Anthro Module 2: Quizlet Exam
After the US Civil War the biologizing of race became extreme and people were defined as black is they had a single African ancestor, which came to be known as the "_____ rule."
"One drop rule"
How do religious rituals function politically?
-by legitimating community authority -by promoting fear -by resolving disputes
ritual
-grows out of good performance, gains control. -fielders hardly ever use rituals, no chance all skill
everyday second life
-humans reconfigured and organized differently. -relationship of coconstitution. -it is in being virtual that we are human
Which of the following is a theoretical approach to how economies create value used in society?
-neoclassical economics -substantivism -Marxism
taboo
-no hitter, crossing baseball bats. -personal taboos. -grow out of poor performances. -ate pancakes, did bad, didnt eat them again. -no taboos w fielders
The biocultural logic of local foodways is related to each of the following observations except:
-people typically have a stable understanding of good taste -most local foodways have developed to provide nutritious energy to people -many groups of people will willingly change their foodways when something better, such as industrial agriculture, comes along.
When Americans recognize that people are born into a particular social position due to the economic situations of their families, they are recognizing the existence of
-prejudice -discrimination -class
Censuses interest anthropologists because they
-reveal the government's role in classifying and categorizing people -change over time -indicate shifts in social categories
Which of the following is a political act?
-running for election -protesting against police brutality -gossiping about a neighbor to shame them for not fulfilling their obligations
How does racialization occur?
"One drop rule" Racism Racial thinking 1676 class rebellion
What does it mean that race does and does not exist?
"To say that race is a cultural construct is not to say that it does not exist; cultural constructs have an objective reality despite their reliance on human thought." -Culturally constructed. We base race off of a phenotype. Race doesn't actually exist on a biological level, but it exists on a cultural levels.
How do culture and social relations shape the meaning of money?
-Culture: -Social:
Compare and contrast how two theories--formalism and substantivism--would explain how and why people consume prestige goods, like Ferrari automobiles and Gucci bags.
-Formalism: underlying logic. -Substantivism: daily transactions pg 216
The US government's prohibition of Native American children speaking their indigenous languages in Indian schools has contributed most profoundly to
language death/loss
extended families
larger groups of relatives beyond the nuclear family often living in the same household
A set of rules established by some formal authority is the textbook definition of
laws
The Red Guard in China's Cultural Revolution attempted to change culture primarily using ____ was this sustainable?
laws and force, it wasn't sustainable
Which branch of cultural anthropology looks at the way that people handle disputes?
legal anthropology
The exercise of political power requires
legitamacy
The exercise of political power requires
legitimacy
The exchange of brass rods for the purchase of cattle or the payment of bride price is an example of the use of?
limit-purpose money
The exchange of brass rods for the purchase of cattle or the payment of bride price in cattle is an example of the use of
limited purpose money
___is objects that can be exchanges only for certain things
limited-purpose money
the exchange of brass rods for the purchase of cattle ar the payment of bride price is an example of the use of
limited-purpose money
The subfield of anthropology that studies language use is called
linguistic anthropology
Jihad literal and radicalized views
literal call to religious action while radicalized is call to military action
seeing conservation through a global lens
maasi; herding economy--> subsistence farming. -pastoralist, -cannot be mobile. -increased. -havent benefited from globalization. -wealth dispearace, -use of exchange especially marriage. -pressure against divorce. -conservation in africa (tanzania) nature does not equal human. -masaii have no where elseto live, don't only heard in wide open spaces. -disneyfication and ecoculture tourism. -tourists are placed in a bubble and only see what resorts want them to see--> confirms their false idea of reality. -fortress conservation. -only way to save people is to exclude people. -"would be poachers" target tourists. -notorious for taking bribes. -vanishing eden
a voodoo doll is a good illustration of
magic that follows the law of similarity
Religious beliefs, kinship patterns, and associations allow acephalous societies to
maintain order
The biocultural logic of local foodways is related to each of the following observations except
many groups of people will willingly change their foodways when something better, such as industrial agriculture, comes along
f you studied speech patterns such as those analyzed in Robin Lakoff's study of gendered speech, you might find that "talking like a lady"
marginalizes women's voices in work contexts
The _____ is a social institution in which people come together to buy and sell goods
market
capitalism is an example of
market system
the definition of exogamy
marriage outside of a group
What is endogamy?
marriage within a particular group
The anthropological study of _________ includes looking at the ideas and practices of manhood and how gender/sex identities are constructed.
masculinity
Marx proposed that there are__ constraints on human agency. An example of this is the inheritance of wealth or property
material
First social scientist to distinguish sex and gender
mead
Which material provided crucial proteins for brain development in humans?
meat
The term politics can mean many things, but from the wider anthropological perspective, it is understood as talking about the relationships and processes of all of the following except
media
The practice in which a third party intervenes in a dispute to aid the parties in reaching an agreement is called
mediation
You and your sibling are fighting over who gets to use the family car. When your parent intervenes and seeks a solution that is agreeable to both of you, it is an example of
mediation
What subfield of anthropology tries to understand how social, cultural, biological, and linguistic factors shape the health of human beings in different cultures?
medical anthropology
nearly all societies draw on more than one medical tradition simultaneously, a process which is called
medical pluralism
In her article, "Conversation Style: Talking on the Job," D. Tannen (CC3) argues that in the workplace
men often refrain from asking directions while women often seek to create the appearance of equality in a conversation
How is value related to the production of art in US culture?
money
When female nutritional anthropologist began working with the Ju/'hoansi, or !Kung San of the Kalahari they discovered that____is the major source of dietary calories
mongongo nuts
How words fit together to make meaningful units is called
morphology
The study of grammatical categories, such as tense and word order is called
morphology
The metaphor of the three sisters is used to convey the traditional ecological knowledge of
mounded planting technology which places corn, beans, squash in a single commensal planting
In the CC13a reading by B. Ehrenreich and A.R. Hochschild (Global Women in the New Economy), what kinds of work do most female immigrants end up doing when they move from poorer to richer countries?
nannies, maids, sex workers
Which of the following refers to the family into which one is born and raised?
natal
According to the text, independent states recognized by other states, composed of people who share a single national identity is a
nation-state
Independent states recognized by other states, and composed of people who share a single national identity, are referred to as
nation-states
an explanation of illness grounded in mechanistic and impersonal causes is :
naturalistic explanation
Sherry Ortner, a feminist anthropologist, observed that the roots of female subordination lay in the distinction all societies make between
nature and culture
Anthropologists believe that our behavior is influenced by
nature and nurture
According to James P. Spradley (author of CC 1-Ethnography and Culture), the belief that people everywhere interpret the world in the same way is called
naïve realism
Salvery is a form of
negative reciprocity
Humans started producing their own food during the ____________transition/revolution
neolithic
The flexibility of the brain is called
neural plasticity
If you wanted to study ongoing racialization processes in the United States, you would most likely focus on
new patterns in which people are dropping ethnic identification in favor of whiteness.
Slash-and-burn agriculture adds what to the soil?
nitrogen
An acephalous society is one that "may" have:
no leaders
religious ideas are typically associated with beliefs about the supernatural, but what argument can be used to explain the beliefs and worldview of physicists or geneticists, who may consider themselves nonbelievers?
nonbelievers may not have a religion, but deep down they must believe on something
In the neo-evolutionary typology of political organization, a band is a
noncentralized group of people who have a low population density and participate in foraging.
In the neo-evolutionary typology of political organization, a tribe is a
noncentralized group of people who have a low to medium population density and participate in pastoralism or horticulture.
which of the following activities or behaviors is not prt of the American sick role?
none of the above
Obesity and diabetes are effects of
nutritional transition
Gift exchange for Marcel Mauss is based in
obligation
The first origins of agriculture developed from
observations that forest clearing, quality seed or stem selection, and soil augmentation created patchy resources
Balanced reciprocity
occurs when a person gives something, expecting the receiver to return an equivalent gift or favor at some point in the future
Anthropologists reject the idea that same-sex sexuality is a fixed and exclusive condition because
of the research of Dr. Alfred Kinsey. of cross-cultural research on sexual practices. sexuality is variable throughout a lifetime.
egalitarian
of, relating to, or believing in the principle that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities.
Someone who eats plants and animals is a(n)
omnivore
The human diet is typically
omnivorous
When anthropologist studied Dogon menstrual huts they realized that natural fertility Dogon women have about____number of total lifetimes menstrual cycles as US women?
one quarter the
Marx and Mao's interpretation of the power of religion over social groups.
opiate of the masses
What relationship between nature and human does Western thought emphasize?
oppositional
Age-grades
organize men into generational groups among the Maasai.
The enhanced cognition of early modern humans allowed for
organizing social groups, better defense against animals, increased sophistication in toolmaking
A key characteristic of industrial agriculture is
overproduction
The research method in cultural anthropology that relies on personal contact with people on an everyday basis in order to learn about their culture is called
participant observation
Which of the following methods allowed Fairhead and Leach to make their conclusions about landscape change in Guinea?
participant observation of agricultural activities study of colonial records and aerial photographs oral histories
The Tiv of Nigeria are said to practice which of the following subsistence strategies?
pastoralism
__typically gain 50% of their calories from animal meat and milk and the remainder through trade
pastoralists
Which of the following analyses of Christmas shopping would be least likely to come from a follower of cultural economics?
people always make decision about what to buy on the basis of getting the lowest price
From an anthropologists point of view, people take the price tag off of gifts and wrap birthday presents because
people are ambivalent about expressing their connections with others using impersonal goods
Which of the following analyses of Christmas shopping would be least likely to come from a follower of cultural economics?
people buy gifts to reaffirm and strengthen social relations
From an anthropological perspective, the main reason Wall Street banks are not the bastions of individualism and cold rationalism many think they are is that
personal relationships and local knowledge are critical to successful transactions
For a big man in a non-state society, what is the most powerful and valuable tool?
persuasion
For a big man in a nonstate society, what is the most powerful and valuable tool?
persuasion
for a big man in a non-state society, what is the most powerful and valuable tool
persuasion
The minimum bits of sound that native speakers recognize as distinct are know as
phonemes
_____________ refers to the structure of speech sounds
phonology
________ is that subfield of anthropology concerned with humans as biological organisms
physical anthropology
What is the sociobiological explanation of the high rates of warfare among the Yanomami?
polgyny and female infanticide led to a shortage of females and fierce male warriors have increased breeding success
Analyses that focus on the linkage between political-economic power, social inequality, and ecological destruction are typical of which approach?
political ecology
Analyses that focus on the linkages between political-economic power, social inequality, and ecological destruction are typical of which approach?
political ecology
____ is one female married to multiple males, and _____ is one male married to multiple females.Incest, polygamy
polyandry, polygyny
Health disparities
population differences in health and suffering that are not explained by standard biological risk factors.
