Anthropology 1001 - Being Human Exam 2 (Learning Checks)
What term describes organized action by a group outside of the government to create social change? - authority - social movements - coercive power - postcolonialism
social movements
Which term refers to a hierarchical organization of different groups of people based on traits such as race, socioeconomic status, religion, or gender? - structural inequalities - symbolic violence - social stratification - neoliberalism
social stratification
What subfield of linguistics examines the social context of language? - protolinguistics - neurolinguistics - sociolinguistics - symbolic linguistics
sociolinguistics
Which of the following would NOT be a typical research area for anthropologists who study sports? - the social status and power of athletes and of those who view athletic contests - the biological features that contribute to a top athlete's performance - the way in which contemporary sports are connected to structures of power - the practice and cultural meaning of sports in ancient cultures
the biological features that contribute to a top athlete's performance
Which of the following BEST defines meritocracy? - the idea that racism is endemic and enshrined in law and social institutions - the claim that inequity can only be understood through the lens of race - the idea that people succeed based entirely on their own effort and abilities - an ideal society in which individuals are blind to race and ethnicity
the idea that people succeed based entirely on their own effort and abilities
Which of the following BEST describes French philosopher Michel Foucault's concept of biopower? - the power of the state to regulate the bodies of citizens - the power of biological threats in a population, such as pandemic disease - the power of the state over health care companies - the power held by insurance and pharmaceutical corporations
the power of the state to regulate the bodies of citizens
Which of the following is NOT associated with globalization? - markets expanding beyond the location where products are manufactured - the moving of factories to countries such as China and Brazil for cheaper labor - the economies of the United States and Western European since the late 1970s - the rise of the Industrial Age and the growth of local factories
the rise of the Industrial Age and the growth of local factories
Martin Gilens found that when poor people and rich people disagree on an issue, government policy nearly always supports which portion of the population? - the wealthy - those who protest - those in poverty - the most educated
the wealthy
The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis argues that the language you speak influences how you do what? - relate to others - think about reality - do mathematics - show creative expression
think about reality
Which of the following BEST describes a paradigm? - religious ideologies that explore ultimate questions of meaning - political ideologies that encourage social change - worldviews that define the thinking of a specific time period - a system of thought that normalizes social inequality
worldviews that define the thinking of a specific time period
What percentage of the world's languages are in danger of dying out in the next hundred years? - 20% - 40% - 50% - 75%
40%
The capacity of individuals to act freely and make their own choices is called: - Agency - Solidarity - Culture - Structure
Agency
Which statement best describes how anthropologists view art? - Anthropologists focus on the skills and techniques of the individuals who create art. - Anthropologists view art in terms of its market value and rarity. - Anthropologists view art as a cultural activity. - Anthropologists study art primarily for aesthetic considerations.
Anthropologists view art as a cultural activity.
What system of social inequality is based on an individual's circumstances of birth and there is no opportunity to move out of a social group? - Social hierarchy - Class system - Caste system - Meritocracy
Caste system
Which theory views social inequality as a struggle between economic classes? - Critical Race Theory - Functionalism - Hegemony - Conflict Theory
Conflict Theory
"Social conflicts caused by material needs result in political and historical events as people seek to find solutions." This idea attributed to Marx is known as: - Mechanical solidarity - Dialectical materialism - Social solidarity - Sociology
Dialectical materialism
"Social facts reinforce the collective conscience to maintain social solidarity" is a thought attributed to: - Durkheim - Malinowski - Marx - Spencer
Durkheim
Having access to material resources such as crops or oil is an example of: - Symbolic capital - Economic capital - Cultural capital - Social capital
Economic capital
Learning the ways of a culture in an authentic, experiential way, often also defined as the process of one generation passing on cultural values to the next is called: - Socialization - Cultural imperialism - Enculturation - Modernization
Enculturation
True or False? Society is synonymous with nation or civilization.
False
True or False? Culture has an ideal and traditional form that all people strive towards.
