ANTHRO101 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE
Which of the following are examples of dialects? Select all that apply. Pig Latin a Southern accent black English vernacular call systems
a Southern accent black English vernacular
Bernice spends time each day reading online news reports from several different news agencies around the world. As a result, she becomes aware of multiple ideas and perspectives, incorporating these into her own outlook and actions. This is an example of which of the following terms? ethnocentrism hegemony functionalism cosmopolitanism
cosmopolitanism
A company is interested in building a new factory in Bolivia and wants to know how to ensure positive interactions between workers and management. Which type of anthropologist should the company contact? physical anthropologist archaeologist linguistic anthropologist cultural anthropologist
cultural anthropologist
According to Palfrey and Gaffer, which of the following terms applies to "a generation of people—including many of you reading this book—born after 1980 who have been raised in the digital age and have spent their entire lives thinking digitally"? (page 143) digital natives technocrats the Facebook generation polyvocalists
digital natives
Which statement is at the core of the American Anthropological Association's statement on ethics? Leave no trace. Make no change. Do not judge. Do no harm
do no harm
Which of the theories below sees power differentials between males and females in a society as a foundation for gender-based differences in language? dominance model difference model code switching Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
dominance model
Augusto the farmer encounters several bones while plowing his field and wants to know if the bones are human. Which type of anthropologist should he call? physical anthropologist archaeologist linguistic anthropologist cultural anthropologist
physical anthropologist
People who hold opinions on multiple sides of a key cultural issue are quoted.
polyvocality
"The ability or potential to bring about change through action or influence" (page 50) is known as: power. stratification. hegemony. agency.
power
describing the importance of objects found in ancient Native American burial mounds
prehistoric archeology
observing chimpanzee tool use
primatology
Anthropological descriptions of cultural groups often include discussions of the role of the anthropologist herself in conducting the research. This provides important context to the reader, and is a concept known as: ethnology. qualitative analysis. reflexivity. anonymity
reflexivity
The anthropologist includes his own reflection on the process of completing the fieldwork.
reflexivity
Boas and his students rapidly gathered ethnographic material from Native American cultures so that we could learn as much as possible about them before they disappeared. This type of study is known as: armchair anthropology. participant observation. a synchronic approach. salvage ethnography
salvage ethnography
focuses on power relationships in a community by looking at who people turn to in times of need
social network analysis
Which type of linguistics is defined as "the study of the ways in which culture shapes language and language shapes culture"? (page 124) sociolinguistics communicative linguistics descriptive linguistics historical linguistics
sociolinguistics
studying the differences between words students use in the classroom and with friends
sociolinguists
Which of the following might be considered elements of language? Select all that apply. sounds gestures call systems words
sounds, gestures, words
Which of the following theoretical perspectives sees culture as a symbolic system of deep meaning? unilineal cultural evolution historical particularism structural functionalism the interpretivist approach
the interpretivist approach
When did anthropology arise as a scientific discipline? the mid-1800s the late 1400s the late 1900s the early 1600s
the mid-1800s
Which key dynamic of globalization is at work when Andre sends a text message and becomes concerned when he does not receive an immediate response? time-space compression flexible accumulation increasing migration uneven development rapid change
time-space compression
The anthropologist focuses the words she uses on a specific audience—whether other anthropologists or the people she studies.
tone and style
Claudia is frustrated because, having just arrived at her field site, she is having a hard time convincing people to sit down for an interview with her. What words of encouragement would be most appropriate to offer? "Don't worry, you just haven't had time to establish rapport." "Don't worry, you just haven't had time to establish informed consent." "Don't worry, you just haven't had time to establish ethnology." "Don't worry, you just haven't had time to establish polyvocality."
"Don't worry, you just haven't had time to establish rapport."
Anthropology began with the study of largely isolated small-scale communities. How has globalization changed anthropology? Select all that apply. Anthropologists focus more on how cultures change over time. Anthropologists focus more on interactions between cultures. Concepts of geographic borders separating cultures are less important than they once were, resulting in multi-sited ethnographers. Anthropologists spend a great deal of time searching for unspoiled and undiscovered cultures.
Anthropologists focus more on how cultures change over time. Anthropologists focus more on interactions between cultures.
Which of the following attributes makes anthropology unique among the sciences? Select all that apply. Anthropology is global in scope. Anthropologists study humans. Anthropologists study both people and the structures of power. Anthropologists believe that all humans are connected.
Anthropology is global in scope. Anthropologists study both people and the structures of power. Anthropologists believe that all humans are connected.
participant observation
Bronislaw Malinowski
Which of the following attributes are associated with culture? Select all that apply. Culture is constantly changing. Culture is the foundational portion of a society's makeup that is unchanging. Core cultural beliefs are often challenged. The human capacity for sharing and learning culture is unique among animal species.
