ANT 202 Midterm II

Homo Sapiens Sapiens

A species of the creatures Hominid who have larger brains and to which humans belong, dependent of language and usage of tools.

Broad Spectrum Hunting and Gathering

Mesolithic & Archaic

Pleistocene Overkill

Paul. S Martin- Clovis hunters were such effective hunters they wiped out the megafauna (Blitzkrieg effect)

New Zealand (AD 200)

People arrive around 1200; possible contact with Chile b/c Clavas

Lapita pottery

kind of pottery found on Polynesia Islands- found everywhere, indicates same people

Chiefdom

level of political organization- The Spanish refer to hierarchies of chiefs- lesser chiefs who reported to a higher authority or paramount chief

Ishi

"Last Wild California Indian" had brain extracted and sent to Smithsonian, reason fro NAGPRA

Extraterrestrial Impact

(12900 BC Roy Firestone et al, James and Doung Kennett)

Last Glacial Maximum

(20,000 years B.P.) global sea levels were somewhere between 100 and 130 m or 400 ft below their present level.

Colonization from Europe

(Dennis Stanford) migration from North Atlantic maritime culture? No fluted projectile points found in Siberia

Long Chronology

(Hunt and Lipo)amt of time Polynesians have been on these remote outposts is very long

Marquesas Islands (200 BC)

(central Polynesia) colonized by Polynesians by 2200 years ago (200 B.C.)

Kow Swamp

- recovered remains of 22 individuals that date between 13,000 and 10,000 B.P.. The remains, especially the skulls show some non AMHS traits including: big brow ridges, big faces, long low skulls, receding foreheads -argued that this represents interbreeding w/ archaic Homo pops -can't check b/c Aborigines don't want ancestor's remains to be messed w/ (b/c colonialism & racial stuffs in Australia)

Paleoindian

- time period associated w/ Clovis -Interior Big Game Hunters

Pleistocene

-24,000-17,000 B.P.- Too Much Ice- Beringia Impassable (LGM=20,000 BP) ; humans get to Americas either b4 or after this -15,000 -14,000 Laurentide and Cordilleran Ice Sheets created, Ice Free Corridor Opens (Also the Coastal Corridor [ coast of America also becomes ice free]) -12,900- Beringia submerged

Willandra Lakes

-Freshwater shell midden and human skeletal remains that date between 40 and 30,000 B.P. The skeletal remains indicate that these were AMHSS. -interior of SE Australia; lakes had shellfish

Clovis

-associated w/ fluted points -some believe they were the first and only prehistoric people to travel into the Americas -13,300-12,900 years B.P. -possibly wiped out the megafauna through overhunting

Thor Heyerdahl

-contact b/w Polynesians & South Americans -South American rafts drifted to Polynesia = sweet potato = islands are settled by South Americans [Kon Tiki]; had to get Kon Tiki towed out to launch it b/c winds @ port -example of experimental archaeology -but, already people knew that Polynesian languages weren't from South America -scared people away from idea of contact

Polynesian Chiefdoms

-form b/c food surpluses on the islands -very volatile & politically unstable -Ex: after sweet potatoes get to New Zealand, there was overcrowding, then lots of warfare -based on kin ties & communal ownership of land; ruled b/c inborn abilities & close ties to people

Alice Storey

-prehistory chicken expert -chicken bones found @ site on coast of Chile -dated to 1300-1400 AD, b4 Europe; this is questionable [could've been marine food diet = older dates, but this was disproven] -DNA analysis: finds Pacific origin

Chumash

-term for a group of related languages -complex hunting & gathering (i) Large villages: perhaps up to 500 people per community (year round) [extremely large hunter-gatherer communities] (ii) Permanent settlements- often called towns by the Spanish (iii) A heavy maritime economy- sophisticated plank canoes (tomolo), heavy reliance on fishing [most accomplished thing] sewn plank canoes, logs were split into planks, sanded planks, drilled holes in edges of planks, made string from plants, then sew the planks together, sealed planks together w/ asphaltum, then cover up holes used for commerce b/w mainland & Channel islands (iv)Some fishing of pelagic- deep water species like tuna (v) Intensive exchange- Heavy trade between islands and mainland (vi)Chiefdom -level of political organization- The Spanish refer to hierarchies of chiefs- lesser chiefs who reported to a higher authority or paramount chief. [power decided through community consensus, inheritance, etc] [recognized archaeologically through more special things found]

