ANTH 1001 Final

opposite of regional continuity model says humans originated from Africa then later migrated to Asia and Europe and replaced hominins there

Complete Replacement Model

first hominins are found in this epoch

Miocene

first hominoids are found in this epoch

Miocene

evidence supporting complete replacement model

early date for amh in Africa temporal overlap of amh and Neandertals in West Africa differences in DNA between amh and Neandertals

homo erectus dated to

1.8 mya-100,000/70,000 ya

Neandertals dated to

130,000-32,000 ya

when Africa came in contact with SW Asia

19 mya

___ mya=earliest evidence of homonoids

23 mya

when more efficient (more stone tools per pound of rock) tools came about

300,000 ya

start of upper paleolithic period

40,000 ya

When do Gigantopithicus date to

8 mya- 500,000 ya

homo heidelbergensis dated to

850,000-200,000 ya

Australopithicus afarensis 3.2 mya young adult found in Ethiopia 3 ft and 60 lbs

AL 288/ Lucy

where homo heidelbergensis found

Africa, Europe, (maybe Asia)

adult female ardipithecus ramidus 4.4 mya 4 ft and 110 lbs brain size compared to chimps prehensile big toe

Ardi

Where do Gigantopithicus come from

Asia

where are homo erectus found

Asia (Indonesia)

where fossils of later eocene primates are found

Asia and North Africa

where are the earliest hominins found

East and North Central Africa Republic of South Africa

where Neandertals found

Europe and Western Asia

where fossils of the oligocene are found

Fayum, Egypt

earliest homo found

KNM-ER 1470

first evidence of assisting disabled individuals found among ___

Neandertals

first population of homo to bury the deceased

Neandertals

where fossils of early eocene primates are found

North America and Europe

propliopithecines have the same dental formula as ___ and ___

OW monkeys and humans

oldest tools (2.6 mya)

Oldowan tools

N. American and Europe were connected during the __ and __ epochs

Paleocene and Eocene

model that is same as Complete Replacement Model except instead of amh replacing hominins in Europe and Asia, they interbred

Partial Replacement Model

1912 by Charles Darwin proven to be fake via fluorine dating

Piltdown Specimen

two lineages of Oligocene anthropoids

Propliopithecines Parapithecines

theory: all populations of Neandertals contributed to modern gene pool humans did not originate from a specific place Neandertals in different places revolutionized into humans simultaneously

Regional Continuity Model

two lineages of old eocene primates

adapids and omomyids

first australopithicus found (1924)

Taung child

why is it hard to determine the first hominin

They all have similar characteristics (homology)

theory of how lemurs got to the island of Madagascar

They floated across the Mozambique Channel on floating vegetation.

type of tools used by homo erectus and heidelbergensis

acheulian tools

half-life

amount of time it takes for a radioactive element to lose half of its energy

two traits that identify the earliest hominins

bipedal and small canines

what made modern humans more advantageous than Neandertals

blade technology (rather than stone) and spear thrower/ bow and arrow

3 sources of bias in fossil record

body size of species where fossilization occurs exposure and discover of fossils

chimps have a ____ (dental complex) but hominins dont

canine-premolar honing

propliopithecines may be related to

catarrhines

homo erectus is missing ___ (morphology)

chin

dating technique that assigns a specific age to an item

chronometric dating

movement of plates influences ___ and ___

climate and migration patterns

why did heidelbergensis have smaller molars that erectus

continued cooking foods

why did heidelbergensis have larger incisors than erectus

continued to use mouth as tool

what led to increase in molar size and enamel thickness in Miocene homonoids

environment changed from tropical forest to open grassland

epoch 56-33 mya

eocene

relative dating method that measures fluorine concentration to estimate relative age

fluorine analysis

index species

fossil species of known age that is used to estimate the age of another species

protection from natural forces of destruction

fossilization

diet for propliopithecines

frugivory

epoch 10,000 ya- present

holocene

diet of earliest homo

hunter and/or scavenger

dental formula: Chimps have larger ___ and ___ than hominins but hominins larger ___.

incisors and canines molars

3 general trends in evolution from H. Habilis to H Sapiens

increase in cranial capacity increase in size of incisors (exceptions) decrease in size of molars

Neandertals had ___ cranial capacity compared to modern humans

larger

heidelbergensis had ___ teeth compared to erectus

larger

homo erectus had ___ cranial capacity compared to homo sapiens

larger

earliest definitive anthropoids dated to

late eocene, oligocene

dating technique that organizes items in rank ordered sequence

relative dating

adapids may be related to

lemurs and lorises

Neandertals adapted to a ___ temp environment by having a higher body mass and shorter limbs

low

epoch 23-5 mya

miocene

Homo heidelbergensis is ancestor of ___ and ___

modern humans and neandertals

homo erectus used its __ (body part) as a tool

mouth

problems with theory of origin of bipedality (2)

no fossils to tell birth interval proven sexual dimorphism= polygyny not monogamy

epoch 33-23 mya

oligocene

where are the earliest homonoids found

only Africa (bc plates began separating 19 mya)

epoch 65-56 mya

paleocene

7 epochs of the cenozoic era

paleocene eocene oligocene miocene pliocene pleistocene holocene

3 forces that destroy bones and teeth

physical chemical biological

epoch 1.8 mya- 10,000 ya

pleistocene

epoch 5-1.8 mya

pliocene

early homo had fully modern __ bones

postcranial

3 examples of chronometric dating

potassium-argon dating argon-argon dating carbon-14 dating

one of the first Miocene homonoids

proconsul

locomotion of Miocene homonoids

quadrapedal and arm-swinging

locomotion of propliopithecines

quadrepedal

the bases of chronometric dating

radioactive decay

stratigraphy

sequence of sedimentary rock

theory: why did early hominins have multiple offspring (compared to chimps)

shorter pregnancy= higher rate of fertility

homo erectus have ___ molars compared to earlier homos

smaller

cranial capacity of homo heidelbergensis ___ than modern humans and ___ than homo erectus

smaller and larger

what was the selective advantage of bipedality

so the male could use his front legs to carry food back to his mate and offspring

omomyids may be related to

tarsiers and anthropoids

biostratigraphy

temporal association of species according to placement in sequence of sedimentary rock

how did early hominin males know who their offspring were

they were monogamous

Homo erectus have ___ bones compared to both homo sapiens and earlier homos

thicker

period when first modern humans dated to

upper paleolithic

principal of superposition

younger items are closer to the surface of the earth than older items