ANTHRO MID TERM
Recent finds in Africa date Homo sapiens to about __________ years ago
160,000
By about __________ B.C., archaeologists had found most of the major characteristics of civilizations.
3500
Cities first appeared in the Near East about __________.
3500 B.C.E.
Sahelanthropus tchadensis lived about ___ million years ago
7
The first clear indication of a changeover to food production took place in the Near East about _____ B.C.E.
8,000
If we think of the history of the universe in terms of 12 months, the history of human-like primates would have taken up only about _____________.
90 minutes
Anthropologists have explained the lack of parents' emotional interaction and playfulness with infants in some preindustrial societies as
A need to create emotional distance due to high infant mortality rates in these societies
Who are the Denisovans?
A recently discovered hominin species
The tool tradition identified with Homo erectus is the
Acheulian
Lower Stone Age settlements in ____ were contemporary with the Upper Paleolithic cultures in Europe and North America
Africa
The earliest known modern-looking humans found so far lived in
Africa
Why do cities and states emerge in Mesoamerica later than in the Near East
Agriculture started later in the New World than in the Old World
Which of the following can encompass any of the four main subfields
Applied anthropology
Which of these innovations appeared during the Upper Paleolithic
Art
Anything made or modified by a human is called a(n)__________.
Artifact
Before it was determined that it should have its own genus, Ardipithecus ramidus was classified with which group
Australopithecus
Which hominin species was the first discovered
Australopithecus africanus
In the Near East, dogs seem to have been domesticated
Before the rise of agriculture
_____ rule describes what seems to be a general relationship between body surface area and temperature
Bergmanns
Who classified plants and animals into a systema naturae, which lead to the taxonomic system we use today
Carolus Linnaeus
Which of these is the earliest evidence of art
Carvings
Most of the remains that have been excavated from Upper Paleolithic sites have been found in
Caves and rock shelters
Which early-20th-century anthropologist studied Samoan adolescents, calling into question the assumption that adolescent psychological development was similar everywhere
Claude Levi-Strauss
The exact reproduction of an individual from cellular tissue is called
Cloning
The first form of writing found in Sumer and dating to around 3000 B.C.E. is known as
Cuneiform
What happens to a species when environments change
Different traits become adaptive
Anthropologists speculate that early stone tools found in East Africa were made by
Early Homo
Undisputed bipedal early hominins lived in __________ about 4 million years ago
East Africa
The traditional Inuit concept of inummarik, or a "genuine person" includes a lifelong process of
Ecological involvement
The earliest Neolithic societies were
Egalitarian
In addition to the genes, physical variations in human populations may be due to the
Environment
The method of ____ shows that a theory seems to be wrong
Falsification
Most archaeologists believe that the __________ was one of the earliest centers of plant and animal domestication
Fertile Crescent
Dual-inheritance theory relates to the roles of ____ and ____ in transmitting traits to future generations
Genes and culture
The earliest members of our genius, which appeared around 2.8 million years ago, are generally classified into what two species
H. habilis and H. rudolfensis
All primates have grasping
Hands
In 1994, _____ published The Bell Curve, a book arguing that there is a casual link between race and intelligence
Herrnstein and Murray
What is the currently accepted scientific name of Neandertals
Homo neandertalensis
Only ___________ fossils have been found in North and South America
Homo sapiens
Toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, people got most of their food from __________.
Hunting
Which of the following is a major source of new culture
Individual variation
Why do we still not know when human language emerged
It is a difficult topic to explore archaeologically
How does bipedal locomotion compare to the quadrupedal movement of chimpanzees?
It is more efficient over long distances
Ethnocentrism both hinders out understanding of other peoples' culture and
Keeps us from understanding our own culture
Toward the end of the Acheulian period, a technique was developed that enabled toolmakers to produce flake tools of a predetermined size. This was called the _____ method
Levalloisian
Which theorist was pivotal in the theoretical approach of evolutionism
Lewis Henry Morgan
Humans are unusual among mammals in our
Long post-reproductive life span for females
Which term can be used to refer to the entire culture of Homo erectus
Lower Paleolithic
The wild grass teosinte led to today's domesticated
Maize
The goal of applied anthropology is to
Make anthropological knowledge useful
Why is it incomplete to simply call anthropology "the study of humans"
Many other disciplines also study humans
The Middle Paleolithic period in Africa is called the
Middle Stone Age
Populations that live closer to the equator tend to have
Minimized ethnogenesis compared to northern and southern latitude populations
When did hominids first appear?
