Anthropology 120 Exam 1. Chap 3+4

14. Margaret Mead a. conducted a restudy of the Trobriand Islands. b. became an expert on Native Americans. c. studied the effects of colonialism in Puerto Rico. d. examined sexuality in Samoa.

d. examined sexuality in Samoa.

45. In his study of everyday "Body Rituals among the Nacirema," Horace Miner a. argues that the Nacirema view the body as healthy and beautiful. b. identifies courts as the most important institution in society. c. focuses on public rituals rather than everyday, mundane activities. d. makes the familiar seem very strange.

d. makes the familiar seem very strange.

41. One consequence of increased migration is that anthropologists conduct ________ ethnography, collecting data in two or more locations. a. narrative b. extensive c. public d. multi-sited

d. multi-sited

34. Just as information technology is helping to preserve some languages such as Lakota, it also can endanger a language. This might be because a. of the refusal of global media to translate their content into many different languages. b. of the declining power of colonialism. c. the increasing cost of information technology means that smaller populations cannot access digital content. d. of the increasing global connection brought on by information technology.

d. of the increasing global connection brought on by information technology.

25. Language continuum is defined as a. a nonstandard variation of a language that is particular to a specific region. b. the study of the development of language over time, including its changes and variations. c. alternating back and forth between more than one linguistic variant, depending on the context. d. the idea that variation in languages appears gradually over distance between places.

d. the idea that variation in languages appears gradually over distance between places.

50. Changes in the immigration laws in Arizona have also given rise to changes in the way students are educated, often placing restrictions on the language that can be used in the classroom. This suggests that language, in addition to being a system of symbols, is also a a. system where social behavior is monitored. b. system where social norms are established and enforced. c. collection of key rules that make language vibrant. d. platform in which politicians are better able to help immigrants.

b. system where social norms are established and enforced.

32. The efforts to preserve the Native American Lakota language, spoken by about fifty thousand people in the United States, has led to a. a well-updated language and cultural knowledge base. b. the widespread adoption of Lakota terms in many parts of the country. c. the integration of social media into the preservation effort. d. the loss of Lakota cultural capital due to online piracy.

c. the integration of social media into the preservation effort.

51. Because few children grow up learning to speak the Lakota language, efforts have been made to preserve language samples and artifacts in tribal areas. These efforts include a. a participatory social media platform built by LiveandTell. b. replacing Standard English with the Lakota language in local schools. c. translation of the Christian Bible into the Lakota language by the Summer Institute of Linguistics. d. legislation making the Lakota language the official language in tribal areas.

a. a participatory social media platform built by LiveandTell.

49. Worldwide, the language most widely spoken by native speakers is a. Hindi. b. Chinese. c. Arabic. d. English.

b. Chinese.

44. American women are far more likely than men to distinguish between colors like teal and turquoise, or magenta and purple. This is an example of a. a biological difference between men and women. b. a focal vocabulary that exists within American culture. c. a paralanguage that differentiates female culture from the dominant male culture. d. linguistic productivity and displacement.

b. a focal vocabulary that exists within American culture.

22. Upon arrival at a new site for ethnographic research, your curiosity leads you to spend large amounts of time walking through the small village complex where you live. In doing so, you begin to discover a. who the most friendly people in the area are. b. a spatial awareness of where people live. c. who in the village likes to sit around drinking at night. d. how the history of the village developed over time.

b. a spatial awareness of where people live.

21. A nonstandard variation of a language is referred to as a a. prestige language. b. type of displacement. c. dialect. d. morpheme.

c. dialect.

12. Margaret Mead's talent for blending fieldwork with dynamic writing about gender roles provided her with the authority and opportunity to become an important ________ anthropologist. a. synchronic b. experimental c. evolutionary d. public

d. public

22. When individuals speak in a manner that does not conform to what is known as "Standard English," there is often an implicit association with a. educational attainment. b. status and prestige. c. country of origin. d. race or class.

d. race or class.

