ANTH LAB QUIZ 2 (Study Guide)

Vertebrae

26 small bones that make up your backbone

Radius

A straight line bone located parallel to the ulna. It allows movements like turning your palm up (supination) and down (pronation) and also supports the hand's flexibility and grip strength

Question 3: Which anatomical plane divides the body into front and back halves? A) Transverse B) Coronal C) Sagittal D) Ventral

Answer 1: B) Coronal Explanation: The coronal (or frontal) plane divides the body into front and back halves.

Which term refers to the main shaft or long cylindrical part of a long bone, primarily composed of compact bone tissue? A) Epiphysis B) Diaphysis C) Periosteum D) Articular cartilage

Answer 1: B) Diaphysis Explanation: The diaphysis is the long, central shaft of a long bone, consisting mainly of compact bone tissue. It serves as the primary weight-bearing structure of the bone.

Which cranial bone forms the forehead and the upper part of the eye sockets, and contains the frontal sinuses? A) Temporal bone B) Occipital bone C) Frontal bone D) Sphenoid bone

Answer 1: C) Frontal bone Explanation: The frontal bone forms the forehead and the upper part of the eye sockets. It also contains the frontal sinuses, which are air-filled cavities.

Question 1: Which term describes a body part that is closer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body? A) Distal B) Lateral C) Proximal D) Superior

Answer 1: C) Proximal Explanation: Proximal refers to a body part that is closer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body.

Question 1: Which anatomical plane divides the body into left and right halves? A) Transverse B) Coronal C) Sagittal D) Ventral

Answer 1: C) Sagittal Explanation: The sagittal plane divides the body into left and right halves.

Question 1: Which term describes a position above or higher than another part of the body? A) Inferior B) Medial C) Lateral D) Superior

Answer 1: D) Superior Explanation: Superior refers to a position above or higher than another part of the body.

Question 2: If a structure is closer to the feet than another structure, which term would be used to describe its position? A) Inferior B) Anterior C) Superior D) Posterior

Answer 2: A) Inferior Explanation: Inferior refers to a position below or lower than another part of the body, opposite to superior.

Question 2: Which anatomical plane divides the body into upper and lower halves? A) Transverse B) Coronal C) Sagittal D) Medial

Answer 2: A) Transverse Explanation: The transverse (or horizontal) plane divides the body into upper and lower halves.

If a certain body part is farther away from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body, which term would be used to describe its position? A) Lateral B) Proximal C) Distal D) Superior

Answer 2: C) Distal Explanation: Distal refers to a body part that is farther away from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body, opposite to proximal.

What is the term for the ends of a long bone, composed of spongy bone surrounded by a thin layer of compact bone? A) Periosteum B) Diaphysis C) Epiphysis D) Medullary cavity

Answer 2: C) Epiphysis Explanation: The epiphysis is the rounded end of a long bone, consisting of spongy bone covered by a thin layer of compact bone. It plays a crucial role in the growth and development of bones.

Which cranial bone forms the sides and roof of the skull, and has two parietal foramina on its surface? A) Temporal bone B) Sphenoid bone C) Parietal bone D) Ethmoid bone

Answer 2: C) Parietal bone Explanation: The parietal bones form the sides and roof of the skull. They have two parietal foramina on their surface, which are openings for blood vessels.

Which cranial bone forms the back and base of the skull, and contains the foramen magnum, the opening for the spinal cord? A) Temporal bone B) Occipital bone C) Frontal bone D) Ethmoid bone

Answer 3: B) Occipital bone Explanation: The occipital bone forms the back and base of the skull. The foramen magnum, located in the occipital bone, is the opening through which the spinal cord passes.

Question 3: In anatomical terms, what does "superior" mean? A) Closer to the midline of the body B) Farther away from the head C) Closer to the head D) Farther away from the feet

Answer 3: C) Closer to the head Explanation: Superior describes a position closer to the head or higher in the body, opposite to inferior which is closer to the feet or lower in the body.

