Anth 103
The reality of kinship relations in a Korean village described by Soo Choi emphasizes:
. Individuals manipulate kinship rules to gain advantage
The Sudanese kinship system uses:
A different term for almost every category of relative
Animal forms of verbal communication are called:
Call systems.
All human beings belong to a discrete number of races.
False
When a society practices fraternal polyandry:
brothers share a wife
All of the following are characteristics that are emphasized in Inuit enculturation except:
violence
Which of the following is the most noticeable object of linguistic change?
vocabulary
Which of the following beliefs is typical of the Sambia?
Only men can make men
The Ojibwa coined the term okimakkan or "fake chief" when:
Outside governments insisted that the Ojibwa appoint a supreme leader.
The fieldwork technique that involves gathering cultural data by observing people's behavior and participating in their lives is called:
Participant observation.
Which of the following is one of the fundamental attributes of capitalism?
People in capitalist societies sell their labor for wages in order to survive.
One aspect of Omaha kinship that might strike many Americans as unusual is:
People in many generations may be called "mother's brother.
All of the following are true of a caste system except:
People in the higher ranks of a caste system are more satisfied than those in the lower ranks. b. In a caste system it is almost impossible to change one's caste. c. Caste-like systems occur only in India. Correct d. People tend to marry others in the same caste. e. People in the same caste tend to have a similar range of occupations.
Which of the following is not a primary dimension of stratification?
Personality.
The vision quest generally includes:
Physical suffering
A correct conclusion from the chapter regarding kinship in modern, complex societies is that kinship:
Plays an important but not central role in establishing rights and relationships.
One area of recent success for hijras in India is:
Politics.
When anthropologists examine language across different cultures, they find that:
: Children learn to speak at the same time in all cultures and with equal competence.
Which of the following is an example of code-switching?
A conversation in which a person talks to some people in one language while talking to others in a different language.
dowry is:
A presentation of goods by the bride's kin to the groom's family
The Nuer are a patrilineal society in which clans and lineages function as a type of political structure. This is called:
A segmentary lineage system
Many linguists argue that there is a universal grammar. This is:
A set of principles, conditions, and rules that underlie all languages.
From the perspective of ecological functionalism, the Hindu taboo on eating beef is:
Adaptive to the long-run conditions of drought and crop shortages in India.
Which of the following correctly characterizes relations between children and their divorced fathers in the United States?
Almost half of the children of divorced parents have not seen their biological father for more than a year.
Which of the following statements about sweatshop labor is correct?
America and European nations made extensive use of sweatshop labor in the past.
What is the name of the organization that maintains a statement of ethical guidelines for anthropologists?
American Anthropological Association.
One aspect of language that appears to contradict the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is that human languages are similar in that:
Anything that can be said in one language can be translated into every other human language
Which of the following correctly identifies the sub-disciplines of anthropology?
Archaeology, Cultural Anthropology, Physical Anthropology, Applied Anthropology and Linguistics.
In India, lower castes:
Are beginning to make collective efforts to improve their position as a group.
Anthropological interview techniques:
Are highly varied and are situation-specific
According to anthropologist Laura Klein, Tlingit men:
Are supportive of women taking leadership roles in the community.
Early anthropologists who relied on travelers and missionaries for their fieldwork data were called:
Armchair anthropologists
The power of the hijras in Indian culture comes through their:
Attempts to completely identify with the goddess Bahuchara Mata.
Which statement is most true of conflict in band-level societies?
Band-level societies minimize conflict between individuals but it does occur.
Malinowski's and Boas' practices of anthropology were alike in many ways. All of the following are things that they shared, EXCEPT:
Both valued the study of history as essential to a deeper understanding of societies.
Lewis Henry Morgan and Edward Tylor were influenced deeply by the evolutionary theories of:
Charles Darwin.
All of the following are common violations cited to Foxconn in its sweatshops in China, Brazil, Mexico, and other countries except:
Closing the factory without notifying the workers
Conflict theory holds that the natural condition of society is: Select one:
Conflict and change
The system used for classifying kin in the United States includes distinctions based on:
Consanguineal versus affinal kin, gender, and generation.
norms and values are both:
Constantly changing and open to re-negotiation
An important source of status for women in Nukumanu was:
Controlling swamp taro lands.
Which of the following is the most important function of marriage?
Creation of a stable environment in which to raise children.
