Anthro EXAM 4
In his work with the Azande people, E. E. Evans-Pritchard found that which of the following individuals are formally taught the knowledge of rituals and medicines and use that knowledge to thwart the work of a witch?
witch doctors
characteristics of the modern state
> compere economically and militarily with other states for resources and territory (externally) > each state seeks to establish a monopoly on the legitimate use of force within a territorial domain (internally)
Challenges to state sovereignty
> economic restructuring promoted by international financial institutions and implemented by the state has yielded a flourishing of civil society > states are increasingly struggling to control who and what enters and leaves their territories > becoming more porous
Typology
> provided a basis for cross-cultural comparison
importance of local expressions
> religion is flexible > globalization of religions makes it hard for anthropologists to create a definition of it
Which of the following is what Chavez calls a binational family?
A family containing both undocumented immigrants and legal U.S. citizens.
Binational families
A family that consists of both undocumented immigrants and U.S. citizens or legal residents
According to Chavez, one of the great benefits of being an undocumented Mexican immigrant in the United States is the access these individuals enjoy to excellent, low cost healthcare. (T/F)
False
According to Chavez, rural Mexicans typically expect to begin their full-time working lives at age 18, when they graduate from high school. (T/F)
False
According to Chavez, the Mexican and Central American immigrant populations in San Diego have roughly the same age and sex distribution as the American population. (T/F)
False
According to Chavez, the main reason why undocumented immigrant families tend to cluster residentially in the U.S. is because they dislike Americans and American culture. (T/F)
False
What kind of work was done by the Green Valley residents?
Gardening, clean up construction sites, clean up private yards, do landscaping, perform nursery work, dig trenches, anything that required manual work that could be taught quickly
George Gmelch discovered that baseball players who use a particular ritual, such as touching the bill of their cap every time they are up to bat, believe what about good magic?
Good magic is contagious.
Zapatistas
Guerilla movement named in honor of Emiliano Zapata; originated in 1994 in Mexico's southern state of Chiapas; government responded with a combination of repression and negotiation
Max weber on religion
Protestant Ethic: followers of the protestant reformation emphasized disciplined work ethic, this-worldly concerns, and a rational orientation for life. This is the spirit of capitalism. You have to work hard to become successful and reach salvation.
Health consequences of not having documentation
The person has no healthcare, out of fear, so they aren't treated for any sickness they may have
What's it to live as an undocumented immigrant?
They are constantly living in fear since they know at any they could be deported
What happens when they are apprehended?
They are either deported or they can appeal the deportation
Why is home more important?
They fear that if they go out of their home they could potentially be deported so they become more home-based
What became of the Green Valley residents?
They found new places to live
What do people without documentation do?
They try to get fake documentation or use ones belonging to other citizens
Transnational families and stresses they face
Transnational families are families with one or more member in the U.S. and one or more member in another country. Stresses these families face are emotional, financial and physical.
According to Chavez, what eventually led to the removal of the undocumented immigrants living in Green Valley was not an INS raid, but rather the use of Health codes to condemn housing occupied by these workers. (T/F)
True
Comparison of San Diegan and immigrant age-sex pyramids. What accounts for differences?
Typical immigrants come with families and are around late 20's- early 30's. In San Diego the majority of immigrants are single and younger in age because it is a city, appealing more to the younger generation and the jobs offered are more suitable for someone younger and has the potential of becoming more of a long-term job.