SW Asia (Fertile Crescent)

10,000 Barley, Rye, Wheat 9500 B.C. goats, sheep 6000 B.C. Cattle, pigs

Bow and arrow

800-1200- allowed hunters to shoort with greater accuracy, more force, possible increased violence

Little Ice Age

A century-long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s. Its ill effects on agriculture in northern Europe were notable. (AD 1400-1850)

Homo Floresiensis

A distinct species closely related to Homo erectus and only found on the Indonesian island of Flores. They are tiny, with cranial capacities of about 380cc.

Ice-Free Corridor

A potential migration route for populations expanding out of Beringia, running between the Cordilleran and Laurentide ice sheets

John Johnson

Arlington Man

Arlington Man

Arlington Man Santa Rosa Island 13,000-11,000 B.P. Skeleton only John Johnson -human leg bones found @ base of climb -deposit was 27 feet old, initial thought was they are very old -could not date for 3 decades -third time: got DNA- turned out to be contamination

Brittle vs Tough Rachis

Brittle- wild, not domesticated; easier to reproduce for plants in wild Tough- easier for humans to harvest

Impacts of Complex Foraging

California's Flightless Duck goes extinct Exploitation of Sea Otters:as duck goes extinct, sea otters are eaten more; most of the sea otters that were hunted = mostly female b/c easier to catch b/c closer to shore & motherly things Population Growth, Resource Competition (?) and Inter-Group Violence: there's evidence for it; 6-8% of skeletons found -bow & arrow = violence incr; sthing approaching warfare, but not totally

Maritime Theory of the Soutrean

Dennis Stanford/Bruce Bradley - people traveled from Europe along ice sheet (in boats) up to Greenland & into Americas

Dennis Stanford and Bruce Bradley

Colonization from Europe? Solutrean: from Europe dating to 17,000 would have been 3,000 mile journey on icy coast but argument is that this is possible distribution of fluted points: most are in the east no fluted points in Siberia

Jon Erlandson

Daisy Cave and other sites on San Miguel Island, 12,500 B.P - spread out of Africa may have been facilitated by boats

Ushki

Dated to 13,000 B.P., the site produced evidence for exploitation of Mammoth, Bison, Reindeer, Salmon - also in Siberia

James and Douglas Kennett

Extraterrestrial Impact 12,900 B.P.- Caused Megafaunal extinctions

Roy Firestone

Extraterrestrial Impact 12,900 B.P.- Caused Megafaunal extinctions

Kennewick Man

First investigated by James Chatters. One skeleton found embedded with a Cascade projectile point, Skeleton is dated 9200 years B.P. found skull first, then the full skeleton individual had been attacked- projectile point in his hip more consistent with Euroamerican- "Caucausoid" -taken away by NAGPRA scientists sued federal government, eventually win Kenniwick man housed at Seattle perhaps Ainu? Kenniwick man not Euramerican

Coporlites

Fossiled human feces

Sweet potatoes

Found on Polynesian Islands, many theories on how it arrived also on South America -float (not likely), European contact, but lingusitic evidence- word "kumara" means 'sweet potato' in both Polynesian and S America Southern South America (Chile), suggests there was a connection

Polynesia

Islands contained in a rough triangle whose points lie in Hawaii, New Zealand, and Easter Island

Boats and the Spread of Homo Sapiens Sapiens

John Erlandson- The spread of AMHS out of Africa may have been facilitated by watercraft

James Adovasio

Meadowcroft Rockshelter, claims that it's pre-Clovis

Ainu

indigenous peoples in Norther Japan and Russia. Complex hunter-gatherers

Hawaii (AD 1200)