The idea that embraces dynamic culture changes processes and the idea that the observer of cultural processes can never see culture completely objectively represent which theoretical orientation
post-structuralism or postmodernism
What considerations structure organ theft in Brazil?
poverty
Thrones, staffs, shrines, and distinctive or ornamented objects are often used to display people's ______ and status.
power
the ability to control other, even over their objections, is referred to as
power
hijra & sadin: neither man nor woman in India
powerful women must be restrained by men, subordinant, active, erotic, and creative. -sexuality is distracting to men, must be controlled. hijras: neither man nor woman. less men +woman. third gender, perform at marriages and births for work, men w physical defect in intercourse and reproduction, have relationships w men, mother goddess call to them, emasculation i sinhivited but hijras practice in secret, transcend the sigma, dharma everyone has a life path, outside social and relationships of caste and kinship. SADHINS: celibacy, wear mens clothes and short hair, determined rejection of marriage. -allows for different ways of being human.
Economies in which people seek high social rank, prestige, and power instead of money and material wealth are known as
prestige economies
economies in which people seek high social rank, prestige, and power instead of money and material wealth are known as
prestige economies
An attitude of ethnocentrism toward another group
prevents understanding of other cultures
Cross culturally, the male transition to adulthood has more to do with__than spermarche
productivity
The USSR model of socialist agriculture
provided capital investments from the state
The example from lecture where how close you are expected to stand to others while waiting in line varies between the US and Taiwan is an example of
proxemics
Data gathered from personal interviews, observations, and oral histories is
qualitative
Segmentary lineage is
quickly created and dismantled. noncentralized. flexible.
__is a concept that organizes people into groups based on specific physical traits that are thought to reflect fundamental and innate differences
race
Anthropologists and other social scientists refer to ways in which social, economic, and political processes categorize and transform a population into racial meanings as
racialization
The social, economic, and political processes of transforming populations into races and creating racial meanings is called
racialization
What is an important factor in making race real?
racism
Pastoralism is
raising and maintaining herds of animals
The harmonious relationship and trust between an anthropologist build with research participants is known as
rapport
The simplest mode of distribution is
reciprocity
Goods and services are allocated by
reciprocity, redistribution and market exchange/market economy
cognatic
reckoning descent through either men or women from some ancestor
patrilineal
reckoning descent through males from the same ancestors
matrilineal
reckoning descent through though women whoa re descended from an ancestral woman
The collection of goods in a community and the subsequent redivision of those goods among members of a society is called
redistribution
the collection of goods in a community and the subsequent re-division of those goods among members of a society is called
redistribution
transgender
refers to someone to whom society assigns one gender who does not perform as that gender but has taken either permanent or temporary steps to identify as another gender
Transhumance is
regular seasonal movement in relation to an ecological need
How does religion differ from play?
religion people believing and continuing to believe, while play is making believe and for a short period of time
An important ethical concern for anthropologist is to
remind their informants that they are collecting data
In Malaysia capitalist entrepreneurship is
respectful of Islamic and Malay obligations and values
what is a life cycle ritual that marks a person's or group of persons' transition from one social state to another?
rite of passage
baseball magic 104
ritual, taboo, fetishes
Among the Sambia of Papua New Guinea men believe that young men must__before becoming a father
ritually ingest semen of an older male
Social stratification can determine your role in society, each role is expected to follow a __or a set of behaviors associated with your role
script
In a ____you identify with each other but you may never met
secondary social group
An example of work that usually fits into the category of the informal sector is
sex worker
sexuality
sexual preferences, desires, and practices
Indiana University biologist Dr. Alfred Kinsey conducted a series of sexuality studies during the 1940s and found that
sexuality consists on a continuum.
The religious leader who communicates the needs of the living with the spirit world, usually through some form of ritual trance or other altered state of consciousness, is called a ______.
shaman
Based on lecture, why may the woman at the right be preferred mate in the Omo valley Ethipoia
she is innovative at attracting income from tourism
The importance of structural functionalism is that it
showed that non-Western societies have order without formal government
The importance of structural functionalism is that it
showed that non-Western societies have order without formal government.
The importance of structural functionalism is that it
showed that non-western societies have order without formal government
third genders
situation found in many societies that acknowledge three or more categories of gender/sex
Swidden agriculture is also known as
slash and burn
Horticulture is
small-scale agriculture
A key feature of religious beliefs and behavior is that they are rooted in:
social behavior and social action
Examples of diffusion of technology
social marketing and forced change
Hierarchical relationships between different groups is known as
social stratification
Violence is
socially constructed
Applied anthropology by definition focuses upon
solving real-world problems
Foodways are dynamic because
some foods become trendy, they are subject to large-scale industrial processes, trade relationships change
system of government is the most complex and formal form of political organization
state
Doing fieldwork with a particular culture or group means that ethnographers might
stay in their country of origin and interview immigrants from the country they wish to study, go to the country and interview the members of a particular culture, live in the country but try to maintain a balance between participation and observation.
"Who Needs Love": The article gives three reasons why Japanese marriages are so strong and durable. Which one of the following IS NOT a reason listed in the article?
strong religious beliefs
Power that transcends individuals, operating in settings and orchestrating settings in which social and individual actions take place, is
structural power
Power that transcends individuals, operating in settings and orchestrating settings in which social and individual actions take place, is referred to as
structural power
power that transcends individuals, operating in setting and orchestrating settings in which social and individual actions take place
structural power
genealogical amnesia
structural process of forgetting whole groups of relative usually because they are not currently significant in social life
Which theory was used to explain how stateless societies maintained social order and equilibrium?
structural-functionalism
Which theory would analyze the distinction between raw and cooked food as a distinction between the binaries of nature and culture?
structuralism
An archaeologist might attempt to
study material remains to reconstruct past cultures
Most visitors to the 1935 exhibition of African art at New York's Museum of Modern Art were confronted for the first time by traditional African carvings of human and animal figures that were
stylized and symbolic representations of their subjects
Which economic theory was proposed by Polanyi to study the culture specific daily transactions that people engage in to get what they need and desire?
substantivism
Ethnorgaphies that provide thick description of culture are valued because they provide
sufficient contextual detail for understanding of culture
The core of Anthony F. C. Wallace's understanding of religion was belief in
supernatural things
when the symbols surrounding an illness are restructured, especially during ritual this is what type of therapeutic process?
symbolic process
What is a problem with medicalization?
taking natural things and making them scientific (giving birth to babies in a hospital with sick people)
Critical cultural relativism asserts
that power differences between people who accept cultural practices should be used to understand cultures
Structural power is power
that transcends individuals, operating in settings and orchestrating settings in which social and individual actions take place.
Which of the following explanations of political relationships among the !Kung would be least likely to come from a traditional political anthropologist?
the !Kung have to navigate complex politics as ethnic minorities in states that dont want them
Food sharing organized life among which group?
the !kung
Male Hadza foragers find women with larger buttocks more attractive than do white male American college students, this is because
the Hadza store their extra calories as fact, as humans did for most of human evolution
The consumption of high levels of animal fat is part of the foodways of which group?
the Inuit
The acephalous society who live in Southern Sudan are
the Nuer
What is biopiracy?
the appropriation, or patent, of indigenous biomedical knowledge by foreign entities without compensatory payment. ex: neem tree and asprin
Little or no sense of personal ownership characterizes
the band.
Seventy-five percent of the sale price of a shirt produced in China goes to
the brand and retailer
Which government agency might you study if you wanted to understand structural power?
the census office
Even though anthropologists use part of the scientific method, some don't see what they do as science because
the complexity of social behavior prevents any completely objective analysis of human culture
The concept of 'fortress conservation' would be applicable to all of the following situations except
the construction of ecotourist facilities to protect visitors from wandering lions in the Tanzanian savannas
An anthropologist who uses instrumentalist theories of ethnicity would explain the rise of "Latino" food distributor Goya as
the creation of a special market segment by a food company to enhance its profitability
Gender is
the cultural expectations of how males and females should behave
Sick role
the culturally defined agreement between patients and family members to acknowledge that the patient is legitimately sick.
Economic Anthropologists study
the decisions people make about earning a living, what types of work people choose to do, the creation of value
Economic anthropologists study
the decisions people make about earning a living, what types of work people choose to do, the creation of value
According to anthropologists, economies are shaped by which factors?
the decisions people make, social relationships, and culture and morality
According to anthropologists, economies are shaped by which factors?
the decisions people make, social relationships, culture and morality
Linguistic anthropology is concerned with
the description of languages, the history of languages, how language reflects a people's worldview
The anthropological perspective that inter-subjective social information flows both to and from the researcher is known as
the dialectic
Anthropologists study food holistically, which means that they focus on
the diversity of diets, complex interactions between nutrition and the environment, cultural beliefs surrounding food
According to Marshall Sahlins, when production is organized by families it is
the domestic mode of production
The idea that things have social lives refers to which of the following?
the fact that objects are deeply intertwined with people's lives
natal family
the family into which a person is born and (usually) raised
A key difference between anthropologists of development and development anthropologists is
the first are analysts of development; the second seek ways to influence it from within
Clinical therapeutic proces
the healing process in which medicines have some active ingredient that is assumed to address either the cause or the symptom of a disorder ex: modern medicine
In most non-industrial societies the main unit of production is
the household
Which part of the Zapotec agricultural system does not correspond well to Western ecological understandings?
the idea that maize has a soul
masculinity
the ideas and practices of manhood
gender/sex systems
the ideas and social patterns a society uses to organize males, females, and those who do not fit into either category
The exercise of political power in state and non-state societies is different in all of the following respects except
the importance of personal connections
The primary ethical responsibility of anthropologists is to
the individuals and groups they study
Geertz's approach to religion is a style of analysis that looks at the underlying symbolic and cultural interconnections within a society: this is often referred to as
the interpretive approach
An anthropologist who studies the cultural landscape of Zapotec farmers of southern Mexico would be primarily interested in
the meanings and images they have of nature that shape their farming practices
Promoters of globalization highlight which of the following?
the more open a country is to foreign trade, the better the economy will be
An action theorist studying political power in the U.S. Senate would be especially interested in
the normative rules of conduct that senators are supposed to follow
If a development anthropologist were to get involved in a project in your city that is revitalizing a poor neighborhood, she or he would probably emphasize
the overarching importance of listening to the priorities of the neighbors
The primaryethical responsibility of anthropologists is to
the people or species they study
incest taboo
the prohibition on sexual relations between close family members
Nutritional anthropologists study
the relationship between people and human nutritional needs and ecological conditions
sex
the reproductive forms and functions of the body -show differences in attitudes, temperaments, intelligences, aptitudes, and achievements
Foraging is
the search for edible things
According to the textbook, subsistence refers to
the social relationships and practices necessary for procuring, producing, and distributing food
kinship
the social system that organizes people in families based on descent and marriage
gender refers to
the social/cultural categories of men and women
why do films take on new meanings when shown to overseas audiences?
the specific cultural content and images in the film lead audiences to draw different conclusions because their culture is different
A substantivist perspective on the economic life of a college fraternity would likely focus on
the spending the fraternity does on parties
Private and state ownership of land characterizes
the state
An example of hegemony discussed in class is
the story of thanksgiving in the U.S.
