ANTH EXAM 4

Proposed two migrations suggested by the Dmanisi finds

!st small bodied Dmanisi, 2nd larger bodied, i.e similar to China and Java

Complete Replacement Model

-"out of Africa" -Modern populations arose in Africa <200,000 ya -Migrated and replaced populations in Europe and Asia -Genetic evidence supports an Africa origin for modern humans and replacement elsewhere and interbreeding Neanderthals and modern humans

Multi-regional Evolution

-Also called the regional continuity model -Local populations in Europe, Asia, and Africa continued indigenous evolution -Modern humans ended up alike, physically and genetically

Various forms of Old Stone Age art in Africa

-Apollo 11, 28-26 kya, painted slabs -Blombos Cave: bone tools -Katanda: finely crafted bone tools, like harpoons

Innovations associated with the Magdalenian

-Atlatl (spear thrower) and barbed Harpoon

Various forms of Upper paleolithic art in Europe

-Cave paintings -Sculptures -Engravings -"Portable Art" -Venus figurines

5 industries of upper paleolithic

-Chatelperronian -Aurignacian -Gravettlan -Solutrean -Magalenian

Key discoveries from Western Europe

-Cro-Magnon, France, Aurignacian -Lagar Velho, Portugal, 24.5 kya, suggests interbreeding

Upper Paleolithic Culture

-Culmination of 2 my of cultural development, Big game hunting, new deadly weapons, body ornaments, needles, tailored clothing, and elaborate burials

Sahul

-Glacial times: Indonesian islands joined to mainland, Not Australia, inhabited by 50 kya, Australia 55 kya. Sahul: New Guinea and Australia

Herto, Ethiopia

-Key site in Africa -Very well preserved cranium; dated >150,000 ya the best preserved early modern human found anywhere

Omo Kibish, Ethiopia

-Key site in Africa -omo 1: Presence of chin, modern cranial characteristics -omo 2: more robust, less modern in morphology -Dated almost 200,000 ya and the oldest modern human found anywhere; two crania found, one more modern looking than the other

Qafzeh Cave, Mt carmel Israel

-Key site in the Near East -Large sample, 20 individuals; modern, but some individuals fairly robust; early date >100,000 ya

Skhul cave, mt Carmel Israel

-Key site in the Near East -Minimum of 10 individuals; modern morphology, slightly earlier date (earlier modern humans known outside of Africa) -130-100,000 ya

Key discoveries from Australia

-Lake Mungo, 30,000 ya -Kow swamp, 14-19,000 ya, features: receding foreheads, heavy brow ridge, and thick bones

Where were the oldlest and youngest H. erectus fossils in China recovered from?

-Lantian country, 1.15 mya (oldest) -Yunxian country, 580-800 kya -Hexian (youngest)

"The little People"

-Liang Bua Cave, Flores, Indonesia 18-13,000 ya called Hobbits -Small body: 3 ft tall, small brain: 417 cc, may derive from early migration of early Homo to SE Asia "insular dwarfism" -H. floresiensis, Ebo gogo, Nage People

Partial Replacement Model

-Mostly out of Africa, earliest dates for African modern Homo sapiens at 100 kya, moving into Eurasia -Modern humans hybridized with resident groups, eventually replacing them, The disappearance of archaic humans was due to hybridization

Key discoveries from Central Europe

-Oase cave, Romania, 35 kya, earliest in Europe, features: robsut, chin and canine fossa present -Dolni Vestonice, 26,000 ya -Czech Republic, Mladec 31,000 ya

Two Cave sites in Atapuerca, Spain

-Sima del Elefante, 1.2 mya -Gran Dolina 850-780 kya

Sungir, Russia

-Skeletons of two teenagers, a male and female, 24,000 ya -A bed of red ochre, thousands of ivory beads and engravings, mammoth tusk spears, jewelry

How do the African H. erectus fossils differ from those recovered in Asia?