False
Why do humans lives in a society? - To maintain social stratification - For collective survival - Because society is inherently good - To further progress the human species
For collective survival
Cultural relativism was the basis for: - Functionalism - Sociology - Historical Particularism - Cultural Evolution
Historical Particularism
Franz Boas is associated with which school of thought? - Historical Particularism - Sociology - Cultural Evolution - Functionalism
Historical Particularism
The school of thought in anthropology that emphasizes cultures as relativistic, a result of the society's own unique history and environmental conditions is: - Historical Particularism - Functionalism - Cultural Evolution - The Enlightenment
Historical Particularism
Education, government, medicine, and family are different areas of dense social complexity. These structures are referred to as: - Institutions - Cultures - Ideologies - Social solidarity
Institutions
How does capital accumulation contribute to social inequality? - It is exclusively passed down to the next generation of the original investor. - It is invested to increase its value rather than being circulated in the wider economy. - Cost of living adjustments are built into salaries of those who have capital accumulation. - Wages are not equal for similar work.
It is invested to increase its value rather than being circulated in the wider economy.
Which statement about communication is false? - It can be voluntary or involuntary, simple or complex. - It is practiced by animals as well as humans. - It involves the transfer of information from a sender to a receiver. - It is synonymous with the term language.
It is synonymous with the term language.
Which term refers to socialized prejudice against women and feminism? - Objectification - Patriarchy - Intersectionality - Misogyny
Misogyny
Culture is geographically bounded; has one ideal form in that geography; can be observed and learned through rationality and science; is stable and relatively homogenous. This characterization of culture is: - Modern - Postmodern
Modern
Which term describes how modern capitalist interests continue to pressure poor nations through economic, political, or military means? - Colonialism - Capital accumulation - Neocolonialism - Marxism
Neocolonialism
What economic model prioritizes privatization of public services? - Structural violence - Neoliberalism - Neocolonialism - Marxism
Neoliberalism
Bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and states are differentiated by: - Environments - Their beliefs about their own origins - Population size - Political and subsistence patterns
Political and subsistence patterns
The ways that individuals perceive aspects of social and natural reality and divide that reality into categories that are culturally variable are called: - Cultural relativism - Modernization - Ethnocentrism - Social constructions
Social Constructions
Someone who succeeds in college because they have a large family network that supports them while they study is cashing in on: - Social capital - Economic capital - Cultural capital - Symbolic capital
Social capital
The feeling of connectedness we feel to other members within our group is called: - Cultural relativism - Materialism - Social solidarity - Society
Social solidarity
Environmental degradation, healthcare denial, and the oppression of free speech are examples of: - Agency and structure - Organic solidarity - Mechanical solidarity - Structural violence
Structural violence
According to Durkheim, society changes (or "evolves") because of: - Technology - Climate change - Class struggles - Population growth
Technology
The goal of Functionalism was: - To determine if culture was relativistic or universal - To spread American traditions - To catalog world personality types - To identify and describe institutions as they function to fulfill needs
To identify and describe institutions as they function to fulfill needs
True or False? A shared culture helps us trust people we do not know, but share norms with.
True
True or False? All humans practice, use, and express culture.
True
True or False? Anthropologists can use the scientific method, but their findings are often not objective.
True
True or False? Cultural Evolution and Functionalism contributed to rationalization and implementation of colonization.
True
True or False? Culture is integrated into society's infrastructure, social structure, and superstructure.
True
True or False? Culture is learned from others around you.
True
True or False? Culture is something that is understood by both actor and audience, outside of formal rules.
True
True or False? Culture is the unique beliefs, behaviors, norms, values, ideas, and actions that are taken for granted as a shared way of life.
True
True or False? Culture manifests in both the material and ideological.
True
True or False? Social constructions feel very real because we are surrounded by people immersed in the same cultural context.
True
True or False? Status and roles help to create structure to interact with others in society.