Anthropology is
the study of humankind everywhere, throughout time
The word anthropology derives from the Greek anthropos and logos and literally means
the study of humans
When Katie shared the story of her green boots with the class it demonstrared
the symbolic meaning of an artifact such as a green boot is socially constructed through meaning
A Marxist approach to the cultural processes Karen Ho studied of Wall Street would be most focused on
the tendency to lay off employees on a regular basis as the bank suffers through financial crises caused by its own activities.
Lineage or clan ownership of land and livestock, with little sense of private property, characterizes
the tribe
Which of the following is an element of violence
the use of force to cause harm to someone or something, a highly visible assertion of power, and it is an efficient way to transform a social environment
An anthropologist using the formalist theoretical approach to doing fieldwork in a supermarket would be most interested in
the ways managers appropriate the labor of checkout clerks, butchers, and other workers
One of the main reasons agricultural intensification interests anthropologists is that
there are many strategies for achieving it
The themes of reciprocity and gift exchange are critical to anthropologists because
they are economically significant in market-based economies, the exchange of gifts is the economy in many societies, reciprocity is deeply embedded in social relations
A problem with categorizing religions into large groups or 'world religions' is __.
they are so different and it wont help with the violence between the religions
Cultural models help us make sense of the world because
they provide a pattern for one's own behavior and interpreting others' actions
The most enduring and ritualized aspects of culture are referred to as
traditions
This type of pastoralism, or movement pattern, is practiced when the men take the herd to better grazing land while the rest of the people remain in the settlement
transhumance
"Who Needs Love": Traditionally, it was common in Japanese society for fathers to only interact with their children on the weekend.
true
A major problem with using foreign labor in agriculture is that they don't have the same legal protections that citizens have
true
A nation can be made up of people who imagine they share a common culture or identity.
true
According "The Berdache Tradition", a lack of tolerance for gender variation in some cultures is often reflected in their mythology and creation stories.
true
According to lecture capitalism is likely based on the fact that if to defer consumption of a grain and instead plant it in the ground and care for it under and agricultural subsistence model it will yield the same number of seeds that you put in
true
Anthropologists agree that, in addition to prejudice and discrimination, unearned privilege upholds social inequality
true
Colonialism is an example of one form of governance forced upon another society.
true
Famines are often caused by not environmental factors but social factors like inequality.
true
Forager society tends to use humor to enforce norms
true
In some societies witchcraft accusations can work as an informal method of social control.
true
Malinowski's analysis of the Kula cycle is important because it helps explain how Trobriand men get social status through giving
true
Nasleehe is a Navajo changing gender one of the genders accepted within their culture
true
Power that not only operates within settings but also organizes and orchestrates the settings in which social and individual action take place is know as structural power
true
The Human Terrain System program in the US military in Iraq and Afghanistan, used anthropologist to help soldiers understand village polices and translate information
true
The central idea of Evans-Pritchard's concept of segmentary lineages is that the Nuer people have organized themselves politically into stable lineages, or segments.
true
The central point of the concept of spheres of exchange is to make a distinction between general- and limited-purpose money.
true
The ecological costs of producing beef in the United States are externalized on the landscape and water resources.
true
To follow political action one must be familiar with society's rules and codes about who gets to exercise power and under what conditions.
true
The main difference between economists and economic anthropologists is that economists
try to understand and predict economic patterns
The main difference between economists and economic anthropoogists is that economists
try to understand and predict economic patterns
the main difference between economics and economic anthropologists is that economists
try to understand and predict economic patterns
Women who practice polyandry tend to marry
two or more brothers
Privileged members of a society are usually___their privilege
unaware of
Westby's concept of dynamic literacy is best characterized as
understanding a text in the context of other texts
Ethnopsychology is largely concerned with
understanding how other societies make sense of selves, persons, and emotions
The anthropological theory that proposed that cultures will progress through phases of savagery and barbarism ultimately becoming civilization is
uni-lineal enculturation
A word that best described participant observation
unstructured
Characteristics of market exchange are
value of goods determined through principle of supply and demand, its found mostly in sedentary societies, money is used for payment for goods and services
kinship chart
visual representation of family relationships
Deborah Tannen argues that one negative consequence for women of asking questions is that they may seem
weak and unconfident
polygyny
when a man is simultaneously married to more than one woman
polyandry
when a woman has two or more husbands at one time
A good example of disguised discrimination is
when shopkeepers or security guards follow black customers through stores
Symbolism
when something represents abstract ideas or concepts.
In the Oxfam article about arms and violence in Haiti, what sub population experienced the greatest suffering
women and children
The main reason men of the Malaysian Langkawi fishing community hand over their money to women is that
women decontaminate or ~wash~ money by using it to sustain the household
The way a people conceptualize the world provides a set of unquestioned assumptions about the world and how it works. Anthropologists call these conceptualizations a ______.
worldviews
Non-national in jordan: statelessness as structural violence among gaza refugees in ordan 411
-similarities between conditions of neighborhood and jordan refugee camps. -abu asad (ex gaza refugee)-structural violence rooted in social order. -statelessness is a condition of rightlessness. -social structure. -human rights are dependent on sovereign states. -no state to protect them. -palestinian villages. -gazans were said to have no right to jordan citizenship. -only children under 6 recieve civil insurance program. -experiences of poverty. -status as stateless, priority of states and citizens over human rights
can white men jump 173
-sports geography, systematic. -x10 more genetic variation w in large populations than between populations. -genes dont directly cause traits; they only influence the system (increases lilkelihood) -nature vs nurture. -mind determination. -not genetic--> mind set -new records continue to be broken
Death Without Weaping 141
-takes place in northeast brazil. -very poor. -life expectancy only 40 years. -high infant/child mortality rate. -1 million children under the age of 5 die each year. -parents had to work so would leave child home alone to die. -feudalism, exploitation, institutionalised dependency. -indifference mother feel seem natural, but anticipated. -average of 9.5 pregnancies, 3.5 deaths, 1.5 stillbirths. -when babies die they say it was gods plan and that they are angels. -doctors over look health issues. -1990s health care program. -births and infant death declines, clean water, gangs
A foodways perspective on human evolution would emphasize:
-that people prefer the same kinds of fruit-based diet as primates, with periodic eating of meat -that changes in human dietary physiology are intertwined with how people grow, share, and eat food -that modes of subsistence evolve from the most simple, foraging, to the most complex, industrial agriculture
Economic anthropologists study
-the decisions people make about earning a living -what types of work people choose to do -the creation of value
For anthropologists, what is important about the existence of differences between populations in the ability to digest milk?
-the genetic aspects of the mutation that allows some populations to continue drinking milk into adulthood -the ways cultural beliefs and practices can support milk consumption -the social and political power of a milk industry.
What do environmental anthropologists study?
-the impact of pollution on certain groups -the effects of global economic changes on human-nature relationships -the impact of sustainable development initiatives on certain groups
A cultural constructionist who studies class would be interested in
-the ways intelligence tests are designed in ways that demonstrate that poor people are less intelligent than rich people -the cultural practices of an emerging middle class in a place like Nepal -the new ways in which class identities are combined with racial and ethnic identities, such as the idea that WASP signifies white or Jew signifies middle class
Why would English colonial leaders portray Africans as uncivilized heathens?
-to justify African slavery
fetishs
-use of object for good fortune -prized possession
do muslim women really need saving
-white men claim to save brown women from brown men. -portabe seclusion. -status respectable and modest. -free in different ways. -other isires be more meaningful for different groups. -arrogance and superiority by westerner feminists
The Human diet is...
...Omnivorous
Food security refers to...
...access to sufficient nutritious food to be healthy and active.
Anthropologist Sidney Mintz observes that most people around the world usually...
...eat a common patterned diet of core-legume-fringe foods.
When did humans started eating meat?
1.8 billion years ago
Identify cultural frames in relationship to sports/violence/behavior from lecture and readings.
12 men- violence living room
How did Africans become "black" and Europeans become "White"?
1676: class rebellion was spurred by poor workers and indentured servants. Leaders began to divide people along color lines as a means of controlling people and preventing future rebellions. By the end of the seventeenth century, the terms "black" and "white" came to symbolize the differences between the two groups, shifting the emphasis of stratification from class to "race."
Linguists estimate that there are between ___ living languages today
3,000 and 10,000
Based on lecture what percent of US agriculture labor was born in Mexico
75%
The concept that people have learned images, knowledge, and concepts of the physical landscape that affect how they will actually interact with it is called
A cultural landscape
Barter
A form of gift giving categorized under balanced reciprocity, which is with a friend or acquaintance and the time lag of reciprocity is short term as this is almost synonymous with trading
Theft, plunder
A form of negative reciprocity where the time lag of reciprocity is never and the social distance is categorized as extreme because the relationship is either with an enemy or another estranged relationship
Interpretive approach
A kind of analysis that interprets the underlying symbolic and cultural interconnections within a society.
Fundamentalist
A person belonging to a conservative religious movement that advocates a return to fundamental or traditional principles.
Religion
A symbolic system that is socially enacted through rituals and other aspects of social life including beings, beliefs, symbols, and social structures
Cargo system
A system of religious offices that has 4 hierarchical levels, each person who is involved in it carries a "cargo" meaning that they carry the burden of office for a year before they hand it over to the next carrier, the higher the level (rank) the more duties the person has
Which word is most closely linked to the Marxist perspective?
A: Inequality
According to Marshall Sahlins, when production is organized by families, it is....
A: The domestic mode of production
Exchange is a human universal.
A: True
The relative worth of an object or service is its value.
A: True
The use of money is a human universal.
A: True
The main difference between economists and economic anthropologists is that economists...
A: Try to understand and predict economic patterns
Food security refers to
Access to sufficient nutritious food to be healthy and active
A society with no government head or hierarchical struture is an ______ society.
Acephalous
as a form of dispute management can involve hearings presided over by respected people in a community.
Adjudication
A major social impact of industrial agriculture is _____, as can be seen by the creation of a peasant class.
Agrarianism
The use of Arabic script to phonetically transcribe the phones of Pular, or Wolof is
Ajami
When workers make only part of an object rather than the whole product, they have less of a relationship with the fruits of their labor. Karl Marx suggested that this changed relationship with the objects they were producing created a feeling of
Alienation
Which of the following is a key argument of ethnobiologist Brent Berlin, who compared human classification system?