rite of passage
a category of ritual that enacts a change of status from one life stage to another, either for an individual or a group
disease
a discrete natural entity that can be clinically identified and treated by a health professional
civil society organization
a local nongovernmental organization that challenges state policies and uneven development, and advocates for resources and opportunities for members of its local communities
Husain Tekri
a muslim saints shrine, or dargah, named in memory of the martyred grandson of the prophet Muhammed > part of the religious healing circuit
Biomedicine
a practice, often associated with Western medicine, that seeks to apply the principles of biology and the natural sciences to the practice of diagnosing disease and promoting healing
Pilgrimage
a religious journey to a sacred place as a sign of devotion and in search of transformation and enlightenment
In Japan, the second Monday of January is a national Coming of Age Day. Young people who have turned 20 years old in the past year wear traditional clothing, attend ceremonies in local government offices, and celebrate at parties afterwards. Coming of Age Day is an example of:
a rite of passage
imitative magic
a ritual performance that achieves efficacy by imitating the desired magical result
Communitas
a sense of camaraderie, a common vision of what constitutes a good life, and a commitment to take social action to move toward achieving this vision that is shaped by the common experience of rites of passage
Religion
a set of beliefs and rituals based on a unique vision of how the world ought to be, often focused on a supernatural power and lived out in community
Bands
a small kinship-based group of foragers who hunt and gather for a living over a particular territory
Cultural Materialism
a theory that argues that material conditions, including technology, determine patterns of social organization, including religious principles
According to Max Weber, the values of self-denial and self-discipline provided the ethic necessary for:
capitalism to flourish.
A group of people within the domain of a state creates their own organization in an effort to challenge inequities and assert their political rights to resources and recognition within their state. What is this type of formal organization called?
civil society organization
social movements
collective group actions in response to uneven development, inequality, and injustice that seek to build institutional networks to transform cultural patterns and government policies
Your college experience leads eventually to your graduation, a ritual process that ushers you into the "real world" where you are expected to find a job and be a productive member of the larger society. In the model of ritual that Victor Turner describes, what does this entirety of your experience, including the graduation ceremony itself, help to promote?
communitas
Islamic Fatwa Councils
comparing two key local sources of legal authority 1) the personal status courts operated by the Egyptian state 2) the Al Azhar Fatwa council, independently established in 1935 and one of the oldest leaders and most established centers of Islamic authority
Chinese medicine
conceptualizes health as a harmonious relationship between Heaven and Earth, which are considered the major forces of the universe
Emile Durkheim
considered the father of sociology and a major proponent of functionalism, Emile Durkheim was the pioneer of modern social research and established the field of sociology as separate and distinct from psychology and political philosophy
Marx's view of religion
described religion as an "opiate" that was particularly harmful to oppressed peoples; eligion drugged masses into submission by offering a consolation for their harsh lives on earth
Variety of backgrounds and work experience
law degree, school teacher, private accountant
In many cultures, the first menstruation in women is seen as a powerful marker of womanhood and is frequently marked by ritual. In some cases, the young woman is separated from the larger social cohort and left in a state of isolation that may provide a time for reflection. According to anthropologist Victor Turner, what is this stage in the ritual process called?
liminality
Origins of the state
linked to the rise of agriculture and the emergence of fixed settlements > some loosely configured states existed as early as 5,000 years ago in Mesopotamia
Ethnomedicine
local systems of health and healing rooted in culturally specific norms and values
metaphysical spirituality
more prominent than anything else
Adolf Hitler was able to create a powerful unified state in Germany, in part, by blaming ethnic minorities for the country's problems and promoting the idea of "ethnically German" people as different and superior. This made the idea of persecuting minorities and expanding German dominance over Europe seem like a reasonable course of action. What do we call this feeling of belonging and superiority?
nationalism
Ethnopharmacology
the documentation and description of the local use of natural substances in healing remedies and practices
illness
the individual patient's experience of sickness
illness narratives
the personal stories that people tell to explain their illnesses
agency
the potential power of individuals and groups to contest cultural norms, values, mental maps of reality, symbols, institutions, and structures of power
health transition
the significant improvements in human health made over the course of the twentieth century that were not, however, distributed evenly across the world's population
political anthropology
the study of power and authority and systems of organizing social life
magic
the use of spells, incantations, words, and actions in an attempt to compel supernatural forces to act in certain ways, whether for good or for evil
limitations of typologies
today no political arrangement of band, tribe, or chiefdom can operate outside that pervasive influence of the state
Effectiveness of Operation Gatekeeper
It is effective in regards to keeping a large amount of immigrants from entering the company
Occupy Wall Street
Name of the original protest that launched the populist, anti-Wall Street "Occupy" movement in late 2010 and early 2011. Youthful radicals pitched tents and occupied Zuccotti Park in New York's financial district beginning in September 2010 to protest inequality and corporate political power. This demonstration inspired similar occupations in many other cities.