50. Which of the following is NOT a reason for ethnographers to conduct long-term fieldwork? a. understand connections between local and global processes b. establish rapport with community members c. gain a perspective on complex systems of power and meaning d. reinforce ethnocentric attitudes about cultural superiority

d. reinforce ethnocentric attitudes about cultural superiority

10. ________ is fundamental to all research conducted by contemporary cultural anthropologists. a. Participant observation b. Archival research c. Statistical analysis d. Synchronic study

a. Participant observation

46. Linguistic anthropologists have discovered that the languages spoken in Europe such as Latin, English, German, and Greek are derived from an earlier language they call a. Proto-Indo-European. b. premodern European. c. Pan Archaic European. d. Proto-Germanic.

a. Proto-Indo-European.

38. How does the problem of organ thefts from the poor, as documented by Scheper-Hughes's work, mirror the plight of poor people in other, different countries (where she has not worked)? a. The poor are a population to whom anything can be done. b. The poor are a reliable source of organs. c. The poor have too many children and are thus a rich resource. d. The poor do not draw the attention of the local authorities.

a. The poor are a population to whom anything can be done.

11. In part because the Hopi language has verb tenses that differ from those of English, Benjamin Whorf's linguistic research suggested that the Hopi people of Arizona have a. a worldview where past and present represent lived reality and the future is hypothetical. b. been able to retain their cultural traditions. c. a worldview that keeps past and present as entirely separate concepts. d. the same conceptual idea of time as everyone else with a different worldview.

a. a worldview where past and present represent lived reality and the future is hypothetical.

45. Noam Chomsky's research proposes that a. all humans share a similar ability to learn language based on the way that our brains are hardwired. b. human brains are genetically hardwired to learn specific languages. c. different languages create different ways of thinking. d. a language's grammar is derived from the culture in which it develops.

a. all humans share a similar ability to learn language based on the way that our brains are hardwired.

36. How might an anthropologist refer to people born after 1980 regarding their abilities to navigate Web sites, wikis, and blogs, and to send text messages? a. as digital natives b. as digital entrepreneurs c. as digital linguists d. as digital anthropologists

a. as digital natives

26. When we utilize many anthropological studies to examine activities, trends, and patterns of power across cultures, it is called ethnology, an activity that relies heavily on a. comparison. b. social network analysis. c. mapping. d. statistical analysis.

a. comparison

42. Anthropologists have shown that chimpanzees and other nonhuman primates are able to communicate about things and events that are not in the present. This is on par with the human aspect of language that allows for a. displacement. b. productivity. c. complexity. d. innovation.

a. displacement.

3. Archaeological evidence that offers clues to the origins of human language includes the a. fossilized brain casts of Neanderthals that show the anatomical features for speech. b. existence of the FOXP2 gene, which is also found in chimpanzees. c. careful study of nonhuman primate sounds and gestures. d. discovery of fossilized human remains that are almost 2.5 million years old.

a. fossilized brain casts of Neanderthals that show the anatomical features for speech.

24. Efforts to enforce the use of "Standard English" in a school setting frequently evoke major controversy, and the erosion of what many perceive as "national identity" is touted as one major reason why "Standard English" should be the norm. When "Ebonics" was introduced in Oakland Schools, it sought to a. help African American children succeed in school. b. introduce a new federal policy that allowed the teaching of nonstandard English. c. replace Standard English with Black English in the school district. d. certify teachers as proficient in Black English.

a. help African American children succeed in school.

29. Dialect is defined as a nonstandard variation of a language that a. is particular to a specific region. b. varies over time. c. depends on context. d. depends on the distance between places.

a. is particular to a specific region.

28. Two different anthropologists write about the same people at different times. The first makes detailed field notes and conducts surveys. The second also makes good notes and talks to a lot of people, but does not do any surveys. When they publish their results, the first anthropologist's book has every single detail of his or her work, and the second anthropologist's book has a lot of the raw interviews as part of the text. The second book can be said to be more a. polyvocal. b. reflexive. c. relative. d. readable.

a. polyvocal.

43. Humpback whales have been shown to communicate with remarkable complexity and have distinctly different types of tunes and accents that differ across different pods. Akin to human musical abilities, this might suggest that whales may indeed include what in their communications? a. symbols b. paralanguage c. body movements d. grammar

a. symbols

27. Sociolinguistics is defined as the study of a. the intersection between language and systems of power such as race, class, and age. b. the development of language over time, including its changes and variations. c. how social behavior is created by language. d. the variation in languages between places.

a. the intersection between language and systems of power such as race, class, and age.

11. Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard's approach to anthropology has been criticized for being ahistorical, and one of the major shortcomings of his work was due to a. the people he studied being part of a larger preexisting colonial system. b. his tendency to conduct experiments on people while in the field. c. his failure to consider the impact of his work on the tribes he studied. d. his lack of understanding of the forces of evolution.

a. the people he studied being part of a larger preexisting colonial system.

37. "Digital native" might be understood by an anthropologist as a. someone who supports social struggles for worker rights and democracy aided by social media, mobile phones, and electronic communication. b. anyone born after 1980, who has spent his or her life using devices like smartphones and laptops. c. the era defined by the proliferation of high-speed communication technologies, social networking, and personal computing. d. any generation that uses technology, but in a process more akin to learning a new culture or language.

b. anyone born after 1980, who has spent his or her life using devices like smartphones and laptops.

15. The phrase "drop the ball," which is often used by men in sports situations, mirrors Robin Lakoff's work in gender and language and allows complex communication about human actions that is a. applicable in a wide range of scenarios. b. applicable in very limited scenarios. c. so culturally specific as to be meaningless. d. representative of the way men and women "think differently" about life.

b. applicable in very limited scenarios.

5. Part of how we establish intimate relationships with others stems from the words we use, but sometimes words cannot convey everything. At such a time, we may unknowingly resort to a system of body movements as well as a collection of noises and tone of voice in order to fully convey our a. interest. b. sadness. c. emotions. d. enthusiasm.

c. emotions.

2. Making the strange seem more familiar is an overarching goal of a. key interviews. b. structured surveys. c. ethnographic fieldwork. d. experimental hypotheses.

c. ethnographic fieldwork.

40. Sydney Mintz conducted research on the nature of sugar production in Puerto Rico in the 1970s and 1980s, which looked at the way local communities were affected by capitalism. His work also helped to illustrate the problems arising from a. small-scale communities as a subject of research. b. banking systems as the central power in global economies. c. globalization. d. racism.

c. globalization.

23. Community members who guide, advise, and teach the ethnographer during fieldwork are called a. local collaborators. b. research aides. c. key informants. d. primary subjects.

c. key informants.

4. We sometimes "signal" interest in someone without the use of words, which is part of how we establish a relationship with another person, possibly a lasting one. How would an anthropologist describe our behavior? a. displacement b. morphology c. kinesics d. paralanguage

c. kinesics

9. The ________ of any language refers to names, ideas, and events that offer a kind of catalog of what is spoken and can be compiled into something accessible to others. a. dialect b. grammar c. lexicon d. syntax

c. lexicon

40. The recent turmoil in the Middle East, what some have termed the Arab Spring, was driven in part by the extensive use of social media and has led to the creation of a new kind of a. sociolinguistics. b. reality. c. lexicon. d. syntax.

c. lexicon.

7. Franz Boas (1858-1942) is credited with developing the concept of cultural relativism. At that time, this approach was quite radical because it called for a perspective of culture that considered each culture a. as a variation of unilineal evolution. b. in an ethnocentric manner. c. on its own unique merits. d. exclusively through comparative ethnology.

c. on its own unique merits.

43. In an age of intensifying globalization, ethnographic research continues to provide deep insight and understanding of the myriad parts of our informants' everyday lives and cultures, due in large part to the continued use of a. conducting surveys. b. videotaping rituals. c. participant observation. d. recording field notes.

c. participant observation.

4. In studying the very poor, our understanding of their lives may be difficult. As Nancy Scheper-Hughes discovered, one of the more useful ways to decode radically different cultures is through a careful examination of a. relationships. b. language. c. patterns. d. poverty.

c. patterns.

1. The author suggests that anthropology is unique among other disciplines such as economics or history because the anthropological perspective begins with a. statistics. c. people. b. trends. d. records.

c. people.

6. Anthropologists refer to sounds that make a critical difference in meaning within a language as a. paralanguage. b. morphemes. c. phonemes. d. grammar.

c. phonemes.