-Thin cranial bones, less strongly buttressed crania

Key discoveries from Asia

-Upper cave at Zhoukoudian, China 27,000 ya -Tianyuan, China 40,000 ya -Niah Cave, Borneo 40,000 ya

Significance about the recent find at Daka

1 mya, cranium, similar to Asian H. erectus, supports the assumption that Asian and African finds are the same

Traits of anatomically modern humans include an average cranial capacity of _______

1,500 cc

The earliest fossil evidence evidence of Homo erectus in western Europe dates to about

1.2 mya

The earliest fossil evidence for Homo erectus in western Europe dates from ________ mya, from ______

1.2 mya from Sima del Elefante

The Acheulean complex emerged __________ mya.

1.5

Homo erectus fossils date from ________ to ________

1.8 to 3 mya

The dog was the first animal to be domesticated by ___________ and __________ years ago

10,000 and 30,000

The archaeological record suggests that farming began in southeastern Turkey by ________ yBP

10,500

Average body size of a male H. erectus

100 lbs and 5'6, increased robusticity, sexually dimorphic

The fossils called Homo floresiensis were dated to between ___________ and __________ yBP.

12-8,000

The oldest Neadnerthal site dates to _________ yBP, at _________

130,000, at Krapina Croatia

Krapina, Croatia

130-110,000 ya, one of the oldest intentional burial sites

Human beings first arrived in the Americas approximately ___________ yBP.

15,000

The earliest members of the genus Homo have been found dating from ______ to ________ mya

2.8 to 1

Analysis of modern human genetic variation by Rebecca Cann's group suggest that Homo sapiens may have first appeared approximately _____________ yBP.

200,000

The last Neanderthasls date to _________yBP

32,000

Vindija cave, Croatia

33-32,000 ya, smaller browridges and slight chin development, early modern H. sapiens

St. Cesaire, France

35,000 ya, included Upper Paleolithic tooks: chatelperronian

Based on height calculations of Homo erectus fossils, biological anthropologists estimate that their average height for males at _______ and females at ________

5'9 and 5'3

The earliest archaeological evidence of humans in Australia is from _________, dating to _________.

50-40,000

In the American Midwest, native seed crops goosefoot, sumpweed, and sunflowers were farmed about _______yBP

6,000-1,000

What do all the Dmanisi crania have in common?

600-700 cc, less robust brow ridge

Homo erectus's cranial capacity ranges from ________ to _______ cubic centimeters

700-1200

Average brain size of H. erectus

700-1250 cc

The domestication of wheat and barley spread to Greece by _________yBP

8,000

What is the H. erectus fossil from Italy?

900-800 kya skull found H. cepranosis

Punch Technique

A core is selected, the top portion is removed by use of a hammer stone, a flat surface called a striking platform is created, the core is struck by use of hammer to punch to remove long narrow flakes, or blades can be removed by pressure flaking. Highly consistent sharp blades to be used as knives or other tools

grade

A form of social organization based on age, within a series of such categories

In the study of human evolution, scientists define modern in terms of

A series of distinctive anatomical traits that contrast with archaic traits from earlier hominins

Biface

Acheulian tool made of stone, flaked on both sides

How can middle Pleistocene evolution be summarized?

Africa and Europe fossils resemble each other more than either resembles the pre-human fossils from Asia. Chinese paleoanthropologists argue that contemporary fossils from Asia should be considered early members of Homo sapiens.

What is H. heidelbergensis?

Africa and Europe, 850-222 kya, Ancestor to neanderthals, Denisovans, Homo sapiens

Bodo and daka hominins are ________; Dmanisi is _________

African and Asian

Amud, Kabara, and Shanidar are example of what kind of hominin?

Archaic Homo sapiens, Neanderthals

Broken Hill, Dali, and Atapuerca are sites where specimens of _________ have been discovered.

Archaic homo sapiens

What controversial claim is made by some chinese paleoanthropology?