All human classification systems are reflective of an underlying cognitive structure of the human brain that organizes information in systematic ways
"Foodways" describe a perspective that approaches food as
All of the above
Anthropologists study of food holistically, which means that they focus on
All of the above
Consumer capitalism contributes to increasing ecological footprints in industrialized nations because
All of the above
Eating practices mark
All of the above
Foodways are dynamic because
All of the above
For anthropologists,what is important about the existence of differences between populations in the ability to digest milk?
All of the above
Intensification, a process that increases yields, includes
All of the above
The enclosure movement is important understanding Western conservation approaches because
All of the above
Traditional ecological knowledge is not well known in the West because
All of the above
What do environmental anthropologist study?
All of the above
Which of the following methods allowed Fairhead and Leach to make their conclusions about landscape change in Guinea?
All of the above
Which of the following reasons explains why a collaborative approach to conservation can be so challenging?
All of the above
Gift
Also categorized within generalized reciprocity, this is with a close friend such as neighbor or long term friend and the lag time of reciprocity is delayed but still expected
What is "fortress conservation"?
An approach to conservation that assumes that people are threatening to nature
Animism
An early theory that primitive peoples believed that inanimate objects such as trees, rocks, cliffs, hills, and rivers were animated by spiritual forces or beings.
Magic
An explanatory system of causation that does not follow naturalistic explanations, often works at a distance without direct physical contact.
Bargaining
Another form of gift giving that is categorized under balanced reciprocity. The time lag of reciprocity is immediate and the social distance is with a friend or acquaintance
Applied anthropologist
Anthropological research commissioned to serve an organization's needs
The view that nature and environmental conditions shape the characteristics and lifeways of a group of people is known as environmental ______
Anthropology
How are economic transactions, consumption, and exchanges related to social and individual identities?
Appropriation
Approximately how many children were born during the "baby boom"?
Approx. 77 million
The perception that the North American continent was an unpeopled wilderness during the early period of European settlement when British settlers arrived is an example of an
Artifactual landscape
Sometimes the very landscapes that westerners want to conserve without people on them are actually the result of indigenous involvement and manipulation. These are called ____ landscapes
Artificial
How is divination used in medical models such as Kallawaya?
As a way to diagnose the person
Stages in Rogers' model of change
Awareness, interest, evaluation/trial, adoption
The nineteenth-century British anthropologist who is credited with the development of the concept of culture through an evolutionary perspective where the most evolved societies resembled the British societies in which he lived was
B. Taylor
A good illustration of the Marxist concept of surplus value is...
B: A worker makes one $30 sweater every hour in a factory but only makes $15
When a parent pays for a child's piano lessons, he or she is engaging in...
B: Generalized Reciprocity
The themes of reciprocity and gift exchange are critical to anthropologists because...
B: The exchange of gifts is the economy in many societies
The fragmentation of society into hostile factions is referred to as
Balkanization.
Why was symbolic anthropologist Mary Douglas so interested in Jewish dietary laws?
Because they were a way to communicate symbolic piety
When divorced couples with kids get remarried they are sometimes called _____ families and consist of full siblings, step-siblings, and half-siblings.
Blended
How do religious rituals function politically?
By promoting fear By resolving disputes By legitimating community authority
When you are consuming an object, the process of taking possession of it is called...
C: Appropriation
Why is Karl Polanyi's distinction between formal and substantive economics important?
C: It recognizes that economies involve both how people think and the actual transactions they engage in
The exchange of brass rods for the purchase of cattle or the payment of a bride price is an example of the use of...
C: Limited-purpose money
The collection of goods in a community and the subsequent redivision of those goods among members of a society is called...
C: Redistribution
_____ is the economic system based on private ownership of the means of production, in which prices are set and goods distributed through a market
Capitalism
How does the practice of yoga differ from casual to spiritual in the US?
Causal yoga is using it as a form of P.E. but spiritual is focusing on your breath. It's a physical movement that can be spiritual because of chakras.
A special group of relatives who are all descended from a single ancestor is called a ____.
Clan
variation means that change is gradual across groups and that traits shade and blend into each other.
Clinal
What is the prevailing medical model in the US today?
Clinical therapeutic proces
Differentiate open frames from closed (or narrow) frames.
Closed frames certain of expectation of how art is supposed to look like. Open frames are when you have no expectations of what art is supposed to look like
Fundamentalism
Conservative religious movements that advocate a return to fundamental or traditional principles.
A Navajo witch's ability to cause you physical pain because they have a piece of your hair is an example of ______magic?
Contagious magic
For the Yao in Thailand, swiddens are part of their
Cosmology
What is framing in the anthropological approach to art, play and sport?
Cultural context
Which perspective incorporates symbols and morals into the understanding of a society's economy?
Cultural economics
In the anthropology of art, what differentiates David from a rock?
Culture meaning from what he represents
Which perspective incorporates symbols and morals into the understanding of a society's economy?
D: Cultural economists
According to anthropologists, what social institution is the structured patterns and relationships through which people exchange goods and services?
D: Economic systems
Economies in which people seek high social rank, prestige, and power instead of money and material wealth are known as...
D: Prestige economies
In Malaysia capitalist entrepreneurship is...
D: Respectful of Islamic and Malay obligations and values
The main reason men of the Malaysian Langkawi fishing community hand over their money to women is that....
D: Women decontaminate money by using it to sustain the household
Culture change that occurs through the transfer of an idea or practice from one culture to another is referred to as
Diffusion
The cooperative organization of work into specialized tasks and roles is the ______
Division of labor
When is fundamentalism more likely to arise?
During times of rapid change, foreign domination, and perceived deprivation
Anthropologists Sidney Mintz observes that most people around the world usually
Eat a common patterned diet of core-legume-fringe foods
CMA focuses on how __and __ shape health, health care and healing ideologies
Economic, political power
Thomas Hobbes was a(n)
English philosopher who was concerned with the problem of disorder
A social movement that addresses the linkages between racial discrimination and justice, social equity, and environmental quality is
Environmental justice
Kenya's green belt movement is a good example of
Environmental justice
What is the difference between epidemic and endemic
Epidemic is often highly contagious but not always present in a community while endemic is always present in a community but usually at a less constant frequency
What are the three theoretical approaches medical anthropologists use to understanding health systems?
Epidemiologic, Social (interpretive), Critical
How did Americans aim to showcase their "civilization" after the Civil War?
Establishing formally protected areas
Local cultural definition of artistic quality is known as ________.
Ethno-esthetics
In the 1870s Lewis Henry Morgan studied kinship systems around the world and determined that American kinship was the most rational and descriptive system of all, despite the fact that many kin terms were as classificatory as any in Africa or New Guinea. Morgan's bias can be explained as an example of ____
Ethnocentrism
Example of Placebo effect
Everyone in the study who received naproxen experienced pain reduction, but people told about the study who received only the placebo experienced more relief from pain than patients who received naproxen but were not told about the study
A key feature of the theory of primordialism is that ethnic groups are created by powerful interest groups in a society.
False
All feminist anthropologists agree that women's subordination is a human universal.
False
An ecological footprint is a measurement of the population an area can support.
False
Anthropologists care about how objects are created but not really how they are destroyed.
False
Big men can transfer their power and status through inheritance when they die.
False
Contemporary ecological science supports the idea that human cultural behaviors are solely shaped by the environment.
False
It has been proven that overpopulation will inevitably lead to global famine.
False
Nearly all cultures around the world give a similar importance to biological relatedness as the basis for defining a family.
False
One of the reasons intersex individuals interest anthropologists is how unusual and strange it is in a sexually dimorphic species.
False
People living in noncentralized political systems have generally welcomed their integration into centralized political systems because it provides greater security and prosperity for them.
False
Sex is a simple product of nature and biology.
False
Shamans usually act simultaneously as political leaders and healers in their communities.
False
Since the early nineteenth century, the traditional American family has consisted of a husband, a wife, a few children, and perhaps a pet.
False
T/F: It has been proven that overpopulation will inevitably lead to global famine
False
T/F: Societies tend to stick with one mode of subsistence
False
T/F: The ecological costs of producing beef in the United States are externalized on the landscape and water resources
False
T/F: The use of money is a human universal
False
T/F: When people around the world have disputes, they are most concerned with winning and losing
False
T/F: for anthropologists, power is largely located in the hands of state institutions and political offices
False
The principles of agroecology are at the heart of industrial agriculture.
False
There are more undernourished people than obese and overweight people in the world.
False
There is a biological connection between the trait of skin tone and other "racial" traits, such as certain facial features and bodily shapes.
False
When male and female ethnographers conduct fieldwork they enter into the same roles in the host culture so they usually make the same findings.
False
When people around the world have disputes, they are most concerned with winning and losing.
False
Which mode of subsistence includes the search for edible things?
Foraging
One of anthropology's insights about the foraging mode of subsistence is that
Foraging people have a cultural view of their environments as giving
Forms of integration
Forms by which societies manage distribution: Reciprocity, Redistribution, and market exchange
Which term refers to expressions of sex and gender that diverge from the male and female norms which dominate in most societies?
Gender variance
Urban dwellers marked changes in class through beer consumption in which country?
Ghana
Which is a society's separate legal and constitutional domain, the source of law, order, and legitimate force?
Government
A society's separate legal and constitutional domain that is the source of law, order, and legitimate force is the ______
Government.
How do societies that do not have central governments maintain order?
Group consensus, or informal leadership through people, like elders.
Where did Paul Farmer complete his early work on HIV/AIDS?
Haiti
A cultural relativist would be most likely to emphasize that pastoralists
Have developed effective social institutions and knowledge that ensure long-term sustainability of the landscape
Which English philosophers were concerned with the problem of disorder and argued that chaos is avoidable by creating strong government?
Hobbes and Locke
Examples of law of similarity
Hollywood voodoo doll, painting, carving, photo, hair witch, and nail clippings
Which subsistence practice emerged twelve thousand years ago?
Horticulture
According to Itzaj beliefs
Humans and nature exist in the same realm
What does it mean that all knowledge systems about the environment are culturally based?
Humans perceive their natural environments through the lens of metaphor, and metaphors are connected to actions, thought, and organization.
An example of a reflexive ethnographic statement would be
I was unable to watch the entire ritual because i was overcome with nausea as i watched them eat it
Fraser's 2 types of magic
Imitative magic and contagious magic
If you were asked to analyze food insecurity in your community as an anthropologist, what perspectives and concerns would you bring to the issue?
In Morris, the fact that we only have one grocery store that is expensive and does not offer a lot of variety or fresh fruits and veggies.
Why do foragers turn to agriculture?