32. Ethnography written today often is read online by the very subjects that were researched, which tends to make anthropology a more ________ enterprise. a. unethical b. reflexive c. public d. experimental

c. public

36. Expansion of ________ networks in the late twentieth century has allowed anthropologists to continue research even after leaving the field. a. transportation b. social c. economic d. communications

d. communications

41. At present, almost 85 percent, or 5.5 billion people, lack meaningful access to a digital communication network. This reflects a. increasing successes by computer hackers to shut down global media. b. the efforts of foreign powers to prevent access to online materials. c. the minimal investment in technological infrastructure made by the Chinese government. d. the tendency of globalization to increase the effects of uneven development.

d. the tendency of globalization to increase the effects of uneven development.

23. In their study of "Spoken Soul," Rickford and Rickford concluded that a. the English language has more than twenty known dialects. b. all African Americans are very adept at code switching. c. this linguistic variant is gradually fading from use. d. this linguistic variant is in wide use by African Americans in a range of settings.

d. this linguistic variant is in wide use by African Americans in a range of settings.

25. Franz Boas's "anthropologist's toolkit" certainly had notebooks and other ways to record data. One of the things Boas did not have enough of, however, was a. a good set of maps. b. adequate food stores. c. film for his camera. d. time.

d. time.

2. According to the text, studying the patterns and importance of sounds as spoken by a group of people helps linguistic anthropologists a. decipher meaning. b. identify how emotions are conveyed through nonverbal communication. c. determine how long a specific language has existed. d. understand the elements and rules of a particular language.

d. understand the elements and rules of a particular language.

24. Ethnographers must work to establish trust and friendship with their research subjects and often build rapport, which helps them develop a(n) a. reflexive perspective. b. clear sense of who holds power. c. understanding of local values. d. understanding of how local people think.

d. understanding of how local people think.

49. Anthropologists make great efforts to protect informants' anonymity a. when writing about sensitive topics within a community. b. for communities, but not when discussing lives of community members. c. when working in their own societies, but this is not necessary if working abroad. d. when referring to individuals in both research notes and publications.

d. when referring to individuals in both research notes and publications.

8. Franz Boas's attempts to document Native American cultures that were devastated by the westward expansion of settlers is called salvage ethnography and involves a. collecting material goods and conducting some interviews. b. rapid assessment of local conditions. c. forced enculturation. d. collecting only material goods that were considered trash.

a. collecting material goods and conducting some interviews.

15. Annette Weiner a. conducted a restudy of the Trobriand Islands. b. researched social life among the Nuer of Africa. c. studied the effects of colonialism in Puerto Rico. d. examined sexuality in Samoa.

a. conducted a restudy of the Trobriand Islands.

18. Deborah Tannen's research into the ways that boys and girls speak demonstrates that a. they are using a form of cross-cultural communication. b. differences are primarily based on biology, not processes of socialization. c. they have nearly identical communication strategies. d. the best way to understand gender and language is through the "dominance" model.

a. they are using a form of cross-cultural communication.

46. In writing about her findings in a Brazilian shantytown, Nancy Scheper-Hughes's account of Alto do Cruzeiro provides a window into the terrible toll of nonconsensual organ harvesting among the poor, as well as how she herself changed over time. How might an anthropologist justify the publication of this ethnographic research when considering the problem of ethnographic authority? a. All of the poor must be given an equal voice, thus polyvocality is justification. b. Anthropologists are themselves changed in fieldwork, and so honest reflexivity is justification. c. The horrific conditions made it impossible to ignore, and since she obtained informed consent, this is justification. d. Authoritative writing asks us to consider what right we have to report, thus a moral challenge is justification.

b. Anthropologists are themselves changed in fieldwork, and so honest reflexivity is justification.

35. According to the textbook, the government of ________ has struggled to monitor and censor highly decentralized information that publicizes worker strikes, oppressive working conditions, and local government corruption. a. Taiwan b. China c. Myanmar d. the Philippines

b. China

19. Gender differences in communication often give rise to stereotypes. One common one in the United States suggests that women never seem to stop talking. This contradicts the research showing that men a. are better able to use language to their advantage. b. adopt linguistic strategies that help them maintain conversational dominance. c. are often reluctant to speak up in mixed-gender settings. d. adopt linguistic strategies that focus on letting women participate in conversation.

b. adopt linguistic strategies that help them maintain conversational dominance.

13. Lewis Henry Morgan a. conducted a restudy of the Trobriand Islands. b. became an expert on Native Americans. c. studied the effects of colonialism in Puerto Rico. d. examined sexuality in Samoa.

b. became an expert on Native Americans.