True
Which of the following is NOT an example of visual anthropology? - Written records of oral traditions - Photographs of cultural traditions - The study of ancient cave paintings - Ethnographic films
Written records of oral traditions
What term refers to small seminomadic groups who are gatherer-hunters? - villages - tribes - bands - nomads
bands
What do anthropologists believe was the first step in the development of agriculture? - pastoralists using a plough to prepare the soil for replanting a pasture - horticulturalists practicing slash-and-burn techniques - nomads experimenting with the growing of hybrid plants - gatherer-hunters growing plants in areas that were more convenient for them
gatherer-hunters growing plants in areas that were more convenient for them
Which area of linguistics focuses on the social contexts in which language is acquired? - linguistic relativity - language socialization - language acquisition - linguistic universals
language socialization
What term refers to the ability to convince others and build group consensus? - persuasive power - coercive power - positions of authority - political power
persuasive power
What area of study looks at the ways in which political and economic systems reinforce or contradict one another over time? - political ideology - political economy - biopower - social evolution
political economy
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of chiefdoms? - religious ideology as a legitimization of power - reliance on the extended community in making decisions - major building projects - use of coercive power to force people to carry out command
reliance on the extended community in making decisions
The rights and obligations of a particular status are: - roles - kinship - social solidarity - materialism
roles
What is the name for using several plots of land in various stages of fallow and cultivation? - seminomadism - intensive agriculture - transhumanism - shifting cultivation
shifting cultivation
Which description BEST defines evolutionary social theory (cultural evolution)? - the transition from an egalitarian society to a rigid social hierarchy - the transition from a gathering and hunting to a farming mode of subsistence - the cultural changes associated with the rise of the industrial age in the 19th century - societies moving from one form of social organization to another in a linear evolutionary sequence
societies moving from one form of social organization to another in a linear evolutionary sequence
British historian Basil Davidson has argued that African societies such as the Asante and Zulu were proto-states, which means what? - states that are declining in power - states without a leader - preagricultural societies - states in formation at the time of European colonization
states in formation at the time of European colonization
Which description best defines cultural appropriation? - a global market for art and cultural artifacts that enriches the original creators - the view that those from other cultures are inherently different from oneself - the adoption of an element of a culture by someone who is not a part of that culture - the view that other cultures are much like one's own culture
the adoption of an element of a culture by someone who is not a part of that culture
Which of the following BEST defines systemic oppression? - oppression perpetrated by individuals in positions of leadership - the intentional mistreatment of certain people by hostile groups or individuals - the failure to create a strong plan for attaining a specific goal - the normalization of political, economic, and social inequalities in a society
the normalization of political, economic, and social inequalities in a society
Which of the following BEST describes the primary focus of political anthropologists? - the classification of modes of subsistence - the role of history and the dynamic relationships of a culture - the role of evolutionary social theory - the classification of societies by stages
the role of history and the dynamic relationships of a culture
Which description best defines intangible heritage? - traditions that are associated with beliefs about the supernatural world - aspects of culture that are forbidden to speak about - artistic depictions of family lineages - traditions or living expressions inherited from one's ancestors
traditions or living expressions inherited from one's ancestors
What term did Elman Service use for a type of acephalous society that relies on extended family structures for leadership, decision-making, and conflict resolution? - royal lineage - tribal societies - village democracy - gathering and hunting bands
tribal societies
As cities and states emerged, there was an increase in demand for higher yields to support growing populations. What did this force farmers to do? - own more land in order to grow more crops - work as peasants on small plots of land owned by the state - figure out new ways to store surplus - take on more important roles in government
work as peasants on small plots of land owned by the state
What does it mean when a person is described as having both power and agency? - A person has the ability to collaborate with other agencies of power to form one centralized power. - A person in a leadership role successfully appeals to different portions of the population. - A person has control, authority, or influence as well as the capability to act on decisions. - A person in a leadership position is also associated with an institution of power.
A person has control, authority, or influence as well as the capability to act on decisions
Which statement does NOT describe European colonialism in Africa? - Africans were encouraged to start import-export trade and their own factories. - Europeans asserted authoritarian and militaristic power over African populations. - Africans became forced labor on colonial projects like mining and building roads. - Europeans imposed power over existing African political systems.
Africans were encouraged to start import-export trade and their own factories.