Increased population density causes too much competition for resources
Long term damage to soil quality is typical of
Intensification
Redistribution
Involves the distribution of some of a rich person's wealth, or the gathering together, or pooling, of resources in a common pool, followed by a reallocation of these resources (such as taxation)
Pachamama
Is fertility and prosperity
Generalized reciprocity
Is the form most extensively studied by anthropologists, because it is key to mechanisms of exchange in non market economies
Balanced reciprocity
Is the immediate form of reciprocity that includes the trading of balanced goods and the long term social consequences are less important (than in other forms) a good example of this would be bartering
Psychoneuroimmunology
Is the study of the interaction between psychological processes and the nervous and immune systems of the human body
Which of the following is not true of economic anthropology?
It assumes that free market capitalism will take over the world.
Anthropologists are interested in the nutrition transition because
It explains widespread changes in bodily form, eating patterns, and everyday life in urban settings
Sustainable development for indigenous people involves which of the following elements?
It must create sustainable alternatives to economic activities that deplete natural resources
Why do environmental anthropologists study formal nature protection?
It often generates social conflicts
Why was meat eating important for human evolution?
It provides high quality protein for human brain development
Why was meat eating important for human evolution?
It provides high-quality protein for human brain development
Why is Karl Polanyi's distinction between formal and substantive economics important?
It recognizes that economies involve both how people think and the actual transactions they engage in
Why is Fairhead and Leach's study about landscape change in Guinea important?
It shows why forests can increase because of human population growth and cultivation
Which of the following would be UNLIKELY as an explanation given by a cultural anthropologist for the existence of food insecurity among the poor?
Its related to the ignorance of the poor to effectively feed themselves
laws in the US South after the Civil War are a good illustration of explicit discrimination.
Jim Crow
What population in northern Iraq and Turkey is a nation without a state
Kurd's
What is an epidemiological transition and when/why have three occurred?
Large scale changes in population level patterns of disease. The three have occurred because of growing population density
Intensive agriculture is
Large-scale farming, which uses a lot of inputs
How would you use structural-functionalism in a study of how order in your university is maintained?
Looking at how religion, politics, or kinship play a role in maintaining social order and equilibruim at the school.
Pastoralism persists today as a primary mode of subsistence mainly in___
Marginal
______ criticized substantivists for lack of attention to individual economic behavior and rationality
Marshall Sahins
Which of the following is a theoretical approach to how economics create value used in society?
Marxism
Which anthropologist argued that Jewish dietary laws are intended to transmit piety?
Mary Douglas
Which of the theories of totemism discussed in the text could help us understand the importance of mascots in American sports?
Mascots are symbols of the team and help celebrate team identity
What pivotal evolutionary shift happened around 1.8 to 2 million years ago that is closely related to human foodways?
Meat consumption increased
The practice in which a third party intervenes in a dispute to aid the parties in reaching an agreement is called _____
Mediation
You and your sibling are fighting over who gets to use the family car. When your parent intervenes and seeks a solution that is agreeable to both of you, it is an example of
Mediation
In the US, a MD may prescribe chemotherapy and include referral for acupuncture, this is an example of ___
Medical syncretism
Which of the following is NOT TRUE of how food preferences relate to gender?
Men always love meat, no matter which culture they are from
Which of the following is not true of how food preferences relate to gender?
Men always love meat, no matter which culture they are from
How does gender differentiation help organize women's and men's food preferences?
Men: eat foods as a sign of their virility Women: eat softer and more tender foods, or fruits with femininity.
There has been a reduction of maize varieties in Mexico. What is the primary reason for it?
Mexican agricultural policies favored cheap imports from the united states
There has been a reduction of maize varieties in Mexico. What is the primary reason for it?
Mexican agriculture policies favored cheap imports from the United States
How did NAFTA impact Mexico apparel manufacture in relationship to Chinese production?
NAFTA made Mexican labor as attractive as Chinese labor in the global appeal manufacturing market
Which economic theory studies how people make decisions to allocate resources like time, labor, and money in order to maximize their personal satisfaction?
Neoclassical economics
Are emotions such as anger experienced same across culutres
No, cultures such as the Iiongot have an ethnopsychological category of liget that is distinct from the idea of anger
The concept of _______ is useful because it points to the ways in which power is not simply the exercise of will over others but diffused across a social field
Noncentralized power
Gift exchange for Marcel Mauss is based in
Obligation
According to lecture, Durkheim proposed that religion played a central role in ____.
Offering a single answer and social cohesion through shared symbols and rituals
The human diet is
Ominvorous
What relationship between nature and human does Western thoughts emphasize?
Oppositional
One reason many environmental anthropologists are skeptical of ______ as a sole explanation for environmental degradation is that it doesn't recognize that different societies and people within each society consume differing amounts of resources.
Overpopulation
Choose a meal you like to eat. Apply a foodways perspective to analyze it.
Pizza. Ate it all the time, every friday night with family. Now that's changing as I am in the processes of embracing a gluten free-diet.
Problems with the reintroduction of ethnobotany for healing?
Plants may not always be safe
What does transformation-representation have to do with art?
Play with form, producing some aesthetically successful transformation
Analyses that focus on the linkages between politcal-economic power, social inequality, and ecological destruction are typical of which approach?
Political ecology
Analyses that focus on the linkages between political-economic power, social inequality, and ecological destruction are typical of which approach?
Political ecology
The relationships and processes of cooperation, conflict, and power, which are fundamental aspects of human life, are encompassed by
Politics
____ encompasses the relationships and processes of cooperations, conflict, and power that are fundamental aspects of human life
Politics
Archaeologists find it easiest to study changing styles and fashions through which of the following classes of object?
Pottery
In the US _____ are often used by young people to attain an altered state of consciousness. What differentiates this recreational use from a healing experience in a traditional medical model?
Psychoactive drugs. Difference is that healing other things go along with it.
Culture bound syndromes
Psychological conditions and physical symptoms that only occur (or are only meaningful) in a specific culture. ex: Anorexia nervosa, Amok (Malay sudden mood change/aggression), Dhat syndrome (India premature ejaculation), Genital retraction syndrome (Malay Koro, Sudan melting penis/cell phone phenomenon), Latah (SE Asia women, obey, not responsible for acts), Susto (Latin America, fright)
is a concept that organizes people into groups based on specific physical traits that are thought to reflect fundamental and innate differences.
Race
____ is the repressive practices, structures, beliefs, and representations that uphold racial categories and social inequality
Racism
is the repressive practices, structures, beliefs, and representations that uphold racial categories and social inequality.
Racism
Reciprocity
Refers to a wide range of exchanges involving goods and services between relatively equal individuals or groups
Which of the following social structures was identified as a way that African societies maintained order?
Religious practices and beliefs Kinship systems Associations
The anthropologist who studied labor practices among !Kung bushmen was
Richard Lee
What is the role of the shaman in ethnomedical models, treating/curing mental illness and in society in general?
Ritual healer, diagnose (divine) and treat
Which of the following reasons explain why a collaborative approach to conservation can be so challenging?
Scientists and conservationists are often skeptical of indigenous knowledge claims
What are the factors or patterns that may affect diffusion?
Selectivity, reciprocity, modification, and likelihood
Social marketing aims to
Selling Ideas/ selling change
The reproductive forms and functions of the body are referred to as our _____.
Sex
What is the difference between sex and gender?
Sex is the reproductive forms and functions of the body; gender is the cultural expectation of how males and females should behave
What is aperson'shabitual sexual attraction to, and sexual activities with, persons of the opposite sex, same sex, or both sexes?
Sexual orientation
What was so difficult about Japanese American anthropologist Tamie Tsuchiyama's fieldwork in a World War II internment camp?
She had to navigate complicated dynamics of prejudice and resentment.
The Revolutionary United Front was operating in which country?
Sierra Leone
Power that transcends individuals, operating in settings and orchestrating settings in which social and individual actions take place, is
Structural power
Ethnomedicine is ____
Studying the health systems of particular cultures and the beliefs and behaviors are utilized to create and maintain a state of health.
There are four major modes of ______ that anthropologists understand as the social relationships and practices necessary for procuring, producing, and distributing food.
Subsistence
Identification cards are an example of
Surveillance
_____ development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Sustainable
In a tropical environment with low population density, which subsistence strategy should be used?
Swidden agriculture
Andean Kallawaya medicine is classified as what type of medical model?
Symbolic therapeutic process or Humoral models
Geertz's theory of religion
System of symbols
The practice of referring to people by the names of their children (such as father of Peter or mother of Susan) is called _______.
Teknonymy
A foodways perspective on human evolution would emphasize
That changes in human dietary physiology are intertwined with how people grow, share, and eat food
Cultural proscriptions on art - nude David and the Queen
The Queen didn't want to see David because he was naked
Medical pluralism
The co-existence and interpenetration of distinct medical traditions with different cultural roots in the same cultural community.
Which part of the Zapotec agricultural system does not correspond well to Western ecological understandings?
The idea that maize has a soul
Medical syncretism
The integrated use of traditional and biomedical practices.
A key component of nutritional anthropology as defined by Audrey Richards was attention to
The interrealtionship between biology,health, ecology,politcal-economic, and cultural concerns
A nutritional anthropologist who studies the nutrition transition would probably focus on all of the following except
The labor conditions of migrant workers
Just before World War II anthropologists Alfred Kroeber and Jane Richardson published one of the earliest analyses of a modern commodity, focusing in particular on women's skirts. If you were going to build on their study by examining basketball shorts and jerseys, which of the following would you collect data about?
The length of basketball shorts from one period to another
An anthropologist who studies the cultural landscape of Zapotec farmers of southern Mexico would be primarily interested in
The meanings and images they have of nature that shape their farming experiences
Applying CMA to alcoholism entails gaining an understanding of individual as well as___ and ___ social factors.
The microsocial level, intermediate
In a kinship system with matrilineal descent, who does a man inherit his rights to land and clan wealth from?
The mother's brother
The social processes that make race part of the natural order of things--by producing theories, schemes, and typologies about human differences is
The naturalization of race
E. E. Evans-Pritchard described the system of segmentary lineage among
The nuer
Victims of progress
The people that need the help
Traditional development typically serves whose interests?
The people who started the development
Illness
The psychological and social experience the patient has of a disease.
Political ecological perspectives are applicable to all of the following except
The relationship between high birth rates and overfishing
Negative reciprocity
The rightmost side of the spectrum of reciprocity, includes outright trickery, theft, and plunder
To understand aggression in society, we have to understand which of the following factor(s)?
The role of the state in promoting conflicts. The availability of weapons. Cultural attitudes toward violence.
What is ethnobotany?
The study of traditional uses of plant resources for healing
If you applied the notion of transactional orders to understand a scandal in which a college professor accepts payment for a grade, you would most likely focus on
The symbolic meanings Americans hold about the morality of education and student-teacher relations
What is the most important thing that the core-legume-fringe dietary pattern indicates about how people eat?
There is a common general pattern of how people around the world eat.
How does Kung access to healing practices differ from access to medicine in US culture?