31. The work of the Summer Institute of Linguistics presents a challenge to anthropology due to its work being a. both a means of proselytizing and a means of translating bible texts at a low cost. b. both a means of proselytizing and a means of capturing data that might otherwise be lost. c. a means of embedding a specific religious belief into a digital format. d. a means of maintaining secrecy about the institute's motives.

b. both a means of proselytizing and a means of capturing data that might otherwise be lost.

20. The significant difference between quantitative and qualitative data is that qualitative data a. is more difficult to obtain. b. cannot be counted. c. is subject to the bias of the ethnographer. d. is only obtained via direct conversation.

b. cannot be counted.

9. Bronislaw Malinowski was a strong proponent of the idea that ethnographers must a. clearly document the economic system of the people being studied. b. completely understand the local population by learning the local language. c. carefully document the geographical setting of the people being studied. d. clearly document the demographics of the people being studied.

b. completely understand the local population by learning the local language.

10. Words that have what we might consider an obvious meaning can often hold completely different meaning to others. The word dead, for example, might seem obvious to us, but signify an affliction to others, which demonstrates how language is a. organized into recognizable archives. b. connected to local stories and cultural values. c. embedded into texts and stories that are universal in nature. d. separate from the local folklore.

b. connected to local stories and cultural values.

3. Anthropologists conducting fieldwork may experience a particular kind of disorientation from the strangeness they discover, something that is often attributable to problems with a. ethnographic dissonance. b. culture shock. c. anthropological competence. d. fieldwork block.

b. culture shock.

12. Linguistic anthropologists would label new words that have emerged during the digital age, such as mouse, modem, download, and e-mail, as part of our generation's ________ vocabulary. a. cultural b. focal c. emotional d. tonal

b. focal

30. One of the ways that ethnography is written in the twenty-first century has to do with native voices. In general, compared with the past, there has been ________ emphasis on including native voices. a. less b. more c. about the same d. no

b. more

38. One major characteristic of language that is not easily conveyed in digital communications is emotion, and this is due largely to the absence of a. a sufficient number of emoticons. b. paralanguage. c. a concise, universal lexicon of emoticons. d. a system of symbols that describes body movement.

b. paralanguage.

39. Because she has been a community activist and advocate for her research subjects, and founded Organs Watch as a watchdog organization, Nancy Scheper-Hughes's research could be considered a form of a. experimental anthropology. b. public anthropology. c. charity work. d. medical anthropology.

b. public anthropology.

27. Ethnographers' awareness that they should engage in critical self-examination regarding the role they play in the research process is known as a. polyvocality. b. reflexivity. c. relativity. d. authority.

b. reflexivity.

17. Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard a. conducted a restudy of the Trobriand Islands. b. researched social life among the Nuer of Africa. c. studied the effects of colonialism in Puerto Rico. d. examined sexuality in Samoa.

b. researched social life among the Nuer of Africa.

48. The Summer Institute of Linguistics a. is a secular institution with the mission of preserving indigenous religious practices. b. sends missionaries into the field to create written versions of indigenous languages with the goal of disseminating the Christian Bible in those languages. c. has attempted to wipe out indigenous languages and replace them with English. d. is a religious institution with the mission of putting an English bible into the hands of native speakers.

b. sends missionaries into the field to create written versions of indigenous languages with the goal of disseminating the Christian Bible in those languages.

16. Anthropologists who emphasize how culture, society, and a person's social position are what shapes language are best described as engaged in the study of a. cultural preservation. b. sociolinguistics. c. psychological anthropology. d. social Darwinism.

b. sociolinguistics.

47. In 1996, the Oakland School District proposed a. supporting Spanish or "Spanglish" speakers as if they were learning Standard English as a second language in school. b. supporting Black English, or Ebonics, speakers as if they were learning Standard English as a second language in school. c. teaching Ebonics as a second language alongside Spanish and French. d. creating a bilingual curriculum in which Spanish and English would be mixed freely.

b. supporting Black English, or Ebonics, speakers as if they were learning Standard English as a second language in school.

