soc 520 final

the income effect

when women join the work force, they have a higher income leading to less stress that could lead to divorce, countervailing factors.

Poverty rates by racial-ethnic groups (2011)

white: 6% asian: 8% Hawaiian/pacific: 16% latino: 20% indian: 21% black: 23%

Women's expanded horizons and altered identities

women began to place emphasis on a personal, career related identity. 70s: 1/3 of women wanted work at 35. 80s: 80% of women wanted work at 35. increased bc of deindustrialization, decline in manufacturing, and rise of service sector. rise in women's education, changes in divorce rate, rise in age at first marriage and birth.

Rise in women's labor force participation from 1950 to 2005

women labor force participation: increased. 1950: 20%. 2005: 70%.

Change in women's weekly housework hours and men's weekly housework hours from 1965 to 2015

women: 1965: 33.9%. 2015: 18.3% men: 1965: 4.7%. 2015: 10.2%

accomplishment of natural growth

working class and poor parents have no choice but to care for their children but presume that they will spontaneously grow and thrive

Mental stress levels following divorce for divorced adults

years before: happier year of: unhappy years after: unhappy

attentive parenting: protective factors for kids:

coping skills, interpersonal skills, self confidence. economic, educational resources to help buffer kids. diminished conflict and continued involvement of both parents after divorce

Intensive motherhood

cultural pressure on women to devote more time, energy, and money to raising their children. sharon hays. argues that the daily lives of mothers are at odds with cultural beliefs surrounding kids. daily life: go to work cultural beliefs for kids: need a 24/7 mom

Percent of women with a child younger than 1 year old who hold a job 1968-2016

20% in 1968 compared to about 58% in 2016

What percent of people in the U.S. think the ideal situation for women with young children is working full-time?

8% think its better if dad stays home. 51% think mom should stay home. 34% think just as well off if mom works 76% think just as well off if dad works.

Three types of work that families are engaged

: paid, unpaid housework, unpaid carework

higher education, __ kids

lower number of kids

remarriage and blended families

most who divorce remarry. blended: step parent/sibling

No-fault divorce

1969. before reagon did this, you had to claim fault of cruelty, neglect, adultery to get divorced

Percent of two-parents household where both parents work full-time - 2015 compared to 1970

1970 - 2015: rise in dual earner fams. now: 46% both full time. 1970: 31% both full time

The Family and Medical Leave Act

1993; Requires employers with 50 or more workers to grant up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave a year to allow workers to take time off to help care for a new baby or an ill family member without fear of losing their jobs.

divorce risk factors

-multiple marriages -not highly educated -marrying early in life

Parenting styles: authoritative, permissive, authoritarian, unengaged

1. authoritative: best. parents set limits and enforce rules but are flexible and listen to their children. high involvement, high demands. 2. permissive: low levels of control or discipline. high involvement, low demands 3. authoritarian: rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child. high demand, low involvement 4. unengaged/laissez faire: low demands, low involvement

Total fertility rate - what is it? What is the total fertility rate in the U.S.?

1.80 births per woman in USA

divorce revolution

1960-1980, ride in divorce. coinsides w no fault divorce registration.

Social class mobility - comparing 1969-79 to 1988-98

Bottom '69-79: 49.4%. Bottom 88-98: 53.3%. Top 69-79: 3.3%. Top 88-98: 4.3%.

Educational differences in divorce

College educated women: more likely to have longer lasting marriage.

hours of direct childcare from their parents

In 1965, children received 13.1 hours of direct childcare from their parents. in 2015 18.4 hours. increased

In 1965, mothers spent over four times more time in child care than fathers (10.5/2.6 = 4.04). In 2015, mothers spent just over ______ times more time in childcare than fathers.

In 2015, mothers spent just over 2 times more time in childcare. gender gap got smaller, but mothers still are spending more time.

Inequality compared to Mobility

Inequality is the difference in income or class at one moment in time . Mobility is the changes in an individual's ranking over time, that is, are they better off compared to their parents or peers, over time?

fatherhood bonus

Men tend to earn more money if they are married and have children. Employers see the men as being more stable. fathers make 5% more than equally qualified single men

Change in children's time with parents from 1975 to 2015

Rise in parents spending time with their kids. mothers still spend more time with kids, but father's are increasing though there is still a gender gap.

Divorce stressors for children

less parent time, losing contact with one parent, moving,

concerted cultivation

The parenting model, or style, according to which parents often praise and converse with their children, engage them in extracurricular activities, take them on outings, and so on, with the goal of cultivating their child's talents and abilities.

motherhood penalty

The tendency for women with children, particularly young children, to be disadvantaged in hiring, wages, and the like compared to women without children. moms earn 5%less than equally qualified non mothers due to employer bias

boundary ambiguity in stepfamilies

a state in which family members are uncertain about who is in or out of the family

amount of women with no kids has_____ since the 80s

childless women at age 45 has doubled since the 80's. Childlessness: was 10% in 1976, rose in 80's and 90's, declined in 2014.

Change in divorce rate

divorce rates are higher than 150 years ago. divorce rates: peaked in 1980, then declined again. 40to50% of marriages end in divorce

the independence effect

employment raises likelihood of divorce by providing opportunity for wife to support herself independently

Work-family conflict

feeling of being pulled in multiple directions by incompatible demands from one's job and one's family

Education differences in childbearing

higher the education, later the children. lower the education, earlier the children.

Changes in unmarried parenthood from 1990 to 2015

increase in unmarried parents, decline in marriage, fewer years spent married. percentages of births to unmarried women: 1950: 5%. 2012, 40.7%. today, almost 50%.

work-family balance

is challenging. men and women both have a hard time meeting demands of work and family. 27% of moms quit jobs for kids, 10% of dads.

sick pay

no federal requirements for paid sick leave. Some states have adopted more local policies. Many working families are forced to choose between taking care of a sick child or losing a day's pay, or even losing a job. Low-wage workers are particularly worse off.

In the U.S., what percent of women have one child by the age of 45? Two children? Three children?

now most women have 2 kids today by age 45. 35%. 3 kids: 20% 4 kids: 12% big increase in 2 kid fams from 1976-2014. decrease in 4 kids fams.

Cohabiting parents

rise in kids living with single parents. decline in kids living with two parents.

annette Lareau

studied socialization of children in black and white middle class and working class families. Children of the same social class, regardless of race, got along better than even those of the same race

male provider ideal

the father as an economic provider and authority figure for his children. began with period of separate spheres and dominated social attitudes in the USA until mid 60s.

involved father ideal

the father as an emotional, nurturing companion who bonds with his children as well as providing for them. not just involved, but also the breadwinner

replacement fertility rate

the minimum number of children a woman would need to average in her lifetime to reproduce the population in the next generation. 2.1

crude divorce rate

the number of divorces per 1,000 people in the population. now: 3.9 rise 1860-1981, disrupted trend: dip during Great depression

Rise in dual-income families from 1970 to 2016

there is a decline in only father employed families, and a rise in dual income families

Parenting and socialization of children - social bonds and social networks

through socialization, kids learn to internalize elements of society. social bonds: kids build stable bonds with parents to create a needed foundation for learning and development. social networks: parents help kids establish social networks for their kids. of friends, relatives, etc.

Median age that women in men become parents in the U.S. - today and in 1972.

today: women: 26. 1972: 21. today: men: 31. 1972: 27. for most highly educated women, motherhood begins in the 30s.

Educational differences in unmarried motherhood - percent of new mothers who are unmarried by educational attainment

unmarried moms with HS degree or less.: 61%. . unmarried moms with bachelors degree: 9%.