They all dance together which activates thing that wouldn't normally be activated and give support to the person that is sick. In the US we lay in bed or take medicine to get better and no one is really there to support us.
One of the primary reasons indigenous leaders criticize the dominant model for administering protected environmental area is
They assume nature must be uninhabited by people
How does the Cuban model of medicine differ from the US and what implications does this have globally?
They doctors do not have as much status as doctors and medical school is free so anyone can be a doctor. The implications is that when other countries need doctors Cuba can send them to that country in exchange for something they want (for oil in Venezuela and to E. Timor).
In Egypt's response to swine flu, what group was differentially impacted?
They killed all the pigs in Egypt and this impacted Coptic Christians that were
Why do health disparities occur?
They persist socioeconomic factors¸ Patient preferences, Appropriateness of intervention
European colonial regimes commonly instituted controls on native people's use of natural resources
To eliminate native competition against the European businesses exploiting raw materials
Identify examples of how art, play and expressive culture play a role in childhood enculturation.
Training and skill acquisition (play, myth- stories), Rules of the game, sportsmanship, Identity and meaning in song, dance, body art
The Maasai people of Kenya and Tanzania practice
Transhumant pastoralism
A key feature of any economy is that it organizes people into social roles. In the case of capitalism, these roles include the state, consumer, laborer, and capitalist.
True
A key feature of political anthropologist Maxwell Owusu's perspective on democracy in Ghana is that the state will work better if village chiefs play a role in decision-making
True
A key feature of political anthropologist Maxwell Owusu's perspective on democracy in Ghana is that the state will work better if village chiefs play a role in decision-making.
True
All knowledge systems about nature, including science, are culturally based.
True
Although Russians do use money to buy things, they also rely on bartering when money is scarce.
True
Although Russians do use money to buy things, they also rely on blat when money is scarce.
True
Anthropologists agree that, in addition to prejudice and discrimination, unearned privilege upholds social inequality.
True
Beliefs get most of their power from being socially enacted repeatedly through rituals and other religious behaviors.
True
Buddhism is neither monotheistic nor polytheistic.
True
Capitalism is the economic system based on private ownership of the means of production, in which prices are set and goods distributed through a market.
True
Chief Andres was responsible for the well-being of his community therefore many families were primarily interested in whether or not he had approved the research when completing their informed consent to participate in research
True
Famines are often caused by not environmental factors but social factors like inequality.
True
Genetically speaking, humans are a remarkably homogeneous species: there is far greater variation within human groups than there is between them.
True
Gift exchanges are important because people everywhere invest symbolic meaning in the things they give, receive, and consume
True
In every society there is a gap between that society's ideal family and the real families that exist.
True
In many parts of the world food is very important way of communicating social identity
True
In nearly all societies with any degree of social stratification, more men are in leadership roles than women, not only in political roles but also in economic and social roles involving trade, exchange, kinship relations, ritual participation, and dispute resolution.
True
In some hunter-gather groups relations are egalitarian and women can become leaders of a band.
True
In some hunter-gatherer groups relations are egalitarian and women can become leaders of a band.
True
In some societies witchcraft accusations can work as an informal method of social control
True
It is unusual for human adults to be able to digest milk.
True
Objects and visual images have many things in common because both can be used to construct meaning for people.
True
One of the key functions of family is controlling and managing its members' wealth.
True
One strategy from lecture for deconstructing racism is to begin to judge your own behavior based on your own values and in this way replacing ascribed status with achieved status for the allocation of entitlements and privilege
True
Professor Price will be annoyed with me if I use the term "Caucasian" to describe white people in my essays.
True
Race can become biology, by shaping people's biological outcomes due to disparities in access to certain kinds of healthcare and diets, exposure to certain kinds of diseases, and other factors that can make people either sick or healthy.
True
T/F: All knowledge systems about nature, including science, are culturally based.
True
T/F: Anthropologists agree that, in addition to prejudice and discrimination, unearned privilege upholds social inequality.
True
T/F: Exchange is a human universal
True
T/F: Famines are often caused by not environmental factors, but social factors like inequality
True
T/F: Foragers tend to work less to survive than agriculturalists or pastoralists
True
T/F: Gift exchanges are important because people everywhere invest symbolic meaning into the things they give, receive, and consume
True
T/F: In many parts of the world, food is a very important way of communicating social identity
True
T/F: In some societies, witchcraft accusations can work as an informal method of social control
True
T/F: Most human diets follow a common pattern
True
T/F: Patterns of social inequality and racial discrimination have important biological consequences for certain groups, such as African Americans.
True
T/F: To follow political action one must be familiar with society's rules and codes about who gets to exercise power and under what conditions
True
The central point of the concept of spheres of exchange is to make a distinction between general- and limited-purpose money.
True
The ecological costs of producing beef in the United States are externalized on the landscape and water resources.
True
To follow political action one must be familiar with society's rules and codes about who gets to exercise power and under what conditions
True
T/F: People living in noncentralized political systems have generally welcomed their integration into centralized political systems because it provides greater security and prosperity for them.
True.
The Navajo use of the swirl in traditional weaving was ended because of ____
Used to symbolize a something good but then transformed into a negative symbol
The relative worth of an object or service is its ____
Value
The use of force to harm someone or something is
Violence
How is violence culturally constructed?
Violence is learned in particular cultural contexts, and violence is not primal, arbitrary, or chaotic. It tends to follow cultural patterns, rules, and ethics.
Market exchange
Where goods or services are exchanged for money
Does race have biological consequences?
Yes, because of racism
Why does Zimbabwean view of dancing differ from the US view of dancing, (Brazilian too?)?
Zimbabwean open frame and US close frame
sexually dimorphic
a characteristic of a species in which males and females have different sexual forms
An ethical approach to anthropological research would emphasize
a commitment to do no harm, the rejection of clandestine research, responsibilities toward the host country and the people you are studying
The concept that people have images, knowledge, and concepts of the physical landscape that affect how they will actually interact with it is called
a cultural landscape
The concept that people have images, knowledge, and concepts of their physical landscape that affect how they will actually interact with it is called
a cultural landscape
The limitation of culture and personality studies was that they assumed
a culture has only one personality type, childhood enculturation determines adult personality, and our own concept of individual was not sufficiently questioned
Metaphor
a form of thought and language (or symbolizing) that asserts a meaningful link between two expressions from different semantic domains
In contemporary ethnography anthropologists often provide a description of "foreign word" and then adopt it. This action is known as
a gloss
lineage
a group composed of relatives who are directly descended from known ancestors
clan
a group of relatives who claim to be descended from a single ancestor
Social support therapeutic process
a healing process that involves a patients social networks, especially close family members and friends, who typically surround the patient during an illness ex: Ningerum
dowry
a large sum of money or in-kind gifts given to a daughter to ensure her well-being in her husbands family
Lactase production ceases in adulthood for whom?
a majority of people in the world
A structural functionalist would be most likely to analyze violence as
a means of creating and maintaining social order
A structural-functionalist would be most likely to analyze violence as
a means of creating and maintaining social order
What was the main reason for gender's inception?
a means to divide societal tasks
Ritual
a patterned form of behavior that follows a sequence of symbolic activities that are often defined by myth.
A common element among fundamentalists is
a pervasive sense of belonging to their group
Hijras interest anthropologists mainly because they are
a reflection of a gender/sex system that sees meaning in combining male and female
exogamous
a social pattern in which members of a clan must marry someone from another clan which has the effect of building political economic and social ties with other class
Which of the following research projects would an ethnobiologist be most likely to join?
a study of the ways an indigenous society classifies plant life
teknonymy
a system of naming parents by the names of their children (julias mom)
"Foodways" describes a perspective that approaches food as
a tangible object that provides nutrition, a conduit for social relationships, symbolic
in "Too Many Bananas" what item did the author buy (with money) that Kolia demanded be returned?
a watermelon
"Berdache Tradition": Among the Lakota Sioux, what vision might indicate that an individual will become a berdache?
a white buffalo calf
a good illustration of the Marxist concept of surplus value is
a worker makes one $30 sweater every hour but gets paid only $15
For anthropologists, power is
about how people manage social relationships through force, influence, persuasion, and control over resources.
Food security refers to
access to sufficient nutritious food to be healthy and active
A society with no governmental head or hierarchical structure is a/an___society
acephalous
In an _______ society, food-sharing, kin relations, and consensus-building are all key aspects of politics.
acephalous
The !Kung people of southern Africa are an example what kind of society?
acephalous
the !Kung people of Southern Africa are an example of what kind of society?
acephalous
A society without a head of state is called a(n)
acephalous society
The idea that there are specific rules and codes surrounding the exercise of power is a key feature of ______ theory.
action
Research committed to making social change and improving the lives of marginalized people is
action anthropology
The process by which organisms adjust beneficially to their environment, or the characteristics by which they overcome hazards and gain access to the resources they need to survive, is called
adaption
The legal process by which an individual or council with socially recognized authority intervenes in a dispute and unilaterally makes a decision is
adjudication
__as a form of dispute management can involve hearings presided over by respected people in a community
adjudication
Development anthropologists often think of themselves as
advocates of poor and marginalized people
kinship based on marriage
affinial
In Uganda, male circumcision is associated with
age grades, the transition to adult masculine roles, and physical tests
Intensive cultivation, relying more on animal power and technology defines
agriculture
The creation of surplus is an important characteristic of
agriculture
The creation of surplus of food resources is an important characteristic of
agriculture
How is San Pedro cactus used in Chile, and what outcomes can it achieve?
alcohol abuse and domestic violence
before alcoholism was seen as a disease it was understood as a
all fo the above
'Foodways' describes a perspective that approaches food as
all of the above
Consumer capitalism contributes to increasing ecological footprints in industrialized nations because
all of the above
Eating practices mark
all of the above
Foodways are dynamic because
all of the above
Intensification, a process that increases yields, includes
all of the above
One of the primary reasons indigenous leaders criticize the dominant model for administering protected environmental areas is
all of the above
according to anthropologists, economies are shaped by which factors ?
all of the above
anthropologists today recognize that artists can
all of the above
body modification includes
all of the above
dimensions of objects include:
all of the above
seeking out and possessing consumer goods is a way that people
all of the above
the themes of reciprocity and gift exchange are critical to anthrologists because
all of the above
which of the following is a theoretical approach to how economies create value used in society?
all of the above
Which of the following is an element of violence? it is an efficient way to transform a social environment all of the answers are correct a highly visible assertion of power the use of force to cause harm to someone or something
all of the answers are correct
Why is the description of conflict as "ethnic violence" misleading? it implies age-old conflicts that are not affected by historical or political events it ignores the peaceful interactions of groups over time all of the answers are correct it suggests that violence is biological and certain "ethnic" groups are more violent than others
all of the answers are correct
Consumption serves to create ____________
all of these (i.e personal identities, cultural meaning,social relationships)
According to anthropologists, economies are shaped by which factors?