Which term describes a position on the belly side of the human body in a four-legged animal? A) Anterior B) Posterior C) Ventral D) Medial

Answer 3: C) Ventral Explanation: Ventral refers to the belly side of the body. It is commonly used when describing positions in animals, especially four-legged ones, where "ventral" is equivalent to "anterior" in humans.

Which of the following is true about the diaphysis of a long bone? A) It contains red bone marrow responsible for blood cell production. B) It is primarily composed of spongy bone tissue. C) It serves as a storage area for minerals such as calcium. D) It is the main shaft of the long bone made mostly of compact bone tissue.

Answer 3: D) It is the main shaft of the long bone made mostly of compact bone tissue. Explanation: The diaphysis is the main shaft of a long bone, primarily composed of compact bone tissue.

Which directional term refers to a position closer to the midline of the body? A) Lateral B) Anterior C) Ventral D) Medial

Answer 3: D) Medial Explanation: Medial refers to a position closer to the midline of the body.

Question 4: What is the opposite of the term "anterior"? A) Medial B) Lateral C) Dorsal D) Ventral

Answer 4: C) Dorsal Explanation: Dorsal refers to the back side of the body, opposite to the anterior (front) side.

Which cranial bone houses the middle and inner ear structures and contains the mastoid process? A) Ethmoid bone B) Sphenoid bone C) Temporal bone D) Frontal bone

Answer 4: C) Temporal bone Explanation: The temporal bones house the middle and inner ear structures. They also contain the mastoid process, a bony projection behind the ear.

Which cranial bone is butterfly-shaped and forms part of the floor of the skull, as well as the sides of the eye socket? A) Sphenoid bone B) Ethmoid bone C) Temporal bone D) Frontal bone

Answer 5: A) Sphenoid bone Explanation: The sphenoid bone is butterfly-shaped and forms part of the floor of the skull and the sides of the eye socket (orbit).

Question 5: Which term describes a position farther away from the midline of the body? A) Medial B) Lateral C) Ventral D) Dorsal

Answer 5: B) Lateral Explanation: Lateral refers to a position farther away from the midline of the body.

Which cranial bone contributes to the nasal septum, the medial wall of the eye sockets, and contains the cribriform plate? A) Frontal bone B) Parietal bone C) Ethmoid bone D) Occipital bone

Answer 6: C) Ethmoid bone Explanation: The ethmoid bone contributes to the nasal septum, the medial wall of the eye sockets, and contains the cribriform plate, which has tiny openings allowing olfactory nerve fibers to pass through.

Which term describes a position at the back of the human body? A) Anterior B) Posterior C) Ventral D) Medial

Answer: B) Posterior Explanation: Posterior refers to a position at the back of the human body, opposite to anterior which refers to the front of the body.

Which term refers to a position at the front of the human body? A) Lateral B) Posterior C) Anterior D) Medial

Answer: C) Anterior Explanation: Anterior describes a position at the front of the human body, opposite to posterior which refers to the back of the body.

Lumbar

Area of back between ribs and hips: The lumbar vertebrae are the lower back bones, located below the thoracic spine and above the sacrum. There are five lumbar vertebrae, and they are the largest and strongest in the spine. These bones support most of your body's weight and provide stability for activities like standing and lifting.

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body

Occipital (bone of skull)

Back of Head (Base of the skull)

Phalanges

Bones of the fingers and toes.

C1 (Atlas) -

C1 vertebra, also known as the Atlas, is the first bone at the top of your spine, right under your skull. It's named after the Greek Titan Atlas who held the world on his shoulders because this bone supports the weight of your head. It's like a ring that allows your head to nod up and down as if you're saying "yes." It forms the joint that lets you nod and turn your head, allowing you to look around in different directions. So, the Atlas is like the foundation that your head sits on, enabling you to move your head freely.

Carpals

Carpals are the bones that form the wrist. There are eight carpal bones in each human wrist, arranged in two rows. These bones provide stability to the wrist joint and allow for a wide range of movements in the hand. They are essential for activities that involve grasping, twisting, and flexing the hand and fingers, making them crucial for everyday tasks such as writing, typing, and holding objects securely.

