ANTH 103 FINAL

Applying one's own cultural standards of value, worth, and morality to another culture is called:

Ethnocentrism

Wallerstein's World System's Theory classifies nations into which three categories:

core, periphery, semi-periphery

The idea that gender is "constructed" means that

gender is different from sex in that it is established by social norms and values (i.e. culture) rather than biology

Babylon, Mesopotamia, and the "cradle of civilization" are all terms of historical importance we implicitly link to the nation of Iraq. Although this creates the sense that Iraq is an ancient nation-state, Iraq:

has only existed since WWI

Clifford Geertz argued that every cultural action is more than the action itself. It is also a symbol of deeper meaning, subject to interpretation. What key idea in anthropology did this important theoretical idea help promote?

symbols are a crucial means of understanding other cultures

One of the founding fathers of modern economics, Adam Smith's concept of "laissez-faire" capitalism argues that

the best way to encourage the economy is to let it regulate itself

A historical linguist would be most likely to study:

the development of language over time, including its changes and variations

What surprising discovery did Carolyn Nordstrom make in her study of war and violence in Mozambique?

the political violence of a war can be resisted and defeated by attending to daily matters

French sociologist Emile Durkheim argued that religion was a unified system of belief that distinguished between _____________ and _______________.

the sacred and the profane

In Montreal, Quebec, Canada, signs posted in public view (such as for streets or restaurants) are required to show the words in French first, usually above English, and in larger type sizes. This reflects:

the use of political power to control the prioritization of specific languages

What has the effort to preserve the Native American Lakota language, spoken by about 50,000 people in the United States, led to?

there is a widespread integration of social media into the preservation effort

America is often commonly referred to as a melting pot because many different cultures and ethnicities come here and are encouraged to adopt "American" culture, values and practices. The melting pot concept is most closely related to which of these concepts:

Assimilation

The Occupy Wall Street movement was able to gain support by focusing on inequality with the motto "We are the 99 percent". This movement specifically drew the public's attention to inequality in what social category?

Class

James Frazer's The Golden Bough (1890) distinguishes between two types of magic. Imitative magic (i.e. voodoo dolls) and ______________

Contagious Magic

Lila Abu-Lughod's study Dramas of Nationhood: The Politics of Television in Egypt provides evidence of the growth of ___________ in Egypt's working class.

Cosmopolitanism

What type of anthropologists explore all aspects of living human culture—from war and violence to love, sexuality, and child rearing—and look at the meanings that people from all over the world place on these things?

Cultural Anthropologists

Anthropologists have shown that chimpanzees and other nonhuman primates are able to communicate about things not immediately present and events in the past or future. What aspect of human language does this describe?

Displacement

What strategy did hunter-gatherer communities develop to enhance cooperation, generosity, and the sharing of resources?

Egalitarianism

Which of the following is NOT one of the four primary systems to classify relatives in your parents' generation?

Ego Status

Margaret Mead's (1901-1979) fieldwork in Samoa was controversial in part because she examined sexual freedom, and considered sex to be a matter of ________.

Enculturation

Sitting in your anthropology class helps you learn about culture through formal instruction. What informal learning process helps you learn culture from family, friends, and the media?

Enculturation

What country only exists during the ninety minutes its team plays a soccer match?

England

Most ethnic groups establish traits that set them apart from others and identify members of their own group. Anthropologists call these ________.

Ethnic Boundary Markers

As part of a territorial conflict in Bosnia, ethnic Croats expelled, imprisoned, or killed the Muslim people with whom they had lived peacefully for more than 500 years. What concept does this illustrate?

Ethnic Cleansing

True or False? A linguistic anthropologist studies people by asking how humans have biologically adapted to their material environments over time.

False

True or False? Gaudio's study of ethnography of masu harka in Nigeria shows that sexual minorities never existed in Africa

False

True or False? Participating in a social movements is a demonstration of an individual's hegemony.

False

True or False? According to research on the Nuer of Southern Sudan, the group followed their descent lines matrilineally and were primarily endogamous.

