ant 101 3
__________ are persons who do not own their own labor, and as such they represent a class.
Slaves
__________ is a term used by both anthropologists and psychologists to describe development, through the influence of parents and other people, of patterns of behavior in children that conform to cultural expectations.
Socialization
In some societies, school is one of the most important settings for children. But research shows
That we really do not know how school influences social behavior.
A clan is a set of kin in which members believe they are descended from a common ancestor. The difficulty in studying clans is
The links back to the ancestor are not specified.
Why are the tests taken to other societies by cross-cultural psychologists suspect?
The tests used are developed here in the West.
_________________ involves physiological adjustments in individuals to environmental conditions.
_________________ involves physiological adjustments in individuals to environmental conditions.
Because of its ego-centered nature, which of the following is least likely to serve as a permanent or persistent group?
a kindred
Racism is a belief that some "races" are inferior to others and develops when
a population sees themselves as better than another population
Marriage according to anthropologists is not necessarily a marriage certificate or wedding ceremony. It is much more like
a socially approved sexual and economic union
Neolocality is most likely in which type of society?
a society with a money economy
Premarital sex is
actively encouraged in some societies.
In all of the societies studied by anthropologists, people are assigned different tasks based on their
age/gender.
Herbert Barry and others studied child training practices and concluded
agricultural societies stressed responsibility and foraging societies stressed self-reliance
Skin color has often been considered an indicator of "race." However, there are problems with this because
all of the above
Variation between human populations may be the result of
all of the above
Which of the following is an acclimatization?
all of the above
"Market foraging" exists in the U.S. and other industrial societies. This includes
all of the above.
A society's involvement in war has a profound impact on parent-child relations because
all of the above.
Caste systems are the most rigid of class systems because
all of the above.
Clans become important to a person because you would have support in a life crisis. Other ways include
all of the above.
Food collection is the way humans have gotten food for most of human history. It includes
all of the above.
Humans are influenced by their environment, but at the same time humans can dramatically change their environment. Examples of this include
all of the above.
Research has shown that genetic and physiological differences between populations predispose them to different personality characteristics. This could include
all of the above.
Research on gender roles shows that many societies divide work up in similar ways. How is this explained?
all of the above.
The relative status of women means different things to different people. For example
all of the above.
The concept of homosexuality means different things to different cultures because
all societies do not have the same gender concepts, so the meaning of homosexuality is different.
The connection between "race" and intelligence is weak because
all the above
There are actually three types of advantages in society. They include
all the above.
The term "totem" refers to
an animal or plant name used to refer to a kin group.
Among pastoral nomads, wealth is usually measured in
animals.
Individual families in pastoral societies are most likely to own
animals.
Children learn spoken language
at about the same age in all cultures
In ranked societies the position of chief is very important. A person becomes a chief
at least partly through heredity
We now have evidence from more than ten cultures that children who ________ are more nurturant.
babysit
Most people in the United States practice which kinship system?
bilateral
Which kinship system is ego-centered; hence it varies with different points of reference (except for brothers and sisters)?
bilateral
Cross-cultural evidence shows that parent-child play is
both a and b.
Of the following, which is the more common distribution of economic marriage transactions among societies that have them?
bride price
Which is the second most common form of economic transaction at marriage?
bride service
Historical linguists reconstruct changes that have occurred
by comparing contemporary languages that are similar.
A __________ is a ranked group in which membership is determined at birth and marriage is restricted to members of one's own group.
caste
Endogamy obliges a person to marry within the same group. The societies that hold to this most rigidly are
caste societies.
A __________ is a set or kin whose members believe themselves to be descended from a common ancestor or ancestress, but the links back to that ancestor are not specified.
clan
A __________ is a category of persons who all have about the same opportunity to obtain economic resources, power, and prestige
class
Modern industrial societies are noted for having disparate access to economic resources and prestige. What type of stratification exists in these societies?
class
The amount of melanin in the skin seems to be related to the ___________ where a person lives.
climate
The exact reproduction of an individual from cellular tissue is called
cloning
Generalized reciprocity is most likely between
close kin.
The use of more than one language in the course of conversation is
code switching.
Words that are similar in sound and meaning are
cognates.
Communication occurs among other animal species as well. Sound is used to
communicate that "this is my territory."
Of the following, which is not a primary subsistence activity?
corn grinding
In many societies arranged marriages were the norm, but that's becoming less common. Why is that?
customs are changing with the times
In a patrilocal residence, who leaves the household so that the married couple lives with or near the husband's parents?
daughter
Most societies
disapprove of marriages between first cousins.
According to the __________ theory, men may produce musical instruments from wood because men are the ones who collect the wood in the first place and probably understand its physical properties better.
economy of effort
If all social groups in a society have equal access to wealth, prestige, and power, then anthropologists call that society
egalitarian.
Anthropologists are reasonably certain that social stratification
emerged relatively recently in human history.
The most notable physical variations among human populations are those that are
external
The probability that an individual will change class levels in an open class system is
extremely low
While most of the world's societies allow polygyny, most men in these societies are monogamous. Why is that?
few societies have enough women for polygyny to be widely practiced
For food, most recent food-collectors depend primarily on
fish.