Os Coxa*****

Commonly known as the hip bone, is a large, flat bone located in the pelvic region of the human body. It is actually made up of three fused bones: the ilium, ischium, and pubis.

False Ribs:

False Ribs: The next three pairs (8th, 9th, and 10th ribs) are called false ribs. They don't directly attach to the sternum but are connected to the cartilage of the rib above them.

Vomer Bone

Flat, thin bone that forms part of the nasal septum

Floating Ribs

Floating Ribs: The last two pairs (11th and 12th ribs) are called floating ribs. They are called "floating" because they don't attach to the sternum or to the cartilage of other ribs. Instead, they are only connected to the spine in the back.

Sphenoid (bone of skull)

Forms part of the floor of the skull. It's a butterfly-shaped bone that helps support the brain and keeps the shape of your face.

Metacarpals

Hand bones: Metacarpals are the bones in the human hand that connect the wrist (carpal bones) to the fingers (phalanges). There are five metacarpal bones in each hand, one for each finger, excluding the thumb. These bones form the palm of the hand and provide structure and support for grasping and manipulating objects. Metacarpals are essential for hand movements and contribute to the hand's overall strength and flexibility.

Teeth******

Incisor Canine Premolar Molar

Ischium

It is the lower and posterior part of the hip bone. The ischium supports the seated body's weight when you sit down and provides an attachment point for various muscles and ligaments.

Patella

Knee Cap: Commonly known as the kneecap, is a small, flat, triangular bone located in the front of the knee joint. It acts as a protective shield for the knee joint.

Inferior

Lower on the body, farther from the head

Directional Terms ******************

Medial/Lateral Anterior/Posterior Ventral/Dorsal Superior/Inferior Proximal/Distal

Premolar (teeth)

One of the types of back teeth is used for crushing and grinding food.

Ribs************

Ribs helps protect vital organs in the chest, such as the heart and lungs, and provides structural support to the upper body.

Thoracic

Vertebra in the chest region: The thoracic vertebrae are the bones in the middle of your spine, between the neck and lower back. There are twelve of them, and they're connected to your ribs, providing support and protection for your heart and lungs. These vertebrae help maintain your posture and form the central structure of your upper body.

Nasal****************

Zygomatic Zygomatic arch

Incisor (teeth)

a tooth that has a sharp edge for biting; one of the four front teeth of the upper or lower jaw

Lambdoidal Suture (Skull)

between parietal and occipital bones

Sacrum

bone formed from five vertebrae fused together near the base of the spinal column

Nasal bone

bridge of nose

Zygomatic Arch

cheek bone

Sternum

chest bone

Proximal

closer to the point of attachment or closer to the body's midline. "point of attachment" refers to the specific place where a muscle, bone, or organ is connected to another structure in the body Examples: 1. Muscle Attachment to Bone 2. Ligament Attachment 3. Tendon Attachment to Muscle 4. Bone Attachment in Joints

Clavicle

collar bone

Coronal Plane

divides body into front and back

Sagittal Plane

divides body into left and right

Epiphysis of long bone

ends of the bone, composed mostly of spongy bone

Distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Sutures of the skull

fibrous joints that connect individual skull bones. These joints are somewhat like seams, where the bones are tightly connected but still allow for a small amount of movement, especially during childbirth and early childhood to accommodate brain growth. Sagittal Coronal Lambdoidal Squamosal Its called SUTURES because they look like the parts are sewed together

Frontal (bone of skull)

forehead bone; protects cranium

Coccyx

four vertebrae fused together to form the tailbone

Bones of the Cranium**********

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid

Transverse Plane

line that divides the body into upper and lower sections

Ethmoid (bone of skull)

located in the skull, specifically between your eyes and behind your nose. It's a spongy bone that helps form the inside of your eye sockets and the nasal cavity. The ethmoid bone is important because it provides support to the front of your brain and also contributes to your sense of smell.

