Anthro 171 Final Exam

What are the shared traits that unit the Platyrrhines?

3 pre-molars, tail, ring in ear, outfacing nostrils, exclusively arboreal

noyau

A social structure in which a male's territory overlaps the smaller territories of several females

What are the two commonly recognized as primate groups from Eocene?

Adapids and Omomyids

What is highly unusual about the orangutan social structure?

Adult males live alone while females live with their children

Where are Pottos found?

Africa

What is an example of a Miocene ape from Africa? Europe? Asia? What is unusual about the locomotion of some of these extinct apes compared to modern apes?

Africa: Proconsul Europe: Dryopithecus Asia: Sivapithecus They would climb on branches as opposed to swinging from them

To what family do owl monkeys belong? What is unique about owl monkeys?

Aotidae, they are nocturnal

What locomotor pattern do almost all living cercopithecoids share?

Arboreal quadrapeds

Where are lorises found?

Asia

To what family do howler monkeys belong?

Atelidae

To what family do spider monkeys belong?

Atelidae

Saharagalago

Belongs to the Galagidae family, ancient divergence of lorises and galagos

What is unique about gibbon locomotion and how are they adapted to this mode of travel? How do they compare to other primates in regard to quickness and agility in the trees?

Brachiation, wrist functions like a ball and socket joint, they are the fastest and most agile of all tree-dwelling, non-flying mammals

To what family do marmosets and tamarins belong?

Callitrichidae

To what family do capuchins belong?

Cebidae

What are the 3 major groups of Platyrrhines?

Cebidae, Atelidae, Pithecidae

What family represents Old World monkeys?

Cercopithecidae

What are the two major groups of living Old World monkey? What distinguishes them from one another?

Cercopithecines are cheek pouch monkeys, have short tails, molars have lower, more rounded cusps Colobines are leaf eating monkeys, have a deeper jaw, molars have high sharp cusps, have a complex stomach

To what family do mouse lemurs belong? What is a distinguishing feature of mouse lemurs compared to all living primates?

Cheirogalidae family, small primate

To what family do dwarf lemurs belong? What is a distinguishing feature of dwarf lemurs compared to all living primates>

Cheirogalidae, don't have thumbs, pick up objects between their second and third fingers

What are the 2 groups of cercopithecoids? What features are used to distinguish them form one another?

Colobines(leaf eating) and cercopithecines (cheek pouch)

To which Old World monkey group do the colobus monkeys belong? Where are colobus monkeys found?

Colobus, Africa

To what family do aye-ayes belong?

Daubentoniidae

What are the shared derived traits of Strepsirhines? The primitive?

Derived: toothcomb, well developed sublingua Primitive: wet nose, more than 2 mammary glands, biocornuate uterus, whiskers, monochromatic vision, grooming claw, vomerononasal organ, epithelichorial placenta

What features are generally shared by the haplorhines?

Dry nose and detached upper lip, 1 pair of mammary glands, reduced vibrissae, lack of a vomeronasal organ, di or trichromatic vision, lack of claws, lack of tapetum lucidem,

What are the Victoriapithecidae?

Early Old World monkeys from mid Miocene Africa and Eurasia

When did lorises diverge from galagos? how do we know? From where is the evidence found?

Eocene era, canal are different, The Fayum

Adapids

Eocene era, were ancestors to lemurs

Omomyids

Eocene era, were ancestors to tarsiers

Plesiadapiforms

Extinct, were alive in the Paleocene era, closely related to primates or a precursor to them. Last common ancestor of primates

What are two alternative mating strategies for adult male orangutans?

Flanged males (call and wait) and unflanged males (roam and force copulations)

Where are Old World monkeys found and what is outstanding about their distribution compared to other living non-human primates?

Found in Africa and Asia, they can survive in many different climates

To what family do galagos belong? Where are they found?

Galagidae, Africa

How do lorises and galagos differ in locomotion?

Galagos are vertical clinging and leaping, arboreal quadrupedalism whereas lorises are slow and cautious climbers which use quadrupedalism

What is the largest primate to have ever lived?

Gigantopithecus blacki

What are 3 groups of cercopithecines discussed in lecture? The 3 groups of colobines?

Guenos, Baboons and Managbays, Macaques then colobus, odd-nosed monkeys and langurs

To what family do gorillas belong? What is the genus name for these primates? Where are they found? How many species are there? What is their social structure and mating system? What is their diet? Locomotion?

Hominidae, Gorilla, Africa, two species, social system is one male, multi female, polygynous, diet consists of fruits and termites, quadrupedal knuckle-walking

To what family do orangutans belong? What is the genus name for these primates? Where are they found? How many species are there? What is their social structure and mating system? What is their diet? Locomotion?