Argue that the more ancestral traits are shared with homo erectus are found in modern chinese which indicates a great degree of genetic continuity these traits are sagittal ridge and flattened nasal bone. Modern chinese evolved from a separate chinese H. erectus lineage

The discovery of modern/archaic hybrid fossils supports which model of modern human origins?

Assimilation

According to Tim White's analysis, the ancestor of Homo habilis is likely to be

Australopithecus garhi

Middle Pleistocene cultural traits

Cave and open air living sites, use of fire, temporary shelters, exploited wide variety of food sources, exploited marine life, little evidence for hunting

Where is the largest collection of fossils in China from?

Central Java, Sangrian Dome

How does the environment in Africa change during the Pleistocene?

Changing rainfall patterns which affected food resources and migration routes and the Sahara dessert expanded

Anatomically modern human fossils were discovered in the European Upper Paleolithic site of

Cro-Magnon, France

What is the unusual pattern of preservation for the remains from Zhoukoudian?

Dragon Bones

Features of of the East Turkana ER 3733 specimen

East Turkana, 1.7 mya, 848 cc

The discoverer of Pithecanthropus erectus was

Eugene Dubois

Who was the first to discover a H. erectus fossil?

Eugene Dubous, 1891 Solo River, Trihil Java

To date, the majority of Neanderthal fossils have been found in the (continent) ________ and western (continent) _________

Europe and Western Asia

Wurm

Europe, 20 kya last and most intense period of glaciation during the Pleistocene

Significance about the recent find at Gona

Female pelvis, 1.3 mya, wide birth canal, post cranial remains were rare

Early Native Americans used which distinctive fluted spear points to hunt large-bodied Ice Age mammals?

Folsom points

One of the most important adaptive transitions in hominin evolutions is the shift from _________ to _________

Foraging to farming

Assimilation Model

Fred smith, greater interbreeding

What does the genetic evidence tell us about Neanderthals ad Humans?

From mtDNA from more than a dozen neanderthals fossils has been extracted and sequenced, Ranging from 32 to 50 kya divergence between modern humans and neanderthals occurred between 440,000 and 270,000 years ago. Neanderthals and modern Homo sapiens interbred

Dmanisi

Georgia, 1.7 mya, homo erectus and other skeletal remains

Key sites in Europe

Gran Dolina: 850 kya Steinheim Arago Petralona Swanscombe Atapuerca: sima de los Hues (350 kya), 28 individuals: 80% of all Middle Pleistocene hominins, 90% of all known H. heidelbergensis remains

What is the likely explanation for the rapid increase in body and brain size among Homo erectus?

Greater access to protein and improved nutrition

__________ iron is found in some foods that provide all the amino acids humans require in their diet

Heme

The first hominin to migrate beyond Africa was

Homo erectus

Archaic Homo sapiens shows a mixture of _________ and _________ traits

Homo erectus and Homo sapien

The best fossil evidence to suggest that Neanderthals could produce a language like that of modern humans from which bone collected at Kebara, Israel?

Hyoid

How are Middle Pleistocene hominins similar to H. sapiens?

Increased brain size, more vertical nose, more rounded brain case, less-angled occipital

The first widely reported Neadnerthal find, the Feldhofer Cave skeleton, was correctly interpreted as a probable ancestor to modern humans, according to _________

Johann Carl Fuhlrott

Altai Mountains

Key Neanderthal sites in Central Asia: South Siberia, 44-37,000 ya, DNA analysis, Denisovan

Teshik-Tash, Uzbekistan

Key Neanderthal sites in Central Asia: neanderthal child with mousterian tools

Bodo, Ethiopia

Key site in Africa, earliest example of African H. heidelbergensis, likely evidence of butchering (canibalism) 600,000 ya

Kabwe Broken Hill, Zambia

Key site in Africa, nearly complete skull; mosaic features, browridge very robust, but brain case expanded, 600-125,000 ya

Jinniushan, China

Key site in Asia, 200,000 ya, 1260 cc, thin brain case walls, modern features unexpected for age, regional variant of H. heidelbergensis, partial skeleton with cranium showing relatively large brain size; some chinese scholars suggest it is a possible ancestor of early chinese H. sapiens