Ethnographic research on the spread of HIV/AIDS has shown that:
Cultural systems and values can impact efforts to improve human health
An anthropological perspective that focuses on culture as the principal force in shaping the typical personality of a society is called:
Culture and personality theory
All of the following statements about the understanding of culture in anthropology are correct except:
Culture is biologically and genetically transmitted from person to person.
With the introduction of wage labor into Nukumanu, in the 19th century, women's status has:
Declined economically and socially
Which of the following was considered a primary and key advantage to Europeans in their expansion?
Disease
In the United States, the "cultural defense" has sometimes been used to justify:
Domestic violence
In a well known book, Thomas Friedman argued that the world is flat. By this he meant that:
Economic and social opportunities are increasingly available to all people no matter where they live
Which of the following would a materialist be likely to study in trying to understand the events of 9/11?
Economic situations in the Middle East.
Anthropologists commonly distinguish three patterns of social differentiation:
Egalitarian, rank, and stratified.
Applying one's own cultural standards of value, worth, and morality to another culture is called:
Ethnocentrism.
Ethnocentrism is the tendency for:
Every society to view itself as superior to others.
Ethnocentrism has only negative effects and repercussions.
False
Politics is a traditional role for hijras
False
The purpose of divination is to:
Find something hidden
Among some subarctic hunting cultures, a family with no sons might perform a transformation ceremony for a daughter selected to "be like a man." As part of this ceremony, they tied dried bear ovaries to her belt to prevent menstruation and pregnancy. This description indicates that:
For these people, cultural features could be as important in determining the gender of a child as biology.
The hijra subculture:
Has a ritual role in Indian society.
As the Kayapo of the Xingu River Basin in South America demonstrate, people in non-industrial societies
Have adapted to their environments without the use of modern science.
Extremely difficult working conditions in the meat packing industry:
Have been "normal" since the 19th century
A major point of the ethnography "Body Ritual among the Nacirema" is to:
Help us look at our own culture from a different perspective.
Which of the following studies how languages are related to each other?
Historical linguistics
Studies of the ways in which children learn language show that:
Human beings have an inborn predisposition for learning language and will speak grammatically even if not taught to do so
Human speech is infinitely productive. This means that:
Humans can combine words into new, meaningful utterances that they have never heard before.
According to the text, which of the following is most important in controlling population?
Improving the life-chances of people in poor countries.
One thing that the Yoruba and Igbo of Nigeria as well as the Mende of Sierra Leone have in common is that:
In all three, women held important formal political office.
In her study of the favela of Olinda in Brazil, Mary Kenny found that social relations among residents were characterized by:
In her study of the favela of Olinda in Brazil, Mary Kenny found that social relations among residents were characterized by:
Frequently, the effect of development projects has been to:
Increase the disparity between men and women in a community.
Increasing beef consumption led to changes in the meat packaging industry. These included:
Increasing use of unskilled immigrant labor.
he nuclear family appears to be well adapted to:
Industrialization.
Ecological anthropologists are most interested in: Select one:
Interactions between humans and their environments
A major characteristic of industrialism is that it:
Invariably expands beyond its own boundaries.
One of the world's most sexually repressed societies is the:
Irish of Inis Beag.
Tlingit women generally consider men to be:
Irresponsible with money
The concept that caring for the elderly is a burden:
Is widespread and occurs even in societies where group harmony is valued.
According to David Gilmore, similar ideas of manhood are almost a universal aspect of male behavior because:
It helps to assure that men fill their roles as procreators, protectors, and providers.
Which of the following correctly defines assimilation in the United States?
It is a process in which immigrants were expected to leave behind their cultural distinctions in favor of an American identity
Which of the following best describes the struggle between Shi'a and Sunni Muslims?
It is of ancient origin but can only be understood in terms of recent and current political events.
What is meant by the term "well-founded fear"?
It is the U.S. policy of granting political asylum to those who can prove they are threatened in their home countries.
Kinship is important to the study of anthropology because:
It plays the key role in determining rights and obligations in nonindustrial societies.
How would you describe Lewis Henry Morgan's and Edward Tylor's "evolutionary anthropology"?
It was the study of the history of human society from simple technology and social institutions to complex ones.
a dialect is
Language that is used by less powerful groups in society.
The main function of bridewealth is to:
Legitimate the marriage.
Today's market exchange system can be characterized by the phrase, "caveat emptor," which means:
Let the buyer beware."
In economics, economizing behavior is:
Making choices in ways believed to provide the greatest benefit.
Increased globalization and the movement from rural agriculture to urban industrial employment:
May benefit women more than men.