People arrived in Hawaii sometime between 800 and 1200 AD from Polynesia. Seems these people had enough intelligence to last the journey Andrew Sharp theorized people just followed the wind Disproved by Geoff Irwin

Paul S. Martin

Pleistocene Overkill [blitzkrieg] hypothesis

Andrew Sharp

Polynesians colonized islands by getting there through prevailing winds & currents; through looking @ boats & maps

Polynesian Contact with New World

Reference Sweet potatoes

Windmiller

Sacramento Valley (3000-500 BC) 1. Ventral extended burials- head west buried face down & heads facing west 2. Phallic charmstones (others weren't like this (more plain)) no idea what these were used for found w/ the bodies

Hunting Culture

San Luis Obispo (3000 B.C.- A.D.1250) lots of projectile points, stone mortars & pestels these projectile points are associated w/ atlatls [extenstion of arm] [have to reach all the way back] used up to 500 AD(spearthrowers)

Malta

Site in Asia with structures made from animal bones and either sod or skins for covering; Dense accumulations of small and large animal bones, such as mammoth, woolly rhino, and reindeer

Alfred Kroeber

Started a huge program of writing down all the tribe's stories (Ishi)

Oceania

The Final Frontier: Oceania. The Pacific Islands, seem to have been settled by Polynesian peoples originally from Southeast Asia who first made their way to Taiwan and then to Melanesia.There was a complex migration route that is known fairly thoroughly based on the combined findings from archaeology, linguistics, and genetic studies. The last stop in Melanesia was Fiji. People seem to have been in Fiji by 3500 years ago (1500 B.C.).

Beringia

The area that is now below sea level between northeastern most Siberia and North America was dry land. At the peak of the Last Glacial Maximum (20,000 years B.P.) global sea levels were somewhere between 100 and 130 m or 400 ft below their present level. It was 600 or 700 miles wide (1000 km) and it was a flat treeless, windswept plain, populated by large animals (megafauna)—mammoths, bison, horses, and camels.

Cro Magnon

The very first of the species "homo sapiens" that lived in europe and made cave art

Megafauna

a collective term for all the large mammals that once existed in the Pleistocene, but disappeared approximately 10,000 years ago.

Fluted Projectile Points

also known as Clovis points -flake was removed from each side of point -effective forattaching a shaft; could've also help w/ blood flow from kills -very difficult to make

Charmstones

associated with Windmiller, unknown purpose- usually elongated, cylindrical, might be grooved. put in graves with dead bodies, archaeologists are not sure what their function was

Younger-Dryas

began 12,900 BP = cold & dry, lasted 1500 yrs & climate warms again

Mobile Hunting/Gathering

broad spectrum foraging highly mobile (lots of moving) small settlements (temp camps) small dwellings low pop density little storage reliance may/may not pottery Ex: Shoshone, aborigines in AUS, gatecliff

Mesolithic

broad spectrum hunting and gathering (Mesolithic in W Europe from 10k to 5kya)

Archaic

broad spectrum hunting and gathering (in new world)

Mid-Holocene Warm Period (7,000 - 5,000 BP)

climate warmer than today

Paisley Cave

coprolite: fossilized human poo -dated to 14,000 years ago - found DNA from Native American w/ human diet -only preserve in caves, so coprolite is an uncommon find -if dietary remains are consistent with what people eat, good evidence for diet -no fluted or mammoth bones in cave- suggests there existed people with a culture different than Clovis First

Diuktai Cave

dates at a minimum to 14,000 B.P. The cave produced: Mammoth and musk ox bones, Large stone choppers [middle homo things], Projectile points, Microblades - in Siberia, excavated during the 1970s

Koster (from text)

dates to 7500 BC to 1200 AD 1st population [6500 BC]: just a base camp for gathering some supplies (seasonal) 2nd pop [5600 to 5000 BC]: mud & brush houses (occupied for the year); fishing, shellfish, birds, nuts 3rd pop [2500 BC]: more plants, possible planting of grasses, more processing & storage more adapted to fluctuations in climate -in Illinois

Monte Verde

debunk Clovis first? people lived next to lake, abandoned when water rose- this water created great preservation Preservation only capable in arid situations (caves) or continuous wet areas No fluted projectile points No Clovis points Found charred kelp- suggests people went to ocean to collect food Found bola stone and twine, remains of seeds and nuts, one mastodon bone

Diffusion vs. Independent Invention

did an idea spread from somewhere or did it develop on its own in each location?