Mozambique
Nordstrom > consistently found people who resisted and defeated political violence of war by attending to the day-to-day matters of their community (all things that constitute a meaningful life)
What causes clusterin of immigrants from the same Mexican or Central American community?
Once someone comes to America from one of those communities the begin to bring in family and friends to show them a better life. Once those people move out they tend to remain quite close to whoever they were previously with
Catholicism
The system, doctrine, and practice of the Roman Catholic Church.
Why is INS ineffective?
There is no record kept of who goes in or out of the country, so they are unable to keep control of illegal immigrants
How did they find work?
They lined up on the street
ritual
an act or series of acts regularly repeated over years or generations that embody the beliefs of a group of people and create a sense of continuity and belonging
Amchi medicine
based on achieving bodily and spiritual balance between the individual and the surrounding universe
Karl Marx argued that which of the following played a key role in keeping the working poor from engaging in revolutionary social change that he believed was necessary to improve their situation?
religion
How and why did the Health Department get involved?
(How) There was an article that brought 2 illegal restaurants to their attention and they shut them down (Why) There were many complaints coming from citizens about the restaurants
Roots of Violence
1) natural expression of the inherent human condition 2) humans are inherently peaceful, violence arises through cultural practices and patterns that overwhelm basic human nature 3) nature and culture, humans may be naturally peaceful and only culturally provoked
sacred
anything that is considered holy
Costa Rica peasant rebellion
> activism of the rural poor in Costa Rica, Central America, during the 1980's and 1990's > Costa Rica was drawn into the civil wars of its neighbors > debt crisis shook its economy and spurred rapid inflation > able to soften the harshest blows of globalization on its economy by protesting
framing process
the creation of shared meanings and definitions that motivate and justify collective action by social movements
According to Chavez, which of the following is a disadvantage of employment as a domestic worker for an undocumented immigrant?
> Domestics are isolated socially from other immigrants. > Domestics experience a decline of Spanish speaking skills. > Pay-related abuses, such as not being paid or being paid less than promised, are more common. > The pay typically is lower than in other jobs.
African Magic
> E.E. Evans-Pritchard > sought to understand witchcraft and magic in E Africa > Paul Stoller > apprenticed with a sorcerer in W Africa
big man's system
> Kawelka > Authority associated with personal wealth and leadership qualitites > Competition between big men within group
Medical Anthropology
A specialization in anthropology that brings theoretical and applied approaches from cultural and biological anthropology to the study of human health and disease
nation-state
A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality
Advantages and disadvantages of domestic work
Advantages: quick to pick up the skill, many job opportunities, off-the-books pay Disadvantages: very little pay, physically grueling, no stability, work related abuse
How is medicine "an institution of social control"?
An illegal immigrant has the fear of being deported when visiting the hospital or a doctor
How have attitudes towards immigrants changed since the book's first edition?
Attitudes towards immigrants has changed to be more negative. There have become movements to make immigration laws more strict due to the fact that some citizens of the U.S. fear the immigrants coming in are too dangerous for the country
Did the "problem" go away?
No because there really isn't anything being done to end the "problem"
Anthropological research illustrates that people make a religious tradition come alive in their own context through local expressions and adaptations. Which of the following is an example of this?
Eid al-Fitr is an important holiday celebrated in different ways by Muslims around the world.
What happens when you sign or don't sign a voluntary departure form?
If they sign the voluntary departure form they are deported more quickly and can no longer appeal. If they don't sign they can appeal the deportation and it takes longer to actually deport the individual
Different expectations in rural Mexico and U.S. about what age to start working?
In rural Mexico it is common for young men and women to begin working at 14 or 15 years old and to not really go to school. In the U.S. it is common to work at 15 or 16 years old, but only on a part-time basis because school is the top priority.