False -patrillineal

Which component of any language refers to names, ideas, and events that offer a kind of catalogue of what is spoken and can be compiled into something accessible to others?

Lexicon

Anthropologist Victor Turner identified three primary stages in all rites of passage. In many cultures, the first menstruation in women is seen as a powerful marker of womanhood and is frequently marked by ritual. In some cases, the young woman is separated from the larger social cohort, left in a state of isolation that may provide a time for reflection. According Victor Turner, this second stage is referred to as __________

Liminality

Some people from the Middle East have been considered "white" in the United States for some time, but since September 11, anyone with brown skin who seems foreign is now considered "different" and possibly an enemy. This is an example of ________.

Racialization

The process of categorizing, differentiating, and attributing a particular racial character to a person or group of people, is referred to as what?

Racialization

A set of ideas about a group of people, such as: "Latina women are sexually promiscuous," or "All Arabs are terrorists," can make it seem natural and normal to discriminate against these groups. What type or aspect of racism is this?

Racist Idealogy

Gift-giving and potlatch are both examples of

Redistribution

What are we talking about when we refer to observable physical and biological differences between the male and female human reproduction systems?

Sex

In comparison with other mammals, the biological differences between male and female sexes is relatively minor. These biological differences are scientifically referred to as examples of:

Sexual Dimorphism

If you wanted to study the miscommunication between men and women by looking at the different ways they use language, you would look for articles by what kind of anthropologists?

Sociolinguist

The political structure of modern countries includes a central government that exercises complete political, military, and economic control of its territory. Modern countries are considered what kind of organization?

State

The story of Shellcracker Haven (pg. 147) and how the local white residents were gradually disenfranchised from their lives and work because of their class status is a strong reflection of the tendency to do what to others?

Stereotype

What do anthropologists call the uneven distribution of resources and privileges, often along lines of gender, racial or ethnic group, class, age, family, religion, sexuality, or legal status?

Stratification

In his research conducted in the Trobriand Islands, Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-1942) employed an early form of what type of anthropological theory?

Structural Functionalism

Anthropology has long studied the marginalized and remote segments of human society. Recently, a lot of research has begun to look at the upper segments of society, which can help us understand how the other marginalized groups come into being and exist at all. What is this process called?

Studying Up

In the last 25 years, anthropological research has begun to look at upper segments of society, like corporation board rooms, international banks, humanitarian aid networks, medical laboratories and doctors. What is this process called?

Studying Up

Which of these best describes intersectionality:

The consideration of how different social categories (race, gender, class, etc.) build on and shape one another

True or False? According to Benedict Anderson a nation can be thought about, in part, as a group of people who think of themselves as having a shared history.

True

True or False? Aspects of every culture must be taught, and this process of learning is called enculturation

True

True or False? Between 1945 and 1990 more than 100 nations received their independence from colonial powers.

True

True or False? Code-switching can allow someone to smoothly engage with different cultural settings and places.

True

True or False? Language continuum is a theory that suggests that languages have historically developed into a continuum rather than into discrete languages with clear beginnings and endings.

True

True or False? One of the results of the cultural construction of gender is that ideas about what is masculine and feminine change from one cultural community to another.

True

True or False? Primatology is the sub-discipline of anthropology that is interested in monkeys and apes, but not in the differences between cultures?

True

True or False? Public education plays a role in promoting nationalism in the United States by teaching the American origin myth which includes stories about the First Thanksgiving, settling the West, and the Boston Tea Party.

True

True or False? Samoans are an example of a cultural group who trace kinship through ambilineal descent groups. This means they construct their kinship between both their mother's and their father's descent lines.

True

True or False? The concept of Medical Migration helps anthropologists consider how globalization affects medical practice around the world.

True

True or False? The work of Franz Boas at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries helped to undermine racialized views of immigrants in America.

True

True or False? These three things have changed our understanding of how long it takes to go places and do things, and have contributed to time-space compression. - We can move around the world quicker because of air travel. - We can reach almost anyone around the world by phone at almost anytime. - We have access to all of the information on the internet from a device that we keep in our pocket.