Hominidae, pongo, Asia, two species, solitary, tend to live alone, multi-male to female mating, eat fruits, bird eggs, are also geophagy (frugivorous)

What features distinguish hominoids from cercopithecoids?

Hominoids have Y5, no tail, large brain, suspensory locomotor adaptations, cercopithecoids have bilophdont and a tail

What are the two major groups of hominoids? What are the 5 living great ape groups?

Hylobatidae and hominidae. Gorillas, chimps, orangutans, bonobos and humans

To what family do gibbons and siamangs belong? Where are they found? What is their social structure? Mating system? Diet?

Hylobatidae, southeast Asia, pair bonded, travel in groups, frugivorous, folivores

What is the threat status of orangutans? What is the primary threat they face in the wild? What is unusual about their interbirth interval?

Illegal logging, killing them for meat, infant trade where the mother is killed, they have a very long interbirth interval

What special adaptations do lorises have for their locomotion?

Increased blood flow to limbs and special hands/feet

To what family do sifakas belong? What type of locomotion do all members of this family exhibit?

Indriidae, arboreal locomotion, bipedal hops to move with its arms thrown out to the side for balance

What shared derived features unite the living apes?

Large brains, orbital convergence, opposable big toes, low crowned generalized molars

Tapetum Lucidum

Layer of tissue behind the eye that reflects back light, found in nocturnal animals

What are the 2 major groups of Strepsirhines?

Lemuridae and Lorisidae

To what family do ring-tailed lemurs belong? What is unusual about their locomotion compared to other lemurs?

Lemuridae, they don't usually hang from tree branches to move

To what family do lorises and pottos belong?

Lorisidae

Where geographically are lemurs found? Lorises? Galagos?

Madagascar, Africa and Asia, Africa

Where are lemurs found? Why does this place have such high levels of biodiversity?

Madagascar, because it's an island

To which Old World monkey group does the mandrill belong?

Mandrillus

When in the fossil record do recognizable fossil hominoids first appear? Name these 3 early apes

Miocene, Dryopithecus, Sivapithecus and Gigantopithecus

When do Old World monkeys first appear in the fossil record, and what is an example of an early family/member of this group?

Miocene, Victoriapithecus

Why do the Hylobatidae show less sexual dimorphism than the Hominidae?

More male to male conflict with Hominidae, Hylobitidae are pair-bonded

Adult social interactions within gorilla societies occur primarily among what individuals?

Most social interactions are between adult females and silverback male

To which Old World monkey group does the proboscis monkey belong? What distinguishing feature does the proboscis monkey have? What type of selection has shaped this feature (be as specific as possible)?

Nasalis, huge nose, sexual dimorphism

What activity pattern do the Lorisidae share? Which social system?

Nocturnal, noyau

Where geographically are the different hominoids found?

Orangutans: Asia, Gorillas, Bonobos, chumps: Africa, Humans are everywhere

What shared derived traits distinguish catarrhines from other primates?

Oval shaped nostrils, long narrow nose, downward facing nostrils, ability to see color, tails.

When did Plesiadapiforms exist?

Palocene era

To what family does the white-faced saki belong?

Pitheciidae

What traits distinguish catarrhines (cercopithecoids and hominoids) from Playtrrhines?

Plat's are new world monkeys, 2 pre-molars, Ectotympanic tube

When do primate like animals first appear in the fossil record?

Plesiadapiforms in the Paleocene

Arboreal Hypothesis

Primate traits evolved as a result of arboreal living

Visual Predation Hypothesis

Primate traits evolved due to predation by primates on small prey

Angiosperm Coevolution Hypothesis (Terminal Branch Feeding Hypothesis)

Primate traits evolved in conjunction with the rise of angiosperms (flowering plants)

What primitive traits do strepsirhines share?

Rhinarium, retention of 2+ pairs of mammary glands, prominent vibrissae, vomeronasal organ, dichromatic vision, grooming claw

What behaviors do nearly all lemurs have in common?

Seasonal breeders, female dominance, lack of sexual dimorphism

To what family do tarsiers belong? Where are tarsiers found?

Tarsiidae, found in Asia, Europe and N America

Turbinate's

The structures on the side wall of the inside of the nose. They project into the nasal passages as ridges of tissue

Why is the Miocene known as the "Age of Apes"? What is different about ape and monkey diversity in the Miocene compared to today?

There was many more species of ape alive during the Miocene, much less diversity

To which Old World monkey group does the gelada baboon belong? Where are modern gelada baboons found?