all of these (i.e the decisions people make about earning a living, social relationships, culture and morality)
Economic anthropologists study
all of these (i.e. the creation of value, the decisions people make about earning a living, what types of work people choose to do)
Marcel Mauss studied gift giving in Non-Western societies, and focused on the function of group solidarity. In his view, individual self-interest was tempered by a societal notion of obligation surrounding gift exchange, which he said was ________
all of these were identified by Mauss as obligations ( i.e. the obligation to receive, the obligation to reciprocate in appropriate ways, the obligation to give)
The human mind is
an information processor, responsible for emotions and imagination, capable of creating cognitive models
Which of the following is the most significant aspect of the salvage paradigm?
anthropologists need to collect information from societies before they die out
What historic trends are evidenced on the mortality curves for Swedish females?
antibiotics, transformation of health care, and social support
Breast milk offers__which is/are missing from alternative infant foods such as formula
antibodies specific to the maternal environment
If you wanted to study ethnographically how LGBTQ identities are being normalized on your campus, you would likely be sensitive to
any ethical quandaries that emerge in the course of your research. how people make meaning of these identities and differentiate them. how social differences intersect with these identities.
polygamy
any form of plural marriage
A CAFO is an efficient model of producing meat, it is based upon
applying industrial efficiency to the production of agricultural products
The wearing of cultural symbols of power as Halloween costumes is considered
appropriation
When you are consuming a object, the process of taking possession of it is called
appropriation
When you are consuming an object, the process of taking possession of it is called
appropriation
When you are consuming an object, the process of taking procession of it is called
appropriation
The sub-field of anthropology that studies the material remains of past cultures, often focusing on settlement patterns, is called
archaeology
Laws
are sets of rules established by some formal authority.
Dalits
are the most oppressed social category in India
The perception that the North American continent was an unpeopled wilderness during the early period of European settlement when British settlers arrived is an example of an
artifactual landscape
how does the Akanksha clinic encourage surrogates to view their wombs
as a spare room available for rent
Race is an example of
ascribed status
Typically friendships are based on similarities but in the case of compadrazgo in Bolivia is often used to
assure labor availability of patrons and pay for school needs of zafreros
the exercise of political power refers to:
authority
According to neo-evolutionary theory, non-centralized political systems include
bands and tribes
anthropologist George Gmelch studied which sport where he found that players used a lot of magic?
baseball
uniliineal
based on descent through through a single descent line, either males or females
In the core-legume-fringe dietary patterns, legumes can be
beans
Why is menarche largely hidden in US culture?
because early reproduction is costly under out industrial or post industrial mode of production
In many societies people resolve disputes by restoring harmony, although people are not always satisfied with this resolution. Why?
because of a preference for justice, fairness, and the rule of law
in many societies, people resolve disputes by restoring harmony, although people are not always satisfied with this resolution. Why?
because of a preference for justice, fairness, and the rule of law
European colonial regimes commonly instituted controls on native people's use of natural resources
because the colonial administrations purchased the lands where the resources were located
Several cultures use a Moot to resolve disputes, yet people from the us do not see clear winners and losers with this resolution. Why?
because the goal of moot is restoring harmony rather than creating fair punishment
Based on lecture how is David framed within durable cultural institutions?
biblical character
What type of descent is most commonly used among Americans to trace their ancestry?
bilateral
A paradigm that emphasizes humans that are made up of complex biological, cultural, and psychological processes is
biocultural
According to lecture, sex is__while gender is__
biological, cultural
_________ is/are example(s) of non-verbal communication that we discussed in class
body posture, eye contact, hand gestures
Although most Americans think that kinship is basically about biological relatedness, anthropologists have long recognized that kinship is about relationships that can also be established though which of the following linkages?
by being related to someone who is related to you by acting like a relative by religious rites like christenings that identify a nonrelative as a relative (such as a godfather or a godmother)
Based on Lee's "Eating Christmas in the Kalahari", how could Lee have better predicted and understood the !Kung response to his ox?
by sharing food with them over the year
Animal call systems
can only communicate in response to real-world stimuli
The maximum population a given area can support is
carrying capacity
A key difference between caste and social class is
caste divides people in terms of moral purity, class in socioeconomic terms
Medicalization
categorizing a social phenomena as medical (biological given) to purposefully or inadvertently ignore its political and economic causes
In the neo-evolutionary typology of political organization, a state is a
centralized group of people who have a high population density and participate in intensive agriculture.
In the neo-evolutionary typology of political organization, a chiefdom is a
centralized group of people who have a medium population density and participate in extensive agriculture.
__is a political system, such as a chiefdom or a state, in which certain individuals and institutions hold power and control over resources
centralized political system
rank societies are most commonly associated with
chiefdoms
policing childhood through the learning channels toddlers and tiaras
child pageants are the site of cultural production, functions as a cultural script for issues of class gender race geography and parent-child relations. -normalization of gender roles, childhood, and class get critiques and reproduced of that deemed proper. -threat of loss of childhood. -deviant of mothers (pathological or dysfunctional) -working class student supported themselves, -white trash, geo-economic lives, rural-urban divide, poor continue to be poor.--used to express social contempt w in white community, justify inequality (blaming poor for poverty) -natural childhood is under threat, long term consequences, goes to the role mothers are given, constructed ideal is not true for majority, honey boo boo doesn't deserve a show, then who does? -notion of watching trainwrecks, moral superiority,- woman forcing woman into roles of inequality
cross-cousin marriage involves
children of parents' opposite-sex siblings
when a doctor observes a patients symptoms and prescribes a treatment that he or she thinks will act directly on the patients body to cure the problem, the doctor s adopting which kind of treatment process?
clinical therapeutic process
A substantivist would be most likely to explain the Kula cycle as
closely tied to important social institutions, such as kin networks, trading ties, and political structure.
Which of the following is a contributing factor to the development of creoles, pidgins, and other hybrid forms of language?
colonialism, globalization, migration
An example of the core part of the core-legume-fringe pattern of food is
complex carbohydrates
What capital is required for agricultural production, environmental variability in crop productivity eventually lead to the __ of landholdings
concentrate ownership
kinship based on blood
consanguineal
An important dimension of political power is
control over material, human, and symbolic resources
An important dimension of political power is
control over symbolic resources, control over material resources, control over human resources
most families function as groups of real people who work together towards common ends. Such family groups are referred to as
coperate group
Most families function as groups of real people who work together toward common ends. Such family groups are referred to as a
corporate group
What part does the Tsukiji market play in the international tuna trade? (from CC13b How Sushi Went Global by T. Bestor)
creates and deploys Japanese cultural capital for the world to see, orchestrates and responds to culinary tastes of the Japanese, solely defines supply and demand and therefore determines the definition of quality tuna
Besides being interested in descriptions of particular cultures, the cultural anthropologist is interested in
cross-cultural comparisons
Of human adaptive modalities discussed in lecture, which is the most rapid and plastic
cultural
Which perspective incorporates symbols and morals into the understanding of a society's economy?
cultural economics
gender
cultural expectations of how males and females should behave
_______ is the abandonment of an existing practice or trait, with or without replacement
cultural loss
The moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgement about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices is
cultural relativism
According to the textbook, a key feature of___is that it refers to the taken-for-granted notions, rules, moralities, and behaviors within a social group that feel natural
culture
A biocultural perspective on the evolution of our species would emphasize that
culture is an emergent and dynamic element of our species' biological evolution
____________ is one of the challenging mental aspects of doing field work
culture shock
The importance of a phenomenon like revenge suicide in Papua New Guinea is that it
demonstrates that the non-powerful have ways of exercising political power
Richard Lee (in The Hunters: Scarce Resources in the Kalahari) feels that the key to successful subsistence for many hunter-gatherers, such as the !Kung, is
dependence largely on a diet of edible plants
Which of the following features are characteristics of language?
developed over times, flexible, dynamic
The spread of cultural elements from one culture to another through culture contact. It is also responsible for the greatest amount of culture change
diffusion
_______ refers to a linguistic situation where two varieties of the same language are spoken by the same person at different times and under different social situations.
diglossia
Anthropologist George W. Stocking, Jr., suggested that researchers should try to look at objects in several _______, beyond just height, width, and depth, including time, power, wealth, and aesthetics.
dimensions
In Bouegois ethnographic account of crack in Harlem he uses___to help the reader understand the crack economy
direct quotes from dealers, his personal stories, and an etic analysis
what is the most striking difference between a physicians approach to a sick patient and a medical anthropologists perspective?
doctors will focus on the clinical processes that explain the disease, while medical anthropologists will want to look at the illness from all perspectives
Forced change vs change by choice
doesn't actually change anything it just pushes everything underground, but change by choice changes things
Anthropologist Sidney Mintz observes that most people around the world usually
eat a common patterned diet of core-legume-fringe foods
when people consume films cross-culturally, they...
embed local concerns and interpretations into the storytelling
The insider view of culture is known as the
emic perspective
The process of learning culture from a very young age is called
enculturation
The process through which we acquire and transmit culture is know as
enculturation
The Kung dance to activate the num into kia, what is kia used for?
energy
Mediation
entails a third party who intervenes in a dispute to aid the parties in reaching an agreement.
