacteria that cannot be passed from one person to the next but is commonly contracted where large amounts of food are produced

Clostridium

What is the more proper or scientific name for spherical bacteria?

Cocci

Which of the following is NOT true of prions?

Contains nucleic acid genetic material

___ A parasite that is highly resistant to chlorine and alcohol cleaning agents

Cryptosporidium

What is the name of the muscle that lies under the skin of livestock animals? It is known as the "skin twitch" or "fly twitch" muscle.

Cutaneous trunci

Cyanide is a compound that is produced by crushing plant parts. What type of chemical hazard is capable of producing cyanide?

Cyanogenic glycosides

Which of the following is true of livestock vision?

Decreased depth perception

What is one of the most common side effects of food borne illness that may lead to hospitalization?

Dehydration

What is one example of a physical hazard?

Dirt

What type of cleaning process utilizes chemical agents to reduce microbial population and requires specific contact or dwell times to be effective?

Disinfection

Which of the following is a violation while working with animals in a processing facility or while transporting animals?

Dragging conscious animals

What approved animal handling tool is known to become harmful/abusive when overused or used improperly?

Electric Prod

Which food additive may not end up in the final product?

Enzyme preparations

True or False - Cleaning is the action of reducing microbial cell numbers on a surface

FALSE; Cleaning is the removal of physical items, SANITIZING is the decrease of microbial loads

True or False - Tape worms can not be killed even when held at extremely cold temperatures.

FALSE; Tapeworms can be killed if they are chilled to a low enough temperature AND held at that temperature for a long enough period of time.

True or False - HACCP is only used in the US

FALSE; its internationally recognized

True or False - All roundworms are considered parasites.

FALSE; leeches are used for medical purposes.

True or False - Ectoparasites are a type of virus.

FALSE; they are parasites

True or False - "Dark Cutters" are pigs that have too much glucose in their muscle.

False;

True or False - Animals have less taste buds than humans.

False;

True or False - At-home prepared food is safe to eat when stored for in the refrigerator for 7 or more days.

False;

True or False - Bacteria are prokaryotes, meaning they are made up of multiple cells.

False;

True or False - Cortisol is known as the "happy" hormone in animals.

False;

True or False - Kuru is a prion disease that is localized to New Delhi.

False; •Well-known disease found in New Guinea

True or False - Food additives do not have to be checked for safety prior to use.

False; ◦Food additives need to be checked for potential harmful effects on human health before they can be used.

True or False - Bioaccumulation is the buildup of chemicals within an organism over time.

False; Bioaccumulation is the increase of a hazard in an organism over time

True or False - All food colorings that are used in the US are used by other countries.

False; FDC Green 3 is not allowed in the European Union

True or False - Prions can be denatured or destroyed if they are heat shocked at 400 F for one hour.

False; no cure

True or False - Animals need more space in a trailer when the temperatures are cold.

False; they use each others body heat to stay warm. need more space if it is hot outside

True or False - Viruses are treated using antibiotics.

False; viruses are not considered living and are not treated with antibiotics

Most parasites can be diagnosed through sampling what?

Fecal matter

What does FDC mean in reference to food coloring?

Food, Drug, Cosmetic

___ Protozoan that has a hearty outer shell that makes it resistant to chlorine and is commonly found in water

Giardia

____ Bacteria that is found in over half the world's population and is known to cause ulcers of the GI tract

H. pylori

What is the HACCP system? What does it stand for OR what is it's purpose?

Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point - an international system for food safety that capitalizes on PREVENTION of food borne illness.

Which of the following is a class or subgroup of chemical hazards?

Heavy metals - CHEMICAL

___ A short term viral infection that has no treatment or cure but there is a preventative vaccine available

Hepatitis A

Enzyme preparations are used to...

Increase production or quality of a product

Who can remove a "US Rejected Tag" from equipment or a portion of a facility?

Inspector

Helminths are round worms (nematodes) and segmented worms (annelids). Name ONE helminth that is NOT considered a parasite and what it can be used for.

Leeches for medical use; Localized venous congestion after surgery, improve blood flow, remove clotted blood

Protozoan parasites are classified based on what?

Mode of movement or locomotion

Helminths are parasites but they differ slightly from protozoan parasites. Which of the following is true of helminths but not protozoans?

Multicellular

Mycotoxins are produced by molds and fungi. These toxins fall under what category of chemical hazards?

Naturally occurring toxins

___ a virus that is not related to the flu virus and is the most common viral cause for food borne illness

Norovirus

When preparing food, you maybe asked to wear a hair net. What type of hazard is hair?

Physical

What type of products cause a majority of food borne illnesses?

Poultry

_____ abnormal protein that attacks the brain and neural tissues of humans and animals

Prion

What bacteria was originally discovered by Dr. Daniel E. Salmon?

Salmonella

____ Bacteria Commonly carried by reptiles, poultry, and livestock animals

Salmonella

Protozoan parasites are classified based on their movement. Which class uses "false feet" or their flexible cell membrane to move?