The subsistence strategy that characterized most of human history was
food collection.
The concept of private ownership of land is least likely among
food collectors.
Variation in gender contribution to primary subsistence relates directly to the type of ___________.
food getting
When studying work, anthropologists have focused on subsistence activities because
food is necessary for survival.
In general, which type of economic activity provides the most leisure time?
food-collecting
An indirect form of __________ is taxation.
forced labor
The custom of allowing a man to marry more than one woman is
found in most of the societies anthropologists have studied.
Most pastoralists get their animal protein
from the milk and blood of the animals they raise.
All societies divide labor by __________ and __________.
gender / age
When goods or services are given to another without any apparent expectation of a returned gift, we call it
generalized reciprocity.
In contrast to food collectors, horticulturalists
generally grant individual families the exclusive right to land while in use
Compared to food-collectors, horticulturalists generally
get more food from a given area.
One sex difference that appears very early in American children, as well as in children in all societies for which systematic data is available is
greater aggressiveness in boys.
In all human societies yet examined, males generally have
greater grip strength than females.
Of the following forms of marriage, the rarest is
group marriage.
Class societies may have social problems related to economics because
groups of people have substantially greater or lesser access to economic resources and power
Which of the following is not a stated explanation for marriage?
guaranteed sexual satisfaction
Slavery
has existed in various forms in many times and places
Height, in a population, is determined by two major influences
heredity and environment.
Sociolinguistic research has shown that English people from higher-class backgrounds tend to have more __________ speech, conforming more to what is considered standard English.
homogeneous
In which type of societies are women most likely to contribute more than men to primary subsistence?
horticultural
When people grow foods using simple tools in the absence of permanently cultivated fields, we call this __________
horticulture
Horticulture is distinguished from intensive agriculture mainly because
in horticulture simple tools and methods are used.
Of the following economic activities, which finds the individual ownership of land most important?
intensive agriculture
Of the following economic activities, which has the need for the higher level of technology?
intensive agriculture
A pidgin language
is a simplified language based on the language of a dominant group
Ethnicity:
is defined by common origins, shared history, language, geography, even religion
Extramarital sex
is generally more acceptable for men than for women.
In many societies, marriage involves economic considerations. Why is this?
it binds families together to distribute wealth
The incest taboo which prohibits sexual intercourse or marriage between categories of kin is universal. Why is this?
it is based on the childhood familiarity theory
Why don't foragers have private ownership of land?
it's a collective ownership and allows all people access to the resources.
Cross-cultural studies show that which of the following factors is related to higher status for women in many areas of life?
kin groups and marital residence organized around women
Every society has access to natural resources and cultural rules for determining who has access to particular resources and what can be done with them. These include
land division into measurable units
Which of the following characterizes horticulture?
land worked for short periods and then left idle for some years
The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis states that
language is a force in its own right, that it affects how individuals in a society perceive and conceive reality.
A(n) __________ is a custom whereby a man is obliged to marry his brother's widow.
levirate
In a matrilocal society,
males frequently exercise power in their kin groups.
The Inuit subsist mostly on __________ because __________ do not exist in large numbers at their northerly latitude
meat / plants
In almost every known society men dominate leadership in their society, this is explained in part because
men's role in warfare gives them a political edge.
Studies have shown that malnutrition is associated with all except__________.
more prenatal interaction
According to studies, children that were often held or carried by their ________ are significantly more trusting.
mothers
Adaptation occurs because
natural selection results in more favorable genes becoming more frequent.
The form of marital residence in which the married couple lives apart from the relatives of both spouses is
neolocality.
In most of the world, parents do not read books about child raising, in fact they may
not be consciously thinking about their behavior toward their children.
In intensive agriculture, individual ownership of land resources exists because
of using the land season after season
Compared to horticulturalists, nomadic pastoralists
own relatively few personal goods.
Which is the most common form of marital residence?
patrilocal
A __________ is a sound to a linguist.
phone
A sound that makes a difference in meaning in language is a:
phoneme
Intensive agriculture is said to be more technologically complex than horticulture because
plows are used instead of digging sticks.
Bride __________ is a gift of money or goods from the groom or his kin to the bride's kin.
price
Kardiner believed that ________ give rise to certain personality characteristics.
primary institutions
Anthropologists became interested in psychology because they did not believe that human nature was completely revealed in Western societies. This argument was the opposite of
psychologists who generally assumed it did.
A society is practicing which form of stratification when the members of the society have equal access to economic resources but not to prestige?
rank
A society with equal access to wealth and power, but unequal access to prestige, is called
ranked.
Which of the following is not characteristic of food-collecting societies?
recognition of individual rights to land
People in North America get most of their food from stores. These people do not know here their food comes from originally. This is because
relatively few people are directly involved in food-getting.
Anthropologists have concluded that the physical environment by itself has a __________, rather than a __________, effect on the major types of subsistence
restraining / determining
One of the most important settings for children in some societies is __________.
school
Religion and art are examples of ___________.
secondary institutions
Which of the following personality traits did not differentiate between boys and girls in the Six Cultures project?
seeking and offering friendship
In ranked societies, chiefs are never
set off from the others by special markings or clothes.