Miocene
The Y-5 pattern of hominids refers to a feature on the
Molars
Full bipedalism may have made possible
More efficient toolmaking
What do Neandertal skeletons tell researchers about their levels of activity
Neandertals made strenuous use of their bodies
Where were bananas first domesticated?
New Guinea
Where did the Leakey family conduct their paleoanthropological excavations
Olduvai Gorge
The idea that an understanding of personality might help us explain connections between primary and secondary institutions is called
Personality integration of culture
Participant-observation refers to the
Practice of immersing oneself in the language and customs of a society
The oldest definite primates, adapts and omomyids, are classified as early
Prosimians
As with early humans, other primates need play time to help develop normally. This is because play
Provides a way to learn social skills
The Japanese concept of self is often described as
Relational
______ has proposed a theory of state origin stressing population growth, circumscription, and war
Robert Carneiro
Which recently discovered species is providing a glimpse into the poorly understood period of hominoid evolution
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
With the drying trend of 16 to 11 million years ago, the area called the __________ expanded in Africa.
Savanna
Which of these illnesses is due to an abnormality of the red blood cells
Sickle-cell anemia
The fossil and archaeological records indicate that early hominins were
Social
A ___ might study speech patterns in varying social contexts
Sociolinguist
In 1895, Charles Darwin published
The Origin of the Species by Means of Natural Selection
How does everyday usage of the term "culture" differ from its academic definition
The common usage reflects a desirable quality that can be acquired
What is culture
The customary ways that a particular population or society thinks and behaves
Which of the following is true of conformity studies across culture
The degree of conformity varies, but most studies still show a conformity effect
Archaeologists can determine if an ancient society had different socioeconomic classes of people by looking at
The difference in house size and furnishing
Why do we not know whether bipedalism developed quickly or gradually
The fossil record is very slim for the period between 8 and 4 million years ago
What is the conceptual opposite of ethnogenesis
The glorification of other cultures
What do anthropologists mean when they say that city-states arose "independently" in various regions of the world
The states emerged without colonization or conquest
Why do anthropologists question results given by cross-cultural psychologists that indicate psychological development is delayed in many non-Western societies
The tests used are developed in the West using testing materials often unfamiliar to other cultures
What does Beatrice Whiting describe as one of the most powerful socializing influences on children
Their setting and the people within it
In his research on psychological development in the Tiv, Douglass Price-Williams found that
There was no difference between Tiv and European children in understanding conversion of earth, nuts, and numbers
Why did the Upper Paleolithic cultures rely on hunting for food?
There were vast supplies of meat available
Why did the 20th-century anthropologists become interested in psychology
They did not believe that human nature was completely reveled in Western societies
How do anthropologists deal with the range of individual behaviors they meet when trying to describe a culture
They use the variations to define acceptable limits of behavior
How did early evolutionists tend to think of Western cultures
They viewed Western cultures as being at the most progressive stage of evolution
Captive bonobos show grammatical knowledge similar to that of a
Two-year-old child
The anthropological curiosity is primarily interested in
Typical characteristics of populations
To measure something is to say how it compares with other things on some scale of
Variation
Charles Darwin was not the first person to discuss evolutionary processes, but he is famous because he
Was the fist to provide a comprehensive, well documented explanation of natural selection
Which pair of scientists is famous for discovering the structure of the DNA molecule
Watson and Crick
An explantation is an answer to a ____ question
Why
______ theorized that long-distance trade led to the state
Wright and Johnson
What is an adaptation
a genetic change that gives the carrier a better chance of survival and reproduction
The ideal cultural traits of a society
consist of the ideas people have about how they ought to behave
Gregor Mendel was a pioneer in the field of
genetics
Anthropology is the study of
humans
Among archaic peoples of Mesoamerica, __________ were located near seasonally abundant resources.
macrobands
Emile Durkheim stressed that culture is something ___ us exerting a strong ___ power on us
outside, coercive
Hypoxia is a condition of
oxygen deficiency
Homo erectus dates from around ____ million years ago
1.8