Language and vulnerability at work
It's hard to pick up a new language and they must learn it on their own time because they cannot afford, nor do they have the time to go to school to learn it. At work it is tough to do their job with the language barrier they face. The language barrier also allows the employer to pay the employee less.
Meeting goals thu living arrangements
Living with more than one family allows for housing to be cheaper, more people are able to take care of children and house duties, and allows for a sense of family and togetherness
What is nativism and how is it manifested in the immigration debate?
Nativism is intense opposition to an internal minority on the ground of its foreign, or un-American, connections. It is manifested in the immigration debate because people say they fear immigrants now based on the fact that they don't know anything about the culture of countries the immigrants are coming from
How does an undocumented immigrant become socially, culturally and personally incorporated into the U.S.? What factors are most important in this?
Socially, immigrants form networks of friends and family through colleagues and employers. Culturally, they are influenced by American television and school. Personally, they begin to feel a part of the community. They find themselves interested in local events and becoming more involved in the society
What are the production and reproduction advantages (for the US) of a guest-worker (bracero) program?
The U.S. is benefitting from the bracero program because they are able to fill jobs citizens do not want and pay the guest-workers a low amount
What do we call the potential of a person or a group to contest and change norms, values, institutions, and structures of power?
agency
In Egypt, people view the decisions of the official Egyptian Personal Status courts with great suspicion, and they often turn to the traditional Al Azhar Fatwa Council for guidance on important matters of daily life, even though their decisions are not legally binding. The Fatwa Council is an example of what kind of social response to the state?
an alternative legal structure
chiefdoms
an autonomous political unit composed of a number of villages or communities under the permanent control of a paramount chief
State
an autonomous regional structure of political, economic, and military rule with a central government authorized to make laws and use force to maintain order and defend its territory
saint
an individual who is considered exceptionally close to God and is exalted after death
sickness
an individual's public expression of illness and disease, including social expectations about how one should behave and how others will respond
profane
anything that is considered not holy
Small, kin-based groups that hunt and gather over a particular territory and constantly break up and reform in response to conflicts are referred to as what?
bands
In 2014, police in Ferguson, Missouri, shot and killed 18-year-old Michael Brown in an incident that evoked nationwide protest. In the ensuing months, social media was employed to powerful effect using the hashtag #blacklivesmatter. The creation of the #blacklivesmatter hashtag helped galvanize support and is an example of what kind of action?
framing process
working class
frequently ethnocized
Service's Framework
frequently proven too simple to capture the complexity and diversity of political practices and institutions that are reflected in ethnographic studies and archaeological record
pantribal sodalities
groups that extend across the whole tribe, spanning several villages
The ability of a dominant group to create consent and agreement within a population without the use or threat of force is referred to as what?
hegemony
Discrimination
in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
tributary states
independent state that has to acknowledge the supremacy of another state and pay tribute to its ruler
Tribes
indigenous group with its own set of loyalties and leaders living to some extent outside the control of a centralized authoritative state
Liminality
one stage in a rite of passage during which a ritual participant experiences a period of outsiderhood, set apart from normal society, that is key to achieving a new perspective on the past, future, and current community
Martyr
one who suffers or sacrifices for a cause
Shamans
part-time religious practitioners with special abilities to connect individuals with supernatural powers or beings
Emile Durkheim argued that which of the following was key to allowing a society to regenerate its sense of social solidarity?
ritual
contagious magic
ritual words or performances that achieve efficacy as certain materials that come into contact with one person carry a magical connection that allows power to be transferred from person to person
cows and ahimsa
sacred beings of various religions
What do anthropologists call a part-time religious practitioner with special abilities to connect individuals with supernatural powers or beings?
shaman
The political structure of modern countries includes a central government that exercises complete political, military, and economic control of its territory. Modern countries are considered what kind of organization?
state
what is the main political anthropology is used today?
state
hegemony
the ability of a dominant group to create consent and agreement within a population without the use or threat of force
health
the absence of disease and infirmity, as well as the presence of physical, mental, and social well-being
authorizing process
the complex historical and social developments through which symbols are given power and meaning
Militarization
the contested social process through which a civil society organizes for the production of military violence