Culture is constantly changing. Core cultural beliefs are often challenged. The human capacity for sharing and learning culture is unique among animal species.
Which of the following is suggested by the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? A certain set of morphemes is fundamental to all human languages. A certain set of phonemes is fundamental to all human languages. The structure of the human brain causes all humans to have a universal grammar. Different languages create different ways of thinking.
Different languages create different ways of thinking.
synchronic approach sought to isolate variables
EE Evans-Pritchard
Which of the following statements about fieldwork are correct? Select all that apply. Fieldwork begins with people. Fieldwork shapes the anthropologist. Fieldwork can be considered both social science and art. Fieldwork should be done in a community other than your own.
Fieldwork begins with people. Fieldwork shapes the anthropologist. Fieldwork can be considered both social science and art.
four-field approach, salvage ethnography
Franz Boas
Which of the following are examples of the effects of globalization on language? Select all that apply. Language loss is hastened. Endangered languages are being recorded and preserved. Language diversity diminishes over time. Humans are using language less.
Language loss is hastened. Endangered languages are being recorded and preserved. Language diversity diminishes over time.
used fieldwork to engage in public debates in the United States
Margaret Mead
Which of the following statements about early anthropological investigations are accurate? Select all that apply. Early anthropological fieldwork was limited to cultures local to the anthropologists. The first written record of anthropological fieldwork has been dated to 7,000 years ago. Much early anthropology did not involve fieldwork, relying instead on others' written accounts. The roots of anthropological fieldwork lie in the globalization of the late 1800s.
Much early anthropology did not involve fieldwork, relying instead on others' written accounts. The roots of anthropological fieldwork lie in the globalization of the late 1800s.
Which of the following do anthropologists believe to be true? Most human groups are only influenced by one or two other cultures. There are no longer any undiscovered, isolated groups of humans. It's likely that several undiscovered human groups remain in the Amazon rainforest. Human groups tend to be divided into categories: tribal or modern.
There are no longer any undiscovered, isolated groups of humans.
You've just spent five hours engaged in participant observation of a ritual feast and dancing in your study community. How should you record your observations? Tweet about your experiences so that others have the data quickly. Conduct a kinship analysis so you know who was dancing with whom. Create a survey to measure which foods served at the feast were most popular. Write detailed field notes as soon as possible
Write detailed field notes as soon as possible
Which of the following would be considered paralanguage? Select all that apply. a newspaper article a guttural sound, such as a scream a scowl a wave hello or goodbye
a guttural sound, such as a scream
Which of the following would be studied via kinesics? Select all that apply. a wave hello or goodbye a newspaper article a scowl a guttural sound, such as a scream
a wave hello or goodbye, a scowl
The ability of individuals and/or groups "to contest cultural norms, values, mental maps of reality, symbols, institutions, and structures of power" (page 54) is known as: power. stratification. agency. hegemony
agency
Scientists predict what change in global temperatures by the year 2100? no change a decrease of 1.5 to 12 degrees Fahrenheit an increase of 2.5 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit an increase of 13.5 to 23 degrees Fahrenheit
an increase of 2.5 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit
Anthropology is described as a "holistic" field. This means that (check all that apply): anthropology attempts to fill in holes in understanding left by other disciplines. anthropology studies the whole picture of human life. anthropology studies humans in all places. anthropology studies humans across all time periods.
anthropology studies the whole picture of human life. anthropology studies humans in all places. anthropology studies humans across all time periods.
April is excited to see a display of arrowheads and other stone tools in a local museum. She wants to learn more about some of the tools. Which type of anthropologist should she contact? physical anthropologist archaeologist linguistic anthropologist cultural anthropologist
archaeologist
Which of the following are examples of cultural relativism? Select all that apply. attempts to explain the dangers of starvation rituals to an indigenous group attempts to understand native feasting behavior in its local context attempts to comprehend the motives behind the 9/11 attacks attempts to make sense of shared ritual behavior that is biologically harmful, such as scarification rituals or drug-induced trances
attempts to understand native feasting behavior in its local context attempts to comprehend the motives behind the 9/11 attacks attempts to make sense of shared ritual behavior that is biologically harmful, such as scarification rituals or drug-induced trances
The process of fieldwork alters the character of: the study community only. both the anthropologist and the study community. the anthropologist only. neither the anthropologist not the study community if the work is carefully done
both the anthropologist and the study community.