In general, where you find matrilineal descent groups, you also find:
Men go to live with their wife's family after marriage.
The two-spirit are best described as:
Men who take on women's work and clothing and are considered to have supernatural powers.
The two-spirit are best described as: Select one:
Men who take on women's work and clothing and are considered to have supernatural powers.
Your textbook argues that multiculturalism:
is inevitable in an increasingly globalized world.
Men in Andalusia, Spain generally view women as:
lustful
All of the following are social levels commonly created in state societies except:
moot
All of the following are characteristics of religion except:
music
A Tuareg man wears his veil at different positions on his face in different social situations. This is an example of:
nonverbal communication
Physical violence used in order to force natives people to give up resources is called:
pillage
The ability of humans to change their behavior in response to environmental demands is called:
plasticity
Anthropologists consider that all of the following are characteristics of culture, EXCEPT:
practiced by as few as one individual
In the United States, although there are no formal endogamous rules, social groups tend to be endogamous by:
race
Most of the members of the original Tirailleurs Senegalais were:
slaves
The opportunities that people have to fulfill their potential in society is known as:
social stratification
Which of the following was the key to making colonies profitable to colonial masters?
taxation
Many Hopi origin beliefs concern:
the digging stick and the techniques for farming blue corn
Which of the following is associated with the assimilationist model of immigrant adaptation in the United States?
the melting pot
Traits such as skin color, hair color and texture, and nose shape are often chosen to determine race because:
they are easily visible
A cosmology includes a set of principles of belief about the nature of life and death
true
Allison Truitt's work on motorcycles in Vietnam had no formal research hypothesis.
true
Anthropologists have never discovered a valid and consistent way of dividing humanity into a fixed number of races.
true
Anthropologists rarely work with groups of more than 50 individuals
true
As the cultivation of taro among the Nukumanu has declined, women have become more dependent on men.
true
At one time or another, much of the world came under direct European colonization.
true
Capital is the productive resources that can be used to increase financial wealth.
true
China's recent economic experiences show the difficulty of producing prosperity without high levels of social stratification.
true
Cross-cultural comparisons began formally in social science with the publication of Herbert Spencer's Descriptive Sociology.
true
Cultures are systems, so a change in one aspect of a culture is likely to result in changes in other aspects of the culture.
true
Even though biologically capable of capable of making the sounds of human language, no chimp has ever produced voluntary speech-like verbalization.
true
Fully understanding an issue requires using many theoretical perspectives.
true
If a society classifies kin according to relative age, it would have different terms to designate older and younger brothers.
true
In India, social interaction with one's mother's parents is very different from that with one's father's parents.
true
In patrilineal descent groups, inheritance moves from father to son.
true
In the last fifty years, the Lua' have increasingly moved from horticulture to agriculture.
true
Men in "San Blas," Spain assert that all women are "seductresses and whores."
true
One example of transculturation is when young people in the Middle East use social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter to show the repression occurring within their countries.
true
One thing that anthropologists working in development do is try to counter the tendency of economists to believe that everyone thinks alike and responds to the same incentives.
true
Political authority in the Asante state was symbolized by the golden stool.
true
Political organization refers to the patterned ways in which power and authority are used in a society to regulate behavior.
true
Priests are generally associated with gods believed to have great power.
true
Race and racism are highly correlated with industrial pollution.
true
Societies in which the accumulation of goods is difficult are likely to have a practice of bride service, rather than bridewealth.
true
The Eskimo system singles out the biologically closest group of relations and treats more distant kin more or less equally.
true
The HRAF is an attempt to facilitate cross cultural analysis.
true
The RACE project is an effort by the American Anthropological Association to challenge commonly held ideas about race.
true
The ability of humans to use language depends partially on the linkage between the visual and auditory areas of the brain.
true
The big differences among human beings are the result of culture, not race.
true
The historic Maasai subsistence strategy takes account of the fact that in some years there will be drought.
true
There are many different ways of showing maleness cross-culturally, but there is no culture in which prestige is not part of it.
true
There is no such thing as a pure class or caste society.
true
There may be some benefits to global warming, particularly in nations of the northern hemisphere.
true
To replace the population, women must have, on average, between 2.1 and 2.5 children.
true
Unlike the concept of race with always involves perceived physical differences, ethnicity refers to perceived cultural differences. Select one:
true
Warfare may be a means of regulating population in tribal societies
true
Wearing clothes with designer labels on them can be considered a form of nonverbal communication.
true
The profits of colonization primarily went to:
Shareholders of colonial companies
One of the earliest definitions of human culture is that "complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, customs, and any other capabilities acquired by man as a member of society." Who introduced this definition?