Marriage includes two major factors. These are
sexual and economic considerations.
Humans display __________. That is, the females and males of the species exhibit fairly marked differences in size and appearance.
sexual dimorphism
The field anthropologist Margaret Mead was the first to question assumptions about adolescent development because
she observed Samoan adolescent girls showing little evidence of emotional upheaval.
An abnormality of the red blood cells is known as
sickle-cell anemia
With matrilineal descent, a man belongs to the same descent group as his
sister's son.
Of the following, which is not a consequence of intensive agriculture?
smaller population groups
Regarding human beings, race is a _________ category.
social
Racial classifications are
social categories.
The giving of gifts without any immediate return or conscious thought of return is most common in
societies of food collectors and horticulturalists.
Cousin marriage is most common in
societies that have recently suffered severe depopulation.
Racism is the belief that
some races are innately inferior to others
In societies with unilineal descent
some very close biological relatives are excluded from one's kin group.
Which of the following theories explains the differences between male and female roles based on the greater aerobic capacity of males?
strength theory
Of the following, which is not a consequence of horticulture?
strict egalitarianism
There is discussion lately of creating the "perfect human." One major problem with this is
such a "perfect human" might be detrimental to the human species
A major reason for the European domination of colonized peoples was
susceptibility of colonized people to infectious disease.
When we say that a communication is __________, we mean at least two things. First, the communication has meaning even when the referent is not there, and second, the meaning is arbitrary.
symbolic
The rules that determine how phrases and sentences are formed make up a language's
syntax
Some people use the word "race" as an explanation of the quality of a culture. Their argument is
the "developed" nations are "white," while the "underdeveloped" nations are not.
In egalitarian societies, people may differ in prestige, but these differences are not related to
the economic status of one's parents
Anthropologists are not sure when spoken language began, because
the evidence of exactly when is very slim
Research has shown that previously held beliefs about behavioral differences between females and males are often wrong. These misconceptions include
the idea that girls are more dependent than boys.
In terms of patterns of marital residence, the pattern most often seen in patrilocal residence is
the married couple lives with or near the husband's parents.
Egalitarian societies imply equality, but it actually does not mean that all people within such societies are the same. This is because
there are always differences in people such as gender and age
There are rules of descent in anthropology because
they are a way of explaining how individuals are connected with particular sets of kin.
Schooled individuals may enjoy an advantage on cognitive tests just because _________.
they are familiar with tests
Languages can easily be lost for many reasons, but mostly because
they are not passed on to children
Children in the U.S. take English classes in school, but an interesting fact is
they do not need to be taught 'grammar' to learn how to speak.
Foragers have a nomadic lifestyle because
they have to go where the food is in season
The word "communicate" comes from the Latin word meaning
to share
In which of the following regions would you NOT expect to find pastoralists?
tundra
Unilineal descent is when a person is affiliated with a group of kin through links within one sex only, thus
unilineal descent is either patrilineal or matrilineal.
Which of the following is most associated with unilineal descent groups?
unilocal residence
Marriage is considered a __________ trait by anthropologists because it is practiced by all societies.
universal
Lexical content means
vocabulary.
In the U.S. many people deny the existence of social classes because
we have an ideology that hard work and strong character can transform anyone into a success
Humans need a long period of childhood, in which the young are dependent on parents and other caregivers because
we need time to acquire the complexity of human social and cultural life.
A long post-partum sex taboo is most likely
where people depend on crops that are low in protein.
By "food collection," anthropologists mean the obtaining of food from
wild plants and animals.
Polygyny is least likely in societies
with balanced sex ratios.
Which may explain why men generally have higher status than women in most societies?
women's status will be high when they contribute substantially to primary subsistence
Languages are not stagnant, they do change over time. The evidence for this exists in
written words.
In ________ of surveyed societies, only men were leaders.
88%
_______________ are genetic changes that give their carriers a better chance of survival and reproduction than individuals without the genetic change who live in the same environment.
Adaptations
__________ descent affiliates an individual with kin related to him or her through men or women.
Ambilineal
__________ occurs when prices are subject to supply and demand and do not necessarily involve money.
Commercial exchange
In the U.S., for the most part, when we use the term uncle we do not distinguish between father's brother or mother's brother which includes the concept of
Consanguineal and affinal kin.
A __________ language is one which developed from a pidgin language.
Creole
The language family that English belongs to is called __________.
Indo-European
Why do members of food-collecting societies not own land individually?
Land has no intrinsic value to collectors
__________ studied Samoan adolescents and came to the conclusion that they do not all share a stressful existence.
Margaret Mead
Which of the following societies is more likely to practice bride service?
Native North and South American societies
_____________ results in more favorable genes becoming more frequent in a population over time.
Natural selection
__________ assumes that individuals seek to maximize the return (in calories and nutrients) on their labor in deciding which animals and plants to hunt or collect.
Optimal foraging theory
___________felt that there is a predictable order in the sequences of stages.
Piaget
__________ is the accumulation of goods by a particular person, or in a particular place, for the purpose of subsequent distribution.
Redistribution