1. Whereas many animals, such as dolphins and great apes, communicate with each other through gestures and sounds, only human language utilizes both sounds and gestures as well as a complex system of a. dance. b. symbols. c. warnings and alerts. d. chemical information.

b. symbols.

28. A historical linguist would be most likely to study a. a nonstandard variation of a language that is particular to a specific region. b. the development of language over time, including its changes and variations. c. the way that linguistic variants alternate back and forth depending on the context. d. the way that variation in language appears gradually over distance between places.

b. the development of language over time, including its changes and variations.

8. Based on evidence from Benjamin Whorf's research with the Hopi, a Native American group in the southwestern United States, the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that a. the human brain is hardwired for organizing language in a universal manner. b. thought is rooted in language. c. language occurs independently of thought. d. thought occurs independently of language.

b. thought is rooted in language.

14. To investigate the focal vocabulary of a language in a particular community, a linguistic anthropologist might a. search for genetic evidence for the origin of syntax and grammar. b. try to discover words that offer sophisticated ways to describe local cultural realities. c. set up experiments that show how that community uses language differently. d. focus on the dialects that are present within the group.

b. try to discover words that offer sophisticated ways to describe local cultural realities.

33. Chinese, spoken by about 1.2 million people, is the most common native language in the world. At the same time, many Chinese students are sent abroad to English-speaking countries to learn English. This may be in part because a. the Chinese government seeks to develop more Chinese language universities and technology centers. b. English is spoken by nearly 95 percent of the world's population. c. English is the dominant spoken language worldwide and is central in education and technology. d. global media like radio and television is extremely difficult to accomplish with written Chinese.

c. English is the dominant spoken language worldwide and is central in education and technology.

44. Consider an assembly of thousands of people, all screaming, yelling, and drinking, while a smaller group in the center of the assembly area fights over the remains of a dead pig. Why might this be seen as significant in anthropological terms if it were part of the research described in Horace Miner's interpretations of Nacirema culture? a. It illustrates mass ritual effectively. b. It is a powerful example of participant observation. c. It helps to understand how to avoid judgment about cultural beliefs and practices. d. It affords a window into the nature of spectacle.

c. It helps to understand how to avoid judgment about cultural beliefs and practices.

47. How did early twentieth-century anthropology differ from the anthropology practiced in nineteenth-century Europe? a. Twentieth-century anthropologists' research focused on kinship and religion, whereas nineteenth-century anthropologists were more interested in economics and politics. b. Whereas twentieth-century anthropologists took a four-field approach to understanding culture, nineteenth-century anthropologists were mostly interested in material culture. c. Nineteenth-century anthropologists were mostly interested in present-day cultures as they existed, but twentieth-century anthropologists were interested in the processes by which cultures changed. d. Nineteenth-century anthropologists conducted long-term fieldwork, but twentieth-century anthropologists tended to rely on explorers' accounts.

c. Nineteenth-century anthropologists were mostly interested in present-day cultures as they existed, but twentieth-century anthropologists were interested in the processes by which cultures changed.

19. What was Nancy Scheper-Hughes's role in Alto do Cruzeiro when she first arrived there? a. social science research assistant b. part of Doctors without Borders c. Peace Corps volunteer d. elementary school teacher

c. Peace Corps volunteer

20. Consider a used car salesperson. This individual must be highly skilled at using words to persuade people to part with a chunk of money. This illustrates the way that linguistic skills as a form of cultural capital a. are not needed to make a good living. b. are often used to cheat others out of their money. c. can be converted into monetary gain. d. are a useful tool for car sales but not for financial careers.

c. can be converted into monetary gain.

26. In 2009, newly elected president Barack Obama visited a famous eatery in Washington, D.C.; after paying his tab, he was asked by the cashier if he wanted his change. The president's reply was, "Nah, we straight." The president was using a form of a. dialect. b. cultural capital. c. code switching. d. English vernacular.

c. code switching.

16. Sidney Mintz a. conducted a restudy of the Trobriand Islands. b. researched social life among the Nuer of Africa. c. studied the effects of colonialism in Puerto Rico. d. examined sexuality in Samoa.

c. studied the effects of colonialism in Puerto Rico.