Sir Edward Tylor
Why is skin color not biologically adequate to distinguish a group of people?
Skin color is never the sole characteristics of race
In gender studies, the idea of the public/private dichotomy refers to the notion that:
Societies are divided into a private world dominated by women and a public world dominated by men.
Judith Brown found that initiation rites for girls are more likely to occur in:
Societies in which women continue to live in their mothers' houses after marriage.
Current American immigration policies gives preference to the following family members:
Spouses and children.
Peasants generally:
Support a wealthy, landowning class.
Which of the following experienced the most radical change following European colonization?
The Americas.
The kinship system of the United States is most similar to that of:
The Eskimo
Which of the following correctly describes neoliberalism?
The belief that governments should be small and should promote free trade, and individual initiative
Contemporary anthropological approaches to gender emphasize:
The central role of gender relations as a basic building block of culture.
Research on female initiation rites in New Guinea suggests that the principal idea expressed in such rites is:
The complementarity of male and female
For the Gwich'in, the most important result of climate change has been:
The decrease in size and health of the caribou herd on which they depend.
A society's political organization is primarily related to:
The degree of access individuals and groups have to basic material resources.
Women's hunting among the Agata illustrates that:
The demands of child rearing can be adapted to economic needs
An important change in the Indian caste system provoked by globalization is
The emergence of non-caste related occupations.
Which of the following best characterizes the cross-cultural meaning of smiling?
The meaning of a smile varies from culture to culture.
In an analysis of environmental pollution in the United States, Melissa Checker found that:
The most important factor was race: middle class Hispanics and African Americans suffered more exposure to environmental pollution than lower class whites.
Transculturation is
The notion that cultural traits are transformed as they are adopted and new cultural forms result
transculturation is
The notion that cultural traits are transformed as they are adopted and new cultural forms result.
Transnationalism is:
The pattern of close ties and frequent visits between immigrants and those remaining in their home country.
Margaret Mead's study of the Arapesh, Mundugamor, and Tchambuli showed that:
The relationship between gender and personality varies with cultural expectations.
A critical problem with secret research for the academic community is that:
The scientific community has no way to assess its validity.
In linguistic studies, phonemes are:
The set of sounds used in any particular language.
One important result of China's one child policy has been:
The skewing of the sex ratio in favor of boys.
The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that:
The vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers perceive reality.
Which of the following statements is correct?
There are cultural universals, but there is no single explanation about how they developed
New international conditions have created problems and opportunities for anthropologists working in the field. What are some of the challenges that J. Christopher Kovats-Bernat associates with doing "ethnography of violence"?
There is often unstable political organization, difficult and dangerous physical conditions, and difficulties in making ethical decisions.
Chinese factories hire dagongmei because:
They are a cheap source of labor.
Anthropologist Sara Castle has argued that Fulani parents seem indifferent to their children because:
They believe that showing concern for children will attract evil sorcerers or spirits
Anthropologists study symbols because:
They can represent an entire constellation of ideas and emotions
Which of the following best characterizes the history of development projects in the years since independence?
They have generally not been successful
The most important ethical responsibility in anthropological fieldwork is to protect the interests of the people whom you are studying.
True
Archaeology, Cultural Anthropology, Physical Anthropology, Applied Anthropology and Linguistics.
Underlying patterns of thought common to all humanity
Corporate descent groups tend to exist in societies with:
Unilineal descent.
The right of an individual or family to use a piece of land and pass that land to descendants, but not to sell or trade the land is called:
Usufruct right.
What does a Manam (a group in New Guinea) girl display at the time of her initiation? Select one:
Wealth her parents and clan have contributed for the event
Which of the following correctly compares energy consumption and environment in wealthy and poor countries?
Wealthy countries consume more energy but have less polluted environments than poor countries.
Which of the following correctly describes the position of the Dutch East India Company?
While it made enormous profits for its shareholders, the company was embroiled in wars and eventually went bankrupt
All of the following are arguments commonly used to explain the existence of a gender hierarchy except:
Women's status is higher in societies where they do not have any domestic duties and work, instead, outside of the home.
The International Phonetic Alphabet is a means of:
Writing all of the sounds of all human languages
Which of the following was primarily known as a native anthropologist?
Zora Neale Hurston
Anthropologists find that the concept of humanness and the recognition of human status is:
a cultural designation
In anthropology, the issue of human rights:
b. Can be difficult, as different cultures define rights differently.