Theropithecus, Ethiopian highlands,

What are Plesiadapiforms?

They are an extinct order of mammals, closely related to primates or a precursor to them

What do we know about lemur evolutionary history based on their fossil record?

They are split off into five families, 17 species of lemur recently went extinct

Compare and contrast chimpanzee and bonobo societies. How are they different? What might this tell us about human nature and evolution?

They are very territorial, extensive use of tools and cultural traditions. They occupy a variety of habitats. Females don't associate with each other, male dominated society. This tells us that we are evolved from them so our society is based on the same original traits.

How have spider monkeys converged behaviorally on apes and how is this reflected in their skeletons?

They have large bodies, hairless faces. The males form bonds and are able to keep away predators because of this, they have color vision

What is unusual about the leaf eating monkey infant/neonatal coat pattern?

Very long childhoods, don't "leave" their mothers until age 5

What are the hypotheses that explain primate origins and primate homologous features?

Visual Predation Hypothesis, Arboreal Hypothesis and the Angiosperm Coevolution Hypothesis

Vibrissae

Whiskers

The Fayum

a region of ancient Egypt that became extremely fertile when the Nile river diverted water to it. Fossil remain exists from the Late Eocene in Africa there.

Post-orbital bar

boney arched structure that connects the frontal bone of the skill to the lower eye socket bone

To which Old World monkey group does the macaque belong? What is extraordinary about macaques in regard to their geographic distribution?

cercopithecidae, are found in Asia and northern Africa

What derived traits do strepsirhines share?

dental comb, well developed sublingua

What type of diet does the white-faced saki have, and what adaptation does it have for this food resource?

diet is granivorous and frugivorous, they have large canine teeth which assist in cracking the hard outer covering of shells and nuts

Vomeronasal Organ

found in the nose, its an auxiliary olfactory sense organ that is found in many animals

What are the characteristics all primates share?

grasping hands/feet, bionuclar vision, reduced reliance on nose, reduced and generalized dentition, large brains, primitive body plan, slow life history

What is unique about these monkeys compared to other primates? What is unique about their diet for New World Monkeys?

have loud howls, they have wide set nostrils and can smell out food 2km away. Long tails. They are the only folivores of the New World Monkeys

Which derived traits do the tarsidae share with other Haplorhines?

hemochorial placenta, no rhinarium, lack of toothcomb, reduced olfaction, lack attached upper lip

What are the main shared traits that unite haplorhines?

hemochorical placenta, post orb closure, reduced vibrissae, lack vomeronasal organ, no claws, lack tapetum lucidem, dichromatic or trichromatic vision

How did platyrrhines most likely get to the New World?

land mas likely floated/islands formed so they found their way over

What is the aye-ayes foraging behavior similar to? and what distinguishing features do they have related to foraging?

look/break into trees using their adapted narrow and bony middle fingers to grab prey

Rhinarium

naked skin surface surrounding the external part of the nostrils, dogs and cats have them

The tarsidae share several primitive traits with strepsirhines, what are they?

nocturnal, small body, grooming claw, multiple mammary, biocornuate uterus

What anatomical adaptations and aspects of social behaviors make marmosets and tamarins unique?

secondary derived claws, cooperative breeding system, fraternal twins usually born, not territorial

Grooming claw

specialized claw or nail on the foot of certain primates used for grooming

Heterodont

teeth are different

What is a distinguishing feature of the mandrill when compared to other primates (and mammals)? What type of selection has shaped this feature (be as specific as possible)?

they are extremely colorful, female selection shaped this feature

What behaviors are capuchins known for? What enables them to conduct these activities?

they are the most intelligent New World monkey, they can use tools. They break open fruit using rocks

What is unique about gelada's diet? Their communication? What type of social system do they display?

they eat grass. Have very complex vocalizations that offer reassurance, appeasement, defense etc. Reproductive units, all-male groups and travel in herds

Recognizable Platyrrhines appear in the fossil record of the Americans in the mid-late Miocene. How do scientists think they got there?

they rafted over from Africa when S American and African continents were closer

K-Pg boundary

thin band of rock, shows when 3 quarters of the earths species went extinct, marks the end of the Cretaceous Period

Sublingula

under the tongue

To what family do chimpanzees and bonobos belong? What are the genus and species names for these primates? Where are they found? What is their social structure and mating system? What is their diet? Locomotion?

• Hominidae, pan, P. paniscus, Africa, social structure is multi-male, multi-female fission-fussion, their diet is frugivorous, locomotion is suspensory, knuckle walking