42. A multi-sited ethnography might be used to understand the nature of an urban legend—a repeated variation of some bizarre event around the world—by visiting many different countries and conducting interviews with participants. An anthropologist seeking a similar answer, but lacking the resources to move about easily, might also conduct a multi-sited ethnography through the use of a. careful library research. b. government Web sites. c. the Internet. d. tourist accounts.

c. the Internet.

29. Sometimes anthropologists use a novel ethnographic approach, and this might include a fictionalized account. What would distinguish such a work from a novel? a. the inclusion of census data b. the inclusion of maps c. the inclusion of field notes d. the inclusion of photographs

c. the inclusion of field notes

35. How would you describe the problems pertaining to the vulnerability of research subjects involved in a potential study of Facebook groups? a. The study population might be self-selecting, and therefore nonrepresentative. b. The researcher would not be able to establish meaningful connections. c. Those in the population would not have the chance to say things in their own words. d. They would not have anonymity.

d. They would not have anonymity.

33. How has the anthropological practice of sharing ethnographic information on particular communities with nonanthropological institutions such as the military been characterized in the discipline of anthropology? a. as a form of economic development b. as a form of foreign aid c. as a form of clinical health improvement d. as a directive called to do no harm

d. as a directive called to do no harm

21. During the planning stages of a fieldwork project, it is typical to a. identify key informants. b. establish rapport. c. chart kinship networks. d. conduct a literature review.

d. conduct a literature review.

18. Fieldwork is often considered a rite of passage for students in part because it a. forges a bond of collegiality with other researchers. b. forces a special kind of mutual transformation. c. is a key developmental stage for all social scientists. d. develops a sense of deep empathy for others.

d. develops a sense of deep empathy for others.

34. The American Anthropological Association mandate of "Do No Harm" came about because of a. early anticolonialist ideas. b. the loss of life during the Human Terrain Systems program. c. the increasing awareness of loss of Amazonian rain forest populations. d. ethical and moral lapses in the late twentieth century.

d. ethical and moral lapses in the late twentieth century.

31. One recent development in ethnography includes a kind of "full disclosure," which can include discussing length of fieldwork and even intimate details about the relationships with research subjects. This is done to clarify the nature of a. ethnographic orientation. b. ethnographic loyalties. c. the personal framework. d. ethnographic authority.

d. ethnographic authority.

39. Words such as mouse, download, and e-mail are all a kind of a. paralanguage. b. digital grammar. c. kinesics. d. focal vocabulary.

d. focal vocabulary.

37. Similar to the trafficking of human organs discussed in the text, the problem of young girls in Nepal being abducted or forced from their homes and forced into the global sex trade is an example of the impacts of a. colonialism. b. imperialism. c. participation. d. globalization.

d. globalization.

48. It is essential that ethnographers map communities because this a. facilitates learning the local language. b. documents the randomness of the built environment. c. provides a deep immersion in the rhythms of daily life. d. illuminates how use of space influences social interactions.

d. illuminates how use of space influences social interactions.

6. The key difference between Henry Lewis Morgan and Edward Burnett Tylor, two early anthropologists, is that Tylor conducted his research a. through careful examination of older literature and maps. b. by publishing a large number of books that were widely read. c. by applying statistical methods to the accounts of others. d. in his favorite armchair.

d. in his favorite armchair.

17. Terms like the "N-word," as the text suggests, carry a wide range of meaning. In a similar way, use of the term "queer" has taken on many different shades of meaning over the past decade. The use of such terms illustrates the ways in which a. similar groups of people share the struggle to overcome derogatory meaning in language. b. different social groups are able to control the use of specific terms. c. language and power are distinct. d. language and power intersect.

d. language and power intersect.

7. The system of human communication based on a set of symbols and signs with learned and shared meanings is called a. grammar. b. paralanguage. c. productivity. d. language.

d. language.

5. The author writes that the roots of cultural anthropology and ethnographic fieldwork lie in a. biological models. b. philosophical debates. c. laboratory experiments. d. late nineteenth-century globalization.

d. late nineteenth-century globalization.

30. According to the textbook, human languages are being a. lost only outside the United States. b. lost at a rate of three per day. c. created at a rate faster than they are being lost. d. lost at a rate of one every ten days.

d. lost at a rate of one every ten days.

13. Anthropologist Laura Bohannan discovered in her attempt to translate a classic text from English literature that a. an underlying universal grammar that all humans share facