ANTHRO MID TERM

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Recent finds in Africa date Homo sapiens to about __________ years ago

160,000

By about __________ B.C., archaeologists had found most of the major characteristics of civilizations.

3500

Cities first appeared in the Near East about __________.

3500 B.C.E.

Sahelanthropus tchadensis lived about ___ million years ago

7

The first clear indication of a changeover to food production took place in the Near East about _____ B.C.E.

8,000

If we think of the history of the universe in terms of 12 months, the history of human-like primates would have taken up only about _____________.

90 minutes

Anthropologists have explained the lack of parents' emotional interaction and playfulness with infants in some preindustrial societies as

A need to create emotional distance due to high infant mortality rates in these societies

Who are the Denisovans?

A recently discovered hominin species

The tool tradition identified with Homo erectus is the

Acheulian

Lower Stone Age settlements in ____ were contemporary with the Upper Paleolithic cultures in Europe and North America

Africa

The earliest known modern-looking humans found so far lived in

Africa

Why do cities and states emerge in Mesoamerica later than in the Near East

Agriculture started later in the New World than in the Old World

Which of the following can encompass any of the four main subfields

Applied anthropology

Which of these innovations appeared during the Upper Paleolithic

Art

Anything made or modified by a human is called a(n)__________.

Artifact

Before it was determined that it should have its own genus, Ardipithecus ramidus was classified with which group

Australopithecus

Which hominin species was the first discovered

Australopithecus africanus

In the Near East, dogs seem to have been domesticated

Before the rise of agriculture

_____ rule describes what seems to be a general relationship between body surface area and temperature

Bergmanns

Who classified plants and animals into a systema naturae, which lead to the taxonomic system we use today

Carolus Linnaeus

Which of these is the earliest evidence of art

Carvings

Most of the remains that have been excavated from Upper Paleolithic sites have been found in

Caves and rock shelters

Which early-20th-century anthropologist studied Samoan adolescents, calling into question the assumption that adolescent psychological development was similar everywhere

Claude Levi-Strauss

The exact reproduction of an individual from cellular tissue is called

Cloning

The first form of writing found in Sumer and dating to around 3000 B.C.E. is known as

Cuneiform

What happens to a species when environments change

Different traits become adaptive

Anthropologists speculate that early stone tools found in East Africa were made by

Early Homo

Undisputed bipedal early hominins lived in __________ about 4 million years ago

East Africa

The traditional Inuit concept of inummarik, or a "genuine person" includes a lifelong process of

Ecological involvement

The earliest Neolithic societies were

Egalitarian

In addition to the genes, physical variations in human populations may be due to the

Environment

The method of ____ shows that a theory seems to be wrong

Falsification

Most archaeologists believe that the __________ was one of the earliest centers of plant and animal domestication

Fertile Crescent

Dual-inheritance theory relates to the roles of ____ and ____ in transmitting traits to future generations

Genes and culture

The earliest members of our genius, which appeared around 2.8 million years ago, are generally classified into what two species

H. habilis and H. rudolfensis

All primates have grasping

Hands

In 1994, _____ published The Bell Curve, a book arguing that there is a casual link between race and intelligence

Herrnstein and Murray

What is the currently accepted scientific name of Neandertals

Homo neandertalensis

Only ___________ fossils have been found in North and South America

Homo sapiens

Toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, people got most of their food from __________.

Hunting

Which of the following is a major source of new culture

Individual variation

Why do we still not know when human language emerged

It is a difficult topic to explore archaeologically

How does bipedal locomotion compare to the quadrupedal movement of chimpanzees?

It is more efficient over long distances

Ethnocentrism both hinders out understanding of other peoples' culture and

Keeps us from understanding our own culture

Toward the end of the Acheulian period, a technique was developed that enabled toolmakers to produce flake tools of a predetermined size. This was called the _____ method

Levalloisian

Which theorist was pivotal in the theoretical approach of evolutionism

Lewis Henry Morgan

Humans are unusual among mammals in our

Long post-reproductive life span for females

Which term can be used to refer to the entire culture of Homo erectus

Lower Paleolithic

The wild grass teosinte led to today's domesticated

Maize

The goal of applied anthropology is to

Make anthropological knowledge useful

Why is it incomplete to simply call anthropology "the study of humans"

Many other disciplines also study humans

The Middle Paleolithic period in Africa is called the

Middle Stone Age

Populations that live closer to the equator tend to have

Minimized ethnogenesis compared to northern and southern latitude populations

When did hominids first appear?

Miocene

The Y-5 pattern of hominids refers to a feature on the

Molars

Full bipedalism may have made possible

More efficient toolmaking

What do Neandertal skeletons tell researchers about their levels of activity

Neandertals made strenuous use of their bodies

Where were bananas first domesticated?

New Guinea

Where did the Leakey family conduct their paleoanthropological excavations

Olduvai Gorge

The idea that an understanding of personality might help us explain connections between primary and secondary institutions is called

Personality integration of culture

Participant-observation refers to the

Practice of immersing oneself in the language and customs of a society

The oldest definite primates, adapts and omomyids, are classified as early

Prosimians

As with early humans, other primates need play time to help develop normally. This is because play

Provides a way to learn social skills

The Japanese concept of self is often described as

Relational

______ has proposed a theory of state origin stressing population growth, circumscription, and war

Robert Carneiro

Which recently discovered species is providing a glimpse into the poorly understood period of hominoid evolution

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

With the drying trend of 16 to 11 million years ago, the area called the __________ expanded in Africa.

Savanna

Which of these illnesses is due to an abnormality of the red blood cells

Sickle-cell anemia

The fossil and archaeological records indicate that early hominins were

Social

A ___ might study speech patterns in varying social contexts

Sociolinguist

In 1895, Charles Darwin published

The Origin of the Species by Means of Natural Selection

How does everyday usage of the term "culture" differ from its academic definition

The common usage reflects a desirable quality that can be acquired

What is culture

The customary ways that a particular population or society thinks and behaves

Which of the following is true of conformity studies across culture

The degree of conformity varies, but most studies still show a conformity effect

Archaeologists can determine if an ancient society had different socioeconomic classes of people by looking at

The difference in house size and furnishing

Why do we not know whether bipedalism developed quickly or gradually

The fossil record is very slim for the period between 8 and 4 million years ago

What is the conceptual opposite of ethnogenesis

The glorification of other cultures

What do anthropologists mean when they say that city-states arose "independently" in various regions of the world

The states emerged without colonization or conquest

Why do anthropologists question results given by cross-cultural psychologists that indicate psychological development is delayed in many non-Western societies

The tests used are developed in the West using testing materials often unfamiliar to other cultures

What does Beatrice Whiting describe as one of the most powerful socializing influences on children

Their setting and the people within it

In his research on psychological development in the Tiv, Douglass Price-Williams found that

There was no difference between Tiv and European children in understanding conversion of earth, nuts, and numbers

Why did the Upper Paleolithic cultures rely on hunting for food?

There were vast supplies of meat available

Why did the 20th-century anthropologists become interested in psychology

They did not believe that human nature was completely reveled in Western societies

How do anthropologists deal with the range of individual behaviors they meet when trying to describe a culture

They use the variations to define acceptable limits of behavior

How did early evolutionists tend to think of Western cultures

They viewed Western cultures as being at the most progressive stage of evolution

Captive bonobos show grammatical knowledge similar to that of a

Two-year-old child

The anthropological curiosity is primarily interested in

Typical characteristics of populations

To measure something is to say how it compares with other things on some scale of

Variation

Charles Darwin was not the first person to discuss evolutionary processes, but he is famous because he

Was the fist to provide a comprehensive, well documented explanation of natural selection

Which pair of scientists is famous for discovering the structure of the DNA molecule

Watson and Crick

An explantation is an answer to a ____ question

Why

______ theorized that long-distance trade led to the state

Wright and Johnson

What is an adaptation

a genetic change that gives the carrier a better chance of survival and reproduction

The ideal cultural traits of a society

consist of the ideas people have about how they ought to behave

Gregor Mendel was a pioneer in the field of

genetics

Anthropology is the study of

humans

Among archaic peoples of Mesoamerica, __________ were located near seasonally abundant resources.

macrobands

Emile Durkheim stressed that culture is something ___ us exerting a strong ___ power on us

outside, coercive

Hypoxia is a condition of

oxygen deficiency

Homo erectus dates from around ____ million years ago

1.8


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