Sarcodina

____ this helminth may not cause symptoms and is found in undercooked fish

Tape worm

Define the term "sterilization" with regards to food safety.

The process of decontamination by utilizing a combination of chemical application, heat, and/or pressure to eliminate any and all parthenogenic microbes on a surface.

Define Contact Time

The time needed for a cleaning/sanitizing agent to be effective

What general type of helminth is known for residing in the GI tract and has needle-like projections on its body?

Thorny-headed worms

True or False - As a rule of thumb, HOT food should be kept hot, and cold food should be kept cold to prevent microbial growth.

True

True or False - Bacteria can be classified based on if they exist as singles, pairs, chains, or clusters.

True

True or False - Bacteria that are gram negative have two membranes and appear pink or red after gram staining.

True

True or False - Flavoring additives can be natural or artificial.

True

True or False - Food borne illness, or food poisoning, is caused by eating food that is contaminated by bacteria or another harmful substance.

True

True or False - Hand washing is one of the simplest ways to prevent food borne illness.

True

True or False - Rapid heart rate can be indicative of stress.

True

True or False - Room temperature is considered the "danger zone" for bacterial growth.

True

True or False - The leading cause of carcass bruising in cattle overcrowding.

True

True or False - You can face civil penalties if you lie on HACCP documents.

True

True or False - it is possible to develop a vaccine for a virus

True; Example is COVID-19

True or False - Ectoparasites are known as vectors for disease transmission.

True; Example is Mosquitoes

What type of infectious agent is extremely small and needs a host cell for reproduction?

Viruses

Pig carcasses may be deemed DFD, or dark, firm, and dry, when what happens?

When animals are not fed close to slaughter

What are the four general types of infectious agents we talked about in class?

a. Bacteria b. viruses c. parasites d. prions

Bacteria can be classified by what features?

a. Cell wall/cell membrane structure b. Cell shape c. Cellular grouping

What are the three main groups of food safety hazards?

a. Chemical b. Biological c. Physical

Name different possible sources of violations that you may observe while at a slaughter plant or while handling/transporting animals.

a. Excessive physical contact b. misusing handling equipment c. improper handling of ambulatory and non ambulatory animals d. running equipment over sensible or insensible animals for any reason e. physically wounding any sensible animals f. driving animals off semi-trailers over a drop off without providing adequate unloading equipment g. leaving animals in adverse weather conditions while waiting to unload h. flagrant and intentional violation of bedding or boarding requirements i. violation of emergency action plan j. intentional misrepresentation of identity k. delivering under suspension or termination l. Trailer in poor condition m. overcrowding of trailer n. intentional disregard for delivery schedules o. Failure to comply with certain packer requirements p. rude/abrupt behavior or language that does result in fear or the intent to cause bodily harm/injury

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) exists in different varieties based on how the prion is acquired. Name one of those varieties and how it enters the body.

a. Familial - inherited condition b. Sporadic - develops suddenly from unknown factors. Most cases are sporadic and occur around the age of 60 c. Acquired - caused by exposure to infected tissue (ex. Organ transplant) d. Variant - infectious form of the disease that is related to "mad cow disease", caused by the consumption of the prion, usually affects younger individuals

What are the three main types of cross contamination?

a. Food to food b. People to food c. Equipment to food

Name the 5 freedoms of animal welfare.

a. Freedom from thirst and hunger b. Freedom from discomfort due to environment c. Freedom from pain, injury, and disease d. Freedom from fear or distress e. Freedom to express normal behavior

What makes viruses different from bacteria?

a. Live? Core contains genetic info. b. Must have a host cell to reproduce, c. can't treat with antibiotics

Prion diseases can affect both humans and animals. Name the two prion diseases we discussed in class.

a. Mad Cow Disease / Bovine spongiform encephalopathy - Cattle b. Scrapie - Sheep/Goat

Name reasons why food coloring maybe used

a. Offset color loss from light and temperature exposure, temperature extremes, moisture or storage conditions b. Correct natural variations in coloration c. Enhance colors that are naturally occurring d. Provide color to a food that does not have color

Name the four major causes of carcass damage across species

a. Overcrowding b. Fighting c. Handler roughness d. Poorly maintained facilities

There are three general groups of food additives, flavoring additives, enzyme preparations, and other additives. What are the three reasons why "other" food additives are used.

a. Preservation b. Enhance or change the coloring c. Sweetening

Name the three general groups of parasites that we covered in class.

a. Protozoa, b. helminths, c. ectoparasites

Explain how dry storage goods should be kept.

a. Storage area should be clean, dry, well-ventilated, and have good lighting b. Area should be protected from pests and moisture c. Food should be in sealed containers d. Metal, glass, food-grade plastic, etc.

What affects the carcass quality of an animal near slaughter?

a. Stress b. Handling c. Transportation conditions

Name two examples of ectoparasites

a. Ticks b. mosquitos

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are compounds that accumulate in the environment and human body. Where do POPs come from or where are they produced?

a. Unwanted by-products of industrial processes and waste incineration b. Found world-wide