True

Which of the following industries attempts to create a desire for goods and services?

Advertising

The advancements of Fordism helped define the economy of the 20th century in America in which of the following ways:

All of the above: -it changed the ways many corporations viewed and treated their laborers by paying a living wage -it alleviated some of the social welfare responsibilities of the state -it produced items in mass quantities standardizing consumer culture -it encouraged laborers to consume what they produced

Which of the following are ways in which state power is made and enforced?

All of the above: -military and police force -citizenship criteria -creating the conditions for hegemony -the enforcement of taxes and the judicial system

Freeman's study in Barbados finds that a new gendered category of labor has been created between white-collar (office and non-manual labor) and blue-collar (manual labor), which he calls "pink-collar"? Which of the following statements about pink collar labor in Barbados is true:

All of the above: -their work conditions are improved compared to blue collar labor -they have benefits that include transportation costs, job security, and more flexible schedules -they have lower wages than white collar workers, and are often not welcome in those labor forces -they differentiate themselves from women who do manual labor through style

To resist the power of state institutions, some societies make use of different systems to settle issues that might normally go to the state court system. What are these systems known as?

Alternative Legal Structures

In 2014, police in Ferguson, MO, shot and killed 18-year-old Michael Brown in an incident that evoked nationwide and international protest about issues of aggressive policing, police brutality, and anti-black racism. In the ensuing months, social media was employed to powerful effect using the hashtag #blacklivesmatter. The creation of the #blacklivesmatter hashtag helped galvanize support and is an example of what kind of action?

Framing Process

What do we call the method by which social movements create shared meanings and definitions that motivate and justify collective action?

Framing Process

The work of anthropologist Tone Bringa in Bosnia examines the underlying causes of the civil war in what was once called Yugoslavia. Similarly, scholar Mahmood Mamdami studied the Rwandan conflict. What characterized both cases?

Genocide

What comprises all of the inherited genetic factors that provide the framework for an organism's physical form?

Genotype

Although the Nazi regime did use violence, the regime was also able to gain the cooperation of much of the populace who saw Nazi actions and programs as necessary and even reasonable. What is this kind of consensus an example of?

Hegemony

Which of the following is defined as the ability to create consent and agreement within a population, sometimes unconsciously, by shaping what people think is normal, natural, and possible?

Hegemony

Franz Boas (1858-1942) rejected unilineal cultural evolution (the notion that different cultures represent stages of development), instead suggesting that different cultures arise as the result of very different causes, and will vary widely. What do we call his approach?

Historical Particularism

Anthropological research reveals that most ethnic groups and nations are recent historical creations, our connection to people within these groups is relatively new, and our shared traditions are recently invented. In addition, most members will never meet each other. This allows us to observe that most nations today are ________.

Imagined Communities

Chapter 1 opens with a discussion about the effect that a Coca-Cola plant has had on women living in what region?

India

When an individual acts on personal prejudiced beliefs and discriminates against someone based on imagined differences between them, this is referred to as what kind of racism?

Individual Racism

__________________ are defined as: common, everyday verbal or behavioral indignities and slights that communicate hostile, derogatory, and negative messages about someone's race, gender, sexual orientation, or religion

Microaggressions

In terms of dominant cultural notions about what kinds of love is morally correct and natural, the recent changes in the United States around same-sex marriage are related to which earlier civil rights legal issue?

Miscegination

Which model of marriage is most common in the contemporary world?

Monogamy

Chinese immigrants began migrating to the US in the 1800s and despite the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 (repealed in 1943), they and their descendants help compose the cultural, economic, and political fabric of the US. Many Chinese American communities continue to practice many aspects of traditional and contemporary Chinese culture. What concept does this illustrate?

Multiculturalism

Prior to 1800, the French were a scattered collection of groups that spoke different languages, celebrated different holidays and festivals, and practiced different religions. The development of schools, road systems, and a national language united them as French rather than as Gascons, Burgundians, and Parisians, which has resulted in what kind of social structure today?

Nation-State

What term is used to describe a political entity located within a geographic boundary with enforced borders whose population shares a sense of culture, ancestry, and destiny?