The Mayan Cofradia system converts labor, generosity, money into
entitlement
A social movement that addresses the linkages between racial discrimination and injustice, social equity, and environmental quality is
environmental justice
which system of kinship terminology is typical of most industrialized cultures, including our own
eskimo
Violence between ethnic groups is not inevitable, but the idea that it is persists. Which of the following is NOT a reason for its persistence?
ethnic groups actually do fight with each other all the time
In depth descriptive studies of a specific culture are called
ethnographies
In anthropology, the detailed description of a single society based on fieldwork is called
ethnography
An anthropologist who study the relationship between language and culture is working in the field of
ethnolinguistics
While technically based on an ethnography, a/an __________ investigates cultural patterns revealed in cross-cultural comparisons and help to develop anthropological theories to explain the similarities and differences that may be seen among cultural groups
ethnology
Studying the emic concepts of health and healing is ____
ethnomedicine
The study of how people classify things in the world is called
ethnoscience/ethnosemantics
If you wanted to understand the norms of a society, you would be most likely to focus on
everyday interactions
Fair trade is an effort to make __ more personal and equal
exchange
bride price or bride wealth
exchange of gifts or money to compensate another clan or family for the loss of one of its women along with her productive and reproductive abilities in marriage
When you are consuming an object, the process of taking possession of it is called
exchange value
When social norms dictate that someone from a particular clan must marry outside of that clan, anthropologists say that the clan is
exogamous
The story of Nacirema uses___ typical in the ethnography of the day
exotified language
gender variance
expressions of sex and gender that diverge from the male and female norms that dominate in most societies
In the 1960s Brazil government promoted an empty space colonization campaign to develop areas of the Amazon used by horticultural and foraging societies. The reason the Amazon was considered empty is because foraging and horticulture production are
extensive
A key feature of political anthropologist Maxwell Owusu's perspective on democracy in Ghana is that the state will work better if village chiefs play a role in decision-making.
false
Based upon the reading by Patten, men in the Cewa community of Malawi had to change their cultural values regarding children, to improve child survival
false
Chiefdom's are rarely hereditary
false
Contemporary ecological science supports the idea that human cultural behaviors are solely shaped by the environment.
false
Corruption is a serious problem in only non-Western societies.
false
Cultural patterns are determined by genes
false
Environmental anthropologists accept the idea that all indigenous people are environmentalists.
false
Ethnobiologists are primarily interested in the conservation traditions of non-Western peoples.
false
In the Kula and Sagali exchanges the prestige lies in receiving items such as armbands and skirts, not in giving them.
false
People living in non-centralized political systems have generally welcomed their integration into centralized political systems because it provides greater security and prosperity for them.
false
The US war of terror was effective because it made us less fearful of terrorism
false
The use of money is a human universal
false
The use of money is a human universal.
false
When people around the world have disputes, they are most concerned with winning and losing.
false
corruption is only a serious problem in non-Western societies
false
in the Kula and Sagali exchanges the prestige lies in receiving items such as armbands and skirts, not giving them.
false
studies have shown that marriage is mostly about sex
false
the economic system in the US is an example of pure (laissez-faire) capitalism
false
nuclear family
family formed by a married couple and their children
In "Too Many Bananas", what does Kolia suggest the author do with all the bananas when the author complains he has too many and they are spoiling?
feed them to guests
Which of the following are areas of social activity that globalization affects?
finances, communication, migration
Ethnology
focuses on comparisons of culture for theoretical understanding
The structured beliefs and behaviors surrounding the production, distribution, and consumption of food make up
foodways
Which is a weapon of the weak
foot dragging, non-compliance, and desertion
People who practice which way of life work the least?
foragers
Induced abortion and infanticide are more likely to be used to control fertility in a __society than in an industrial society
foraging
What mode of production have humans used to meet their needs for over 90% of human evolution?
foraging
Which mode of production holds reciprocity and sharing in the highest regard, often going as far as punishing those who do not consistently share?
foraging
Which mode of subsistence includes the search for edible things?
foraging
Dunbar's maximum size of a social network is related to group size among
foraging bands
The original affluent society refers to observations of leisure time among
foraging bands
One of the anthropology insights about foraging mode of subsistence is that
foraging people have a cultural view of their environment as giving like a mother
What does genealogical amnesia mean?
forgetting whole groups of family members
Frugivores eat
fruit
The theory of culture that proposes that cultural practices, beliefs, and institutions fulfill the psychological and physical needs of society is called
functionalism
what are people who belong to conservative religious movements that advocate a return to traditional principles called?
fundamentalists
Margaret Mead's comparative study of sexual differences in three Papua New Guinea societies is important because it is among the first studies to make a distinction between biological sex and cultural _______.
gender
is the set of cultural expectations for how males and females should behave.
gender
All societies divide labor by these criteria
gender and age
Expressions of sex and gender that diverge from the male and female norms that dominate in most societiesis called
gender variance
which term refers to expression of sex and gender that diverge from the male and female norms that are predominate in most societies
gender variance
Anthropologists commonly refer to the ideas and social patterns a society uses to organize males, females, and those who do not fit either category as
gender/sex systems
When a parent pays for a child's piano lessons, he or she is engaged in
generalized reciprocity
Pure gift
given amongst intimate friend or lover, and the lag time of reciprocity is never expected, it is categorized within generalized reciprocity
When Wilson defines and adopts the term nega in her ethnography she communicates something more than clack, this strategy in ethnography is known as a
gloss
corporate groups
groups of real people who work together toward a common ends, much like a corporation dos
A cultural relativist would be most likely to emphasize that pastoralists
have developed effective social institutions and knowledge that ensure long-term sustainability of the landscape
health and illness..
have much variation throughout different cultures and societies
When Gandhi engaged in public fasting
he forced people in power to acknowledge his interests and encouraged them to take action
When anthropologists go into the field
hey go with a set of questions they want to ask and have answered, they often change the focus of their question to fit what they are seeing, they often go with the flow of everyday life, even if it seems off-topic at the time
Anthropologist Ashraf Ghani's successes as a finance minister and presidential candidate in Afghanistan can be attributed to what?
his attentiveness to local social norms and priorities
on the north coast of Papua New Guinea, a religious cult leader named Barjani was remembered through which object?
his hat
Anthropologists doing fieldwork typically involve themselves in many different experiences. They try to investigate not just one aspect of culture (such as the political system) but how all aspects relate to each other (for example, how the political system fits with economic institutions, religious beliefs, etc.). This approach is called the __________ perspective
holistic
The ___perspective aims to identify and understand cultures in their entirety
holistic
Anthropologists study diversity of diets, cultural beliefs surrounding food, and complex interactions between nutrition and environment, which means they study it
holistically
Movement across an area in search of grazing lands is called
horizontal migration
Maintaining fallow period is essential for the sustainability which system of production?
horticulture
The use of only hand tools combined with slash and burn cultivation defines
horticulture
What did anthropologists help colonial administrators understand?
how acephalous societies organized themselves.
Legal anthropologists study..
how people solve disputes
For anthropologist, political power refers to
how power is used to attain goals for the good of the community
For anthropologists, political power refers to
how power is used to attain goals for the good of the community
For anthropologists, political powerrefers to
how power is used to attain goals for the good of the community
for anthropologists, political power refers to:
how power is used to attain goals for the good of the community
A formalist anthropologist doing fieldwork in a supermarket would be most interested in
how shoppers decide which cat food to buy when they have fifteen varieties to choose from
Structural violence (structural suffering) results from
human health problems caused by political and economic problems such as war, famine, terrorism, forced migration, and poverty
Which of the following is a key argument of ethnobiologist Brent Berlin, who compared human classification systems?
humans have a wide range of variation when it comes to classifying things
The Andean Kallawaya use a medical model that looks for an imbalance in soul or fat, this is classified as _____.
humoral model
Members of these groups is have no concept of property rights and move to take advantage of seasonal changes
hunters and gatherers
This type of food getting/subsistence strategy has accounted for about 99% of our human history
hunting and gathering/food collecting/food foraging
Baseball magic
idea that magic, religion, and science are connected
People from Western cultures who try to eliminate various practices among people from other cultures should take a class in cultural anthropology to realize the possible effects they might be having on those cultures. They would realize that culture is an integrated and interrelated whole, which means that
if you alter one aspect of a culture, you can drastically affect and possibly even endanger the functioning of the whole
The "one drop rule" enlarge the slave population by
including the mixed-race children of slaveholders in the enslaved population
Why do foragers turn to agriculture?
increased population density causes too much competition for resources
Censuses interest anthropologists because they
indicate shifts in social categories. reveal the government's role in classifying and categorizing people. change over time.
British colonial administrators allowing local rulers to exercise administrative control over their people, while taking instructions from British colonial supervisors, is referred to as
indirect rule
In many foraging cultures women will birth___and in these populations childbirth contributes significantly to the lifetime risk of material mortality
individually without the support of a midwife or trained medical professional
intersex
individuals who exhibit sexual organs and functions somewhere between male and female elements often including elements of both
Which word is most closely linked to the Marxist perspective
inequality
The feature of human language know as productivity signifies that a finite set if symbols and rules can be combined into an/a____ set of novel messages
infinite
occurs when production of marketable commodities escapes regulation, enumeration, or any other form of public monitoring
informal economy
In doing fieldwork, an anthropologist often relies on ______ to achieve their research goals.
informants or key consultants, photographs and video recordings, interviews
Because our values and beliefs include many elements of life such as clothes, food, and language means that culture is
integrated
The Apple-Samsung case addresses a conflict over
intellectual property and the use of patented technology
Long-term damage to soil quality in the Amazon is a result of
intensification of agriculture
A remittance is
international transfer of funds, often to family member and a significant contribution to the Mexican economy
When people describe violence as meaningless they
interpret violence as something without reason
__refers to individuals who exhibit sexual organs and functions somewhere between male and female elements, often including elements of both
intersex
Which term refers to the knowledge about other people that emerges from relationships?
intersubjective
Systematic conversations with informants to collect data are called
interviews
The phone /!/ as found in the word !Kung
is a non pulmonic post alveolar click consonant
Health
is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO)
Using the term "Caucasian" to describe white Americans
is incorrect and is a holdover from discredited racial classifications that perpetuates the perception that race is a valid construct
Sustainability
is looking at the broader connections between economy, society, and the environment in order to build a disciplined approach to understanding how we might affect change systemically, comprehensively and positively.
A symbol
is the basis of human behavior, is something that conventionally stand for something else, and includes numbers and the alphabet
Adjudication
is the legal process by which an individual or council with socially recognized authority intervenes in a dispute and unilaterally makes a decision.
Worldview
is the shared lens of culture, a set of shared unquestioned assumptions about the world and how it works.
What is medical anthropology?
is the sub-field of anthropology that tries to understand how social, cultural, biological, and linguistic factors shape the health of human beings.
Negotiation
is when parties themselves reach a decision jointly.
Which of the following is NOT true of economic anthropology?
it assumes that free market capitalism will take over the world
Which of the following is not true of economic anthropology?
it assumes that free market capitalism will take over the world
which if the following is not true of economic anthropology?
it assumes that free market capitalism will take over the world
Why did Liberian rebel solders cross-dress during the civil war in the 1990s?
it distinguished them from and confused the government soldiers
Anthropologists are interested in the nutrition transition because
it explains widespread changes in bodily form, eating patterns, and everyday life in urban settings
Traditional ecological knowledge is not well known in the West because
it is often shared in local language, some species and ecological interactions exist in only on place, and westerners don't value this type of knowledge
Why is Karl Polanyi's distinction between formal and substantive economic important
it recognizes that economies involve both how people think about value and the actual transactions they engage in
Which is Karl Polanyi's distinction between formal and substantive economics important?
it recognizes that economies involve both how people think and the actual transactions they engage in
Which of the following would be least likely as an explanation given by a cultural anthropologist for the existence of food insecurity among the poor?
it's related to the ignorance of the poor to effectively feed themselves
Who said: The class which dominates the material force in society is at the same time its dominant intellectual force
karl marx
_______ is the system of notation and analysis of postures, facial expressions, and bodily motions that convey meaning.
kinesics
What is found in all societies that are based on blood or marriage?
kinship
The ability to digest milk into adulthood is called
lactase persistence
25 percent of Americans are
lactase-impersistent
The biological term for the period of infertility during on-demand breastfeeding is
lactational amenorrhea