Dali, China

Key site in Asia, Late Middle, Upper Pleistocene, H. erectus and H. sapiens characteristics, 1120 cc, considered by some to represent H. heidelbergensis, nearly completed skull; best evidence of H. heidelbergensis in Asia

La Chapelle-aux-Saints, France

Key site in Neanderthal site, "The old man" complete arthritic, 40 yr-old male, flexed position in a shallow grave

Moula-Guercy, France

Key site in Neanderthal site, 78 broken skeletal fragments from ca. 6 individuals, cannibalism

The _________ site demonstrates that Neanderthals intentionally buried their dead.

La chapelle-aux-saints

How are Middle Pleistocene hominins similar to H. erectus?

Larger face, projecting brow, low forehead, thick cranial vault

While on an archaeological dig in Europe, you find a stone tool that is rounded on one side and has had flakes removed from the other side, giving it the appearance of a tortoise shell. This is likely to be an example of the __________ of the Middle Paleolithic

Levallois core

Distinctive features of H. erectus cranium

Low long heavily built cranium, the cranial bones are thick, brow ridges are large, nuchal

Most common types of artifacts recovered at Zhoukoudian

Mammals, 14 skullcaps, H. erectus, stone tools

The ________ hypothesis states that change in skull form represents a response to decreased demands on the chewing muscles

Masticatory-funtional hypothesis

Dates of the Middle and Upper Pleistocene

Middle Pleistocene: 780,000-125,000 ya Upper Pleistocene: 125,000-10,000 ya

In the middle Pleistocene how is Europe different from earlier?

More permanently and densely populated

How does the environment in Eurasia change during the Pleistocene?

Most were affected, some areas were covered in ice so northern Europe would have been uninhabitable

The Middle Paleolithic is associated with __________ tools, which Neanderthals produced.

Mousterian

The _________ hypothesis supposes that the transition to modernity took place regionally and without involving replacement

Multi-regional Continuity

A group from which site in Java lasted until 70-40 kya?

Ngandong

Two tool industries associated with H. erectus

Oldowan and Acheulian

Significance about the OH 9 specimen

Olduvia, 1.4 mya, 1067cc, large brow ridges, thin cranial bones, found by Louis Leakey, largest cranial capacity

The ____________ models asserts a single origin of modern people and eventual replacement of archaic Homo sapiens throughout Africa, Asia, and Europe.

Out-of-Africa

Stone tools are more commonly found on archaeological sites thought to be associated with which paleospecies?

Paranthropus

Chatelperronian

Pertaining to an upper paleolithic industry found in france and spain, containing blade tools and associated with neandertals.

The original name for Asian Homo erectus was

Pithecanthropus

Key Neanderthal site in Iraq

Shanidar 1: Male 30-45 years old, numerous traumas: Blow to the left side of the head, blow to the right side of the body, missing right lower arm and hand, trauma to the legs

H. antecessor

Spanish specimen that is quite different from homo erectus

Key Neanderthal sites in Israel

Tabun: 120,000-110,000 ya. contemp with humans, Keba: 60,000 ya Hyoid

Describe the cultural categories of Neanderthals

Technology: Mousterian tool industry, levallois point, perforator, side scraper Settlements: open sites, caves and rock shelters, windbreaks of poles and skin were at the cave opening, fire was for cooking, warmth, light, and keeping predators at bay Subsistence: hunting large mammals, no long distance, weapons Exploited marine sources: gathering selfish, hunting seals and dolphins, Speech and symbolic behavior: Neanderthals were not limited by neurological differences Wore jewelry: Perforated shells

The Neanderthals' disappearance after 30,000 yBP likely involved a measurable degree of ____________

Their assimilation

The Levallois method of stone tool production is associated with the

Upper Paleolithic

The European archaeological period that is marked by a great increase in technology and various kinds of art starting about 35,000 yBP is called the ____________

Upper Paleolithic Period

Why is H. erectus recognized as a new grade?