Charles is interested in studying access to paved sidewalks, bike paths, and jogging trails as a means of encouraging fitness in his study community. To aid his research, he creates a map of the study community's: constructed environment. built environment. natural habitat. key informants
built environment
Dumbledore, a pet Doberman, barks three times every day when the mail carrier comes by the house. Which of the following terms is most applicable to the dog's communication? productivity language displacement call system
call system
Which of the following are associated with at least some nonhuman primates? Select all that apply. language call system displacement productivity
call system, displacement, productivity
Writing assignments in college courses give students opportunities to practice writing in an academic tone. This tone is considered a reflection of the prestige language in vogue in society at a given time. It is also very different from the language you'd use when conversing with others at a party or via text message. What term best describes your ability to navigate these different linguistic situations? Sapir-Whorf hypothesis code switching polyvocality call system
code switching
Americans tend to drive on the right side of the road. This is an example of a: cultural value. cultural symbol. cultural norm. mental map of reality
cultural norm
The handshake as a form of greeting in the United States is an example of a: cultural norm. cultural value. cultural symbol. mental map of reality.
cultural symbol.
Contemporary debates about privacy in American society post-9/11 are fundamentally debates about which of the following? cultural norms cultural values cultural symbols mental maps of reality
cultural values
Which type of linguistics is defined as "the study of the sounds, symbols, and gestures of a language, and their combination into forms that communicate meaning"? (page 118) historical linguistics communicative linguistics sociolinguistics descriptive linguistics
descriptive linguistics
working to convert a spoken language into a written one for the sake of preservation
descriptive linguistics
Which of the following terms refers to the process of learning culture? enculturation cultural relativism ethnocentrism agency
enculturation
Bertha likes to eat dinner at 5 p.m. She travels to Italy and decides she doesn't like the country because restaurants tend to open for dinner at 7 p.m. or later. Bertha is practicing: cultural relativism. ethnocentrism. endogamy. enculturation
ethnocentrism.
Early in the ethnography, the anthropologist discusses the preparation and methods involved in his fieldwork.
ethnographic authority
Ana has started a project comparing ethnographic data about educational techniques in Lesotho to data about educational techniques in New York City. This process is known as: ethnology. participant observation. historical archaeology. globalization
ethnology
Chan has started a project comparing ethnographic data about health care practices from a village in Mozambique to data about similar techniques in rural Kentucky. This process is known as: ethnology. participant observation. ethnography. polyvocality
ethnology
Bertram marries someone from outside his cultural group. Which anthropological term best applies to this situation? endogamy exogamy ethnocentrism enculturation
exogamy
Which of the following can be considered a culture? Select all that apply. fans of a sports team students at a particular college or university a group of people trapped in an elevator citizens of a nation
fans of a sports team students at a particular college or university citizens of a nation
A company that used to be based solely in the United States now has factories in the United States plus Mexico, Guatemala, and Indonesia. Which key dynamic of globalization is at work in this example? time-space compression flexible accumulation increasing migration uneven development rapid change
flexible accumulation
Terms such as participant observation, ethnography, and cultural relativism are part of the anthropologist's: focal vocabulary. paralanguage. syntax. lexicon.
focal vocabulary
Which of the following terms refers to "the worldwide intensification of interactions and the increased movement of money, people, goods, and ideas within and across national borders"? (page 19) McDonaldization globalization migration colonialism
globalization
combined set of rules that govern use of a particular language
grammar
While material power such as coercion and brute force were tools used by the Nazi regime, the creation of cultural agreement about the "dangers" of populations such as the Jews, Roma, and others was what ultimately allowed the horrors of the Holocaust to take place. This cultural agreement is known as: power. stratification. hegemony. agency.
hegemony
cataloguing artifacts discovered in an 1800s shipwreck off the coast of Istanbul
historic archeology
analyzing how acronyms used in text messaging have changed common patterns of speech in the United States.