Which statement best explains the human capacity to appreciate art? - Humans appear to only be capable of appreciating art that originated in their own culture. - Art appreciation stems from cognitive processes that enable us to communicate and understand symbolic expressions. - Art appreciation is something that has to be taught in order to be fully experienced. - Art appreciation is a specialized skill, much like the production of art.
Art appreciation stems from cognitive processes that enable us to communicate and understand symbolic expressions.
According to Weber, social change is brought about by: - Moral advancement - Class conflict - Charismatic individuals - Population growth
Charismatic individuals
Which term refers to the study of music in its social and cultural contexts? - Ethnomusicology - Cultural musicology - Material culture - Iconography
Ethnomusicology
True Or False? National news always manages to be unbiased in their framing of events.
False
True or False? In Durkheim's organic solidarity, everyone in the community participates in all the same economic activities.
False
True or False? Social capital is the use of an education to bring about power.
False
True or False? Anthropologists are exclusively interested in studying culture.
False
True or False? Anthropology is exclusively quantitative.
False
True or False? Culture does not change, people change.
False
What occurs when a social movement changes the structure of the political system, whether through peaceful or violent action? - political organizing - revolution - reform - protest movement
Revolution
True or False? In Durkheim's mechanical solidarity, the strongest cohesive factor is kinship.
True
True or False? Most anthropologists these days see cultural relativism as tool rather than a rule.
True
True or False? People are generally ethnocentric because they are most familiar with their own experiences, which feels "right" to them.
True
True or False? Quantitative studies focus on statistics.
True
True or False? Transparency of power (such as the use of open-source materials) and categorizing power (through defining different types) can help minimize the malicious use of unequal power.
True
Which term refers to a social organization in which certain people have more power or prestige than others? - an ideology - a division of labor - an egalitarian society - a social hierarchy
a social hierarchy
Which of the following BEST describes a fragile state? - a tribal community that lacks a centralized institution of power - a leader who is on the verge of losing power - a state that can no longer adequately perform the functions of a state - a state that has lost its military force
a state that can no longer adequately perform the functions of a state
What term refers to a cultural group without an official leader? - Precolonial - acephalous - lineage order - tribal
acephalous
What term refers to the process of raising animals to obtain animal by-products? - herding - horticulture - farming - animal domestication
animal domestication
Which of the following BEST describes the universalist approach to understanding economic processes? - assumes that economic processes work the same way all over the world - creates universal rules based on those cultures that are egalitarian - focuses on the differences between economic assumptions in various cultures - relies upon fieldwork rather than statistics to understand economic processes
assumes that economic processes work the same way all over the world
The first method of farming developed by humans is known as what? - potlatches - extensive horticulture - intensive agriculture - intensive irrigation
extensive horticulture
What mode of subsistence have humans practiced for most of their evolutionary history? - gathering-hunting - pastoralism - industrialism - plant cultivation
gathering-hunting
What term refers to people sharing things with no regard to value or compensation? - generalized reciprocity - potlatch - markets - redistribution
generalized reciprocity
What is the name for the use of irrigation systems, a plough, and continuous cultivation of the same plots? - slash and burn - extensive horticulture - intensive agriculture - surplus agriculture
intensive agriculture
Which farming method would generate the greatest yield and support the largest population? - extensive horticulture - intensive agriculture - slash and burn - shifting cultivation
intensive agriculture
Which term reflects the concept that all languages have some things in common? - linguistic relativity - adaptive mimicry - folk taxonomies - linguistic universals
linguistic universals
What term describes how people interact with their environments in order to make a living? - modernity - gathering and hunting - agriculture - mode of subsistence
mode of subsistence
What term refers to a form of herding in which people live in small seasonal camps as they move with their animals? - gathering and hunting - horticulturalists - nomadism - foraging
nomadism
French philosopher Michel Foucault used which term to describe how people engage in risky public speech in order to speak truth about power? - profanity - protest - comedy - parrhesia
parrhesia
What mode of subsistence is associated with the care and use of domesticated herd animals? - seasonal migration - plant cultivation - pastoralism - gathering and hunting
pastoralism