Neolithic Intensification

increase in farming due to population growth and the need to feed more people

Yuri Mochanov

excavated D'uktai Cave

Fertile Crescent

farm without irrigation; spread

Neolithic

farming (Holocene)

Nikolai Dikov

found Ushki

Tom Dillehay

found site @ Monte Verde, Chile

Easter Island(AD 800-1200 BC)

had Moai: the giant statues ~ smaller statues elsewhere 21 species of trees went extinct on the island [there was deforestation] 1722: first contact w/ Dutch pop: 2000-3000 all trees are gone too no sailing vessels statues are still standing b4 Dutch = higher pop 1774, Cook statues are knocked down pop smaller example of human population running out of resources

Complex Hunting/Gathering

hunter gathers that stay in one place

Clovis First

idea that remains we find of fluted points associated with mammoth bones are the first and only migration of people from Siberia into the new world (no human evidence past 13 kya)

Daisy Cave

on San Miguel Island, midden dating to pre-Clovis w/o megafauna or Clovis points- Jon Erlandson

Clavas

possible contact b/t New Zealand/Chile

Geoff Irwin

proposed idea of a program of intentional exploration as the reason why Polynesians were able to colonize the islands of the Pacific alt: exploration parties sailed into wind (b/c easy to get back) ran 1700 simulations w/ prevailing winds & currents = can't reach Hawaii

Medieval Climatic Anomaly

really long drought (950-1250)

Ben Finney

rebuilt the Polynesian stuff; built hokuleia, found traditional navigator then, had traditional navigator sail the hokuleia from Tahiti to Hawaii & back w/o instruments on the way back

Phallic Charmstones

self explainatory

Chumash plank canoe

sewn plank canoes, logs were split into planks, sanded planks, drilled holes in edges of planks, made string from plants, then sew the planks together, sealed planks together w/ asphaltum, then cover up holes used for commerce b/w mainland & Channel islands

Atlatl

spear thrower- extension of one's arm, lets one throw a spear much harder

extirpation

species wiped out locally

Mortars

stone bowl for crushing food materials in, made acorns edible

Coastal Corridor

the concept that the two glaciers wouldn't reach all the way to the Pacific Ocean and that natives from Asia would be able to follow the coast into America and then colonize

Domestication

the process by which people control the distribution, abundance and biological features of certain plants and animals in order to increase their usefulness for humans For plants this involves: preparing the ground selecting and sowing seeds harvesting storage- critical component (you must store to take advantagege of food) Plants: first domesticated crops were grasses; grains Animals: Animals breed with "nerdiest" males; select smaller, passive animals domesticated animals were grown to have disease, bad nutrition, so animals weren't very big

Laurentide and Cordilleran Ice Sheets

the two massive ice sheets that covered America and Russia, respectively; Cordilleran covered Russia and part of Asia along with the Pacific coast; Laurentide covered vast majority of Canada

Microblades

these were used to make sickles used for cutting wild grasses

John P Harrington

tried to record all things about Chumash culture [spent lots of time w/ last speaker of north Chumash, Rosario Wood] [obsessive w/ gathering this info]

Pestles

used to crush food material, made acorns edible

Handstones

used with bigger stones (milling slab) to grind up plant materials by the milling stone culture (artifact)

Meadowcroft Rockshelter

western Pennsylvania, investigated by James Adovasio where the deepest layers date to about 14,000 years B.P. (controversial)

Melanesia

where Lapita culture originated A Pacific Ocean region that includes the culturally complex, generally darker-skinned peoples of New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, and Fiji.