Which kinship system is the matrilineal equivalent of the Omaha system?
crow
Anthropological research shows that psychic conflict and rebellion are characteristic of adolescence in all societies.
false
Anthropologists only study contemporary, living peoples.
false
Apple Corporation is the only one in the U.S. that has never been cited for labor abuses.
false
Band societies have neither warfare nor violence because they are egalitarian.
false
Based on her study of the favela of Olinda, Mary Kenny argues that ending child labor will help to end poverty.
false
Because conditions in factories are difficult, Chinese workers take almost any opportunity to leave them and return to the countryside.
false
Bronislaw Malinowski spent only 6 months on the Trobriand Islands.
false
Chiefdoms are stratified societies
false
Communication among nonhuman animals can be as complex as human language.
false
Diffusion is generally a peaceful process that benefits all of the cultures involved.
false
Even a child brought up in isolation will automatically be able to speak the language of his or her parents.
false
In India, the use of dowry is increasing.
false
Military basic training is a good example of a rite of intensification.
false
Most ethnic conflicts today reflect an uninterrupted history of ethnic hatred.
false
Most nations in the Americas did not gain their independence until after World War II.
false
Neolocal residence is when a couple can choose to live with either the wife or the husband's family.
false
Once Franz Boas began teaching women and mentoring female PhD students, the bias against women in anthropology began to diminish rapidly.
false
Race is a term that is always linked to classifying people according to physical differences.
false
Rebellion aims at overthrowing the present political structure and replacing it with a new one.
false
Religious symbols generally have a single meaning for all members of a religion.
false
Research in Zinacantan shows that the obligations to take on cargoes (or religious offices) generally prevents anyone from becoming wealthy.
false
Some languages do not have syntactic structure.
false
Some sexual interactions, such as kissing, are practiced universally, while others are not.
false
The "cultural defense" is not considered a mitigating circumstance in U.S. courts.
false
The French only used African conscripts in wars fought within Africa.
false
The Human Terrain Systems was a successful project that allowed anthropologists to work alongside soldiers during war so that cultural sensitivity in the ranks could be maintained.
false
The Native American "two spirit" is best described as an effeminate homosexual.
false
The World Bank does not work frequently with poorer nations.
false
The change from foraging to food production was revolutionary in that it happened within a very short period of time.
false
The cultural differences between males and females are due entirely to biology, although they are sometimes understood differently from one culture to another.
false
The example of the Kayapo of the Xingu River Basin in South America shows that traditional people were often capable of destroying their own environments.
false
The public/private dichotomy is particularly important in foraging societies.
false
The tribal "big man" is an inherited position of leadership.
false
The yield per person per unit of land is known as the population density.
false
There is one language spoken by the majority of the world's people.
false
Thomas Friedman has argued that the result of globalization will be a more unequal and more violent world.
false
Totemism is a type of religion that is practiced by Native Americans.
false
Tribes and chiefdoms both have centralized leadership.
false
Women usually have a lower status in societies where there is a matrilineal reckoning of descent than they do in a patrilineal society.
false
taxation in the colonies allowed native people to become independent.
false
Today, in an effort to better understand the foundations of violence, anthropologists tend to remain as politically and socially isolated as possible during fieldwork.
fasle
he World Bank does not work frequently with poorer nations.
fasle
The principal resource that Spanish Conquistadors sent back from the Inca Empire was:
gold
In a system of cross-cousin marriage, a man would be required to marry:
his mothers brothers daughter
Conflict is likely to be found:
in all sorts of societies
The stability of the Asante state was built on an economy whose key items included
Shallow gold deposits and intensive agriculture.
Material goods, natural resources, or information used to create other goods or information is known as the:
Productive resources
One of the most important functions of the clan across cultures is to:
Regulate marriage
All of the following are strong challenges that nation-states face from increasing globalization except:
Rise of global governing organizations, such as United Nations, which takes away their autonomy.
An important cultural difference between Serbs and Croats from the former Yugoslavia is:
Serbs are Eastern Orthodox and Croats are Catholic
The important contribution of Margaret Mead's Coming of Age in Samoa was:
To show that American ideas of adolescence were not universal.
Which of the following is a culture change that has occurred recently in Musha, Egypt?
Tractors are now used for many purposes.
What do we call immigrants who maintain close relations with their home countries?
Transmigrants.
Anthropology degrees lead to about the same job prospects as other liberal arts degrees.
True