historic linguistics
Which type of linguistics is defined as "the study of the development of language over time, including its changes and variations"? (page 136) historical linguistics sociolinguistics descriptive linguistics communicative linguistics
historical linguistics
Franz Boas believed that cultures develop in different ways because of the unique and complex sets of issues and situations that members of the cultural group face over time. This way of understanding cultural differences came to be known as: unilineal cultural evolution. structural functionalism. the interpretivist approach. historical particularism
historical particularism
Which of the following are listed in your chapter as ways in which globalization is transforming culture? Select all that apply. homogenization two-way transference of culture through migration increased cosmopolitanism increased ethnocentrism
homogenization two-way transference of culture through migration increased cosmopolitanism
Which of the following is most likely to be studied by an anthropologist? key factors that motivate voter turnout in the United States the evolution of the brontosaurus how minority residents of a small town react to discriminatory policies by working together African attitudes toward American popular music
how minority residents of a small town react to discriminatory policies by working together
A hundred years ago in the United States, most college-age adults envisioned living and working near the town where they grew up. Today, many more college-age adults envision living and working in a location away from the town where they grew up. Which key dynamic of globalization best explains this phenomenon? time-space compression flexible accumulation increasing migration uneven development rapid change
increasing migration
Anthropologists are ethically bound to let those we study know why we are studying them, and to obtain their permission to do so. Which term summarizes this obligation? informed consent anonymity polyvocality cultural relativism
informed consent
a conversation wherein a respondent is asked a specific set of questions
interview
examines genealogies to identify power relationships
kinship analysis
You've decided to create a list of all of the words for names, events, and ideas that exist in the Palauan language. Which of the following are you creating? focal vocabulary lexicon paralanguage syntax
lexicon
seeks to understand how a culture has changed over the span of one person's life
life history
Anil is an anthropologist who studies how words transmitted via social media have been used both to resist and to uphold power during recent revolutionary periods in Libya, Egypt, and the Sudan. Anil would most likely classify himself as a(n): physical anthropologist archaeologist linguistic anthropologist cultural anthropologist
linguistic anthropologist
Which of the following are considered participant observation? Select all that apply living in a Brazilian shantytown community (favela) to learn how locals cope with poverty using a double-sided mirror to observe consumer reactions to a new snack product filming a fifth-grade classroom to learn why bullying takes place enrolling in college classes and living in the dorms to learn about challenges facing contemporary college students
living in a Brazilian shantytown community (favela) to learn how locals cope with poverty enrolling in college classes and living in the dorms to learn about challenges facing contemporary college students
Advances in transportation technology via seafaring allowed Europeans to travel farther and faster, thus seeing more of the diversity of the world's people. This resulted in the creation of the concept of different "races" of humans. This concept of race as signifying human difference is best described by which term? cultural norm cultural value cultural symbol mental map of reality
mental map of reality
Some, but not all, cultures participate in daylight savings time.
mental map of reality
smallest units of sound that carry meaning on their own
morpheme
The belief that cultural patterns are determined by our genetic makeup is best described using which term? nature nurture hegemony agency
nature
How many languages are currently in use in the world? nearly 70 nearly 7,000 nearly 70,000 nearly 700
nearly 7,000
There are rules governing when to kiss someone.
norm
comparing fossilized 200,000-year-old primate remains to modern human anatomy
paleoanthropology
Carlos is an anthropologist who wants to learn more about American college student culture. He decided to enroll in a college, take classes, live in a dorm, and interact with students. This ethnographic technique is best known as: participant observation. social network analysis. reflexivity. salvage ethnography
participant observation
Which of the following should you do prior to beginning anthropological fieldwork? Select all that apply. perform a literature review perform a kinship analysis learn the local language assemble the anthropologist's toolkit
perform a literature review learn the local language assemble the anthropologist's toolkit
smallest units of sound that make a difference in meaning
phoneme
There is evidence that minority residents of Anytown have less access to resources such as strong schools, libraries, and recreational centers than their majority counterparts. This is an example of: power. stratification. hegemony. agency.
stratification.
The belief that culture is held together by a series of important elements such as economy, education, religion, kinship, and politics that all serve to maintain societal equilibrium is known as: unilineal cultural evolution. historical particularism. structural functionalism. the interpretivist approach
structural functionalism
Ethnographies about Puerto Rican culture written by Julian Steward and Sydney Mintz are important to the history of anthropological research because they: demonstrate the value of salvage ethnography. study how modern societies integrate into the modern world system. employ gender-based reflexivity. engage in contemporary U.S. public policy debates
study how modern societies integrate into the modern world system.
can gather quantitative data and reach large numbers of people quickly
survey
You arrive at a red, eight-sided sign when driving your car, and know that the sign is suggesting that you stop.
symbol
rules for forming speech sounds into phrases and sentences
syntax
What types of evidence give us clues about the origins of human language? Select all that apply. tools made in a specific way, found over a wide range written records found in archaeological digs early art found on cave walls fossilized brain casts that reveal brain development
tools made in a specific way, found over a wide range early art found on cave walls fossilized brain casts that reveal brain development
A hydroelectric dam is built in Haiti to provide electric power to those who can afford it. The Haitian citizens who had lived in the valley where the dam is built are relocated to a mountainous location that makes it very difficult for them to make a living sufficient to afford electricity. Which key dynamic of globalization does this story best illustrate? time-space compression flexible accumulation increasing migration uneven development rapid change
uneven development
The suggestion that all cultures progress through a similar set of stages is no longer accepted in contemporary anthropology. This theory was known as: unilineal cultural evolution. historical particularism. structural functionalism. the interpretivist approach.
unilineal cultural evolution.
Freedom of religion is a cornerstone of American society.
value
During fieldwork, conversational pauses or things unsaid by respondents can convey important meaning to the anthropologist. Which term is used in your chapter to describe these elements of a story that are not told or seen, or key details omitted from a conversation? lapses polyvocality zeros interpretivisms
zeros