Variation between regional populations

The Neolithic demographic transition resulted in earlier _______

Wearing (the spacing between births reduced, and mothers were able to produce more offspring)

Significance of WT 1500

West Turkana, Nariokotome, 1.6 mya, most complete skeleton ever found, 5'3, 8 year old, 800cc

Classic Neanderthals traits

Western Europe: 1520 cc, cranial capacity, large low long and bulging cranium, bun-shaped occipital bone, vertical forehead, arching browridges, project face, robust, powerfully muscled, short limbs

Found at Schonigen Germany

Wood spears, 400,000 ya

The frequent occurances of agriculture around the world was accompanied by which two phenomena?

a decline in nutritional quality and an increase in infectious disease

Levallois technique

a middle paleolithic technique that made use of prepared cores to produce uniform flakes

A central theme of human evolution is

an increasing adaptive flexibility

A hominin fossil that has a long, low skull; projecting face and occibital bone; and large nasal aperture is likely to be classified as having _______ characteristics

archaic

The Herto skulls from Ethiopia have a combination of ________ and __________ features

archaic and modern

The human population increase of the Holocene was probably due to decreased ________________

birth spacing

Painted perforated shells are evidence that Neanderthals used _______

body ornaments

Agricultural foods eventually shifted nutrition from a generalized diet to one focused on high levels of _________

carbohydrates and poor quality proteins

The "______________" suggests that Homo erectus significantly increased the available food and nutrition and decreased tooth size after learning to control fire.

cooking hypothesis

Dental caries in the New World increased at the same time that populations started growing __________

corn

Some cases of anemia, which cause red blood cell production to increase in response to iron deficiency or blood loss, may lead to ______________ in eye orbits

cribra orbitalia

Cavities in the teeth are also called

dental caries

According to John Relehford, the most likely reasons for modern humans to have migrated out of Africa during the late Pleistocene include _______ and ________

disease and loss of food supply

The first evidence of modern human traits, including increasing brain size and dependence on material culture, shows up in Homo _________

erectus

Sub-Saharan Africans show the largest genetic diversity of any human population. This is likely to have resulted from the accumulations of

genetic mutations over time

Some Homo erectus specimens had very large and robust bones while others were

gracile

The many stone tools, fragmentary animal bones, and teeth found at Gran Dolina, Spain, indicate that hominins there processed and consumed animals including other ________

hominids

Arago, Petralona, Atapuerca 5, and steinheim are example of what kind of hominin?

homo heidelbergensis

Parasitic infections are a primary cause of _________ in many regions of the globe

iron-deficiency anemia

The Homo floresiensis specimen is the result of________

isolation

Gran Dolina adult hominins were similar to later Homo sapiens in their wide _________

nasal apertures

The people represented by the Denisova fossils likely share a common ancestor with

neanderthals

A ____________ is a scientist who studies plant remains in the archaeological record

paleoethnobotanist

An oval cross section of an adult femur suggests that the individual was likely very _________

physically active

Extreme anemia can lead to:

porotic hyperostosis

Domestication produced more food per unit area of land than had hunting and gathering meaning more people could be fed from the _____________

same amount of land

Based on the archaeological record from various areas, an initial effect of agricultural was that people became ________

shorter

A distinctive trait of people from East Asia and the Americas is

shovel-shaped incisors

Comparisons of the bones from hunter-gatherers' to later agriculturalists' to modern peoples' show a remarkable decline in ________

size

interglacials

temperatures are warmer and ice melts

glaciations

temperatures dropped and ice accumulated

The most distinctive traits about the cold adaptation complex of Neanderthals are

the body and the length of the arms and legs

African Homo erectus cranial features include _______ cranial bones

thick

Homo habilis experience a major shift to new environments that was characterized by

tool use from obtaining and processing food

Two-thirds of calorie intake comes from the key cereal grains domesticated in the earlier Holocene, especially which 4?

wheat, barley, corn, and rice