Mandible Bone

lower jaw bone

Ulna

medial bone of the forearm: One of the two long bones in the forearm, alongside the radius. It's located on the inner side of the arm. The ulna runs from the elbow to the wrist. This bone provides stability to the forearm and plays a significant role in the movement of the hand and forearm.

Cervical

neck

Parts of a long bone**************

o Epiphysis o Diaphysis

Ilium

part of the hip bone: It is the largest and uppermost of the three pelvic bones. The ilium is located on the sides of the pelvis and contributes to the formation of the hip joint. It also provides attachment points for muscles and ligaments, supporting body movement and stability.

Canine (teeth)

pointed, dog-like teeth next to the incisors. Called K9 because they are similar to dog teeth

Diaphysis (long bone)

shaft of a long bone

Scapula

shoulder blade

Squamosal

suture between parietal and temporal bones

Coronal Suture

the suture between the parietal and frontal bones of the skull

Molar (teeth)

three large, flat teeth at the back of the mouth, on either side of the dental arch

Parietal (bone of skull)

top of head

Dorsal

toward the back

Anterior

toward the front of the body

Superior

toward the head

Posterior

towards the back of body

Zygomatic

upper cheek

Maxilla (Bone)

upper jaw bone

Femur

upper leg bone: Thigh bone, which is the longest and strongest bone in the human body. It extends from the hip to the knee and plays a vital role in supporting body weight and facilitating movements like walking, running, and jumping.

Other Bones of the Face**************

vomer Lacrimal Palatine Maxilla Nasal

Humerus

Upper arm: Located in the upper arm, between the shoulder and the elbow. It's one of the long bones in the human body and plays a crucial role in the movement of the arm.

True Ribs:

True Ribs: The first seven pairs of ribs are called true ribs. They are directly attached to the sternum (breastbone) in the front and to the spine in the back, providing a solid and direct connection to the ribcage.

Anatomical Planes****************

Sagittal Frontal Transverse

Sagittal Sutures

Separates the head lengthwise between the two parietal bones. along the sagittal plane; separates the two parietal bones

Tibia

Shinbone: Often referred to as the shinbone, is one of the two long bones located in the lower leg, with the other being the fibula. The tibia is the larger and stronger of the two and plays a crucial role in supporting body weight.

Temporal (bone of skull)

Side of skull (temple)

Lacrimal Bone

Small fragile bone making up part of the front inner walls of each eye socket

C2 (Axis)

The C2 = the second bone in your neck beneath the Atlas (C1). It has a unique peg-like structure called the odontoid process, allowing your head to pivot and turn from side to side, enabling you to shake your head in a "no" motion.

The First Rib

The First Rib: The first rib is the shortest and most curved among the ribs. It is located at the top of the ribcage, positioned just beneath the collarbone (clavicle).

Appendicular Skeleton*************

The appendicular skeleton is the portion of the human skeleton that includes the bones of the arms, legs, shoulders, and pelvis. Unlike the axial skeleton, which forms the central axis of the body, the appendicular skeleton helps with movement and manipulation of the environment. It consists of 126 bones. These bones provide support and flexibility, allowing humans to perform a wide range of activities, from walking and running to grasping and carrying objects.

Axial Skeleton************

The axial skeleton is the central part of the human skeleton, consisting of 80 bones. It includes the skull, vertebral column (spine), and ribcage.

Inferior nasal conchae

The lowermost scroll-shaped bones on the sidewalls of the nasal cavity.

Palatine Bone

The palatine bones play a key role in shaping the inside of your mouth and nose, providing support and structure for these essential functions. Two irregularly shaped bones that form the back of the hard palate and helps to form the nasal cavity and the floor of the orbits

Fibula

The smaller of the two long bones located in the lower leg, running parallel to the larger tibia. While the tibia bears most of the body's weight, the fibula provides support and stability to the leg and serves as an attachment site for muscles and ligaments. It's situated on the outer side of the lower leg and doesn't bear as much weight as the tibia.

Ventral

Toward the belly

Medial

Toward the midline of the body