Nation-State

In 2014, Scots voted in a referendum whether or not to make their nation an independent country, separate from the United Kingdom. Although the referendum was defeated, what particular sentiment were the Scots expressing by seeking independence?

Nationalism

The current argument over whether to build a wall between Mexico and the United States reflects, in part, what long-standing ideology that has informed how race is constructed and managed in the United States?

Nativism

A story that is told about the founding and history of a particular group to reinforce a common sense of identity is called ________

Origin Myth

Cultural anthropologists like to hang out with the people they are studying and ask lots of questions as the people work, celebrate, dance, or play games - sometimes joining in themselves. What is the term used for this research method?

Participant Observation

Human beings are pretty much identical and share almost 99.9 percent of their DNA. Knowing this, we might understand the observable differences in body ratios—height versus width—that anthropologists have documented as a matter of ________.

Phenotype

In many countries, members of the dominant ethnic or racial group tend to favor other members of their own group, give them the benefit of any doubt, and take what they say more seriously. This is because the dominant group's worldview and ways of talking, eating, worshipping, etc. are widely considered normal, natural, or ideal. In the United States, what do we call the invisible benefits of this normalization of the dominant racial group's culture?

White Privilege

In China, what is the term for a village history book that documents local genealogies, among other things?

Zupu

Bridewealth is

a gift of money, livestock, or other goods given by the groom's family to the bride's family

Carlos Murphy is from an Irish Mexican family, and he rides with pride on the Sons of Erin float in the St. Patrick's Day parade and drinks horchata with his Mexican relatives the next day. In these two different ethnic activities, Carlos is:

applying situational negotiation of identity

According to the textbook, the cultural practice of childbirth in the Netherlands and in Yucatan are similar because they

are reluctant to interfere with the process and rarely use pain-medication

Which of the following best describes what Robbie Davis-Floyd calls technocratic birth

birthing mothers are considered sick and helpless patients

Family gatherings that honor particular moments in our lives-weddings, special holidays, and so forth-are often sources of tension when different family members want to "change things up." As a facet of culture and how we learn it, this reminds us that culture is a shared experience. It also reminds us that culture is:

constantly contested, negotiated, and changing

A 2006 study shows that American children are watching around 40,000 commercials a year. This onslaught of advertising helps Americans do what?

ensure that they understand their roles as consumers

Anthropologists consider that all of the following are characteristics of culture, EXCEPT:

it is not related to language

What is ethnography?

it is the process of doing qualitative, fieldwork-based research

What does Benjamin Whorf 's research with the Hopi, a Native American group in the southwestern United States, suggest about language?

language creates different ways of thinking

According to Karl Marx, the bourgeoisie consisted of a capitalist class of individuals who owned the ____________

means of production

When studying abroad, Shelby talks about the racial categories in the United States. Her new friends from Japan, Brazil, and Turkey all say her categories are incorrect. Each person has their own way of categorizing people by race. Shelby remembers from her anthropology class that racial categories are determined by:

mental maps of reality

Each of the following contributed to ethnic and racial diversity in the history of the United States EXCEPT:

none: all helped contribute to the racial diversity of America -the brutal conquest of Native American people -Chinese immigration in the 19th century -mass immigration from Ireland during and after the Irish Potato Famine -the importation of enslaved Africans

In 1871, hundreds of principalities were united to form Germany. After defeat in World War I, Germany's government was known as the Weimar Republic until the Nazis came to power in 1933. With the defeat of Nazi Germany, the country was divided into East and West during the Cold War, and finally reunited when the Soviet Union collapsed. Germany has existed in many forms, demonstrating what characteristic of states?

they are uniquely constructed and constantly reshaped

What can be accurately said about most of the states that exist in the world today?

they did not exist prior to WWI

An intersexual is someone who

was born with born male and female genitalia, gonads, and/or chromosomes

Earlier anthropological analysis considered small-scale human groups in comparative isolation. We now understand that in the modern world, all bands, tribes, and chiefdoms must function how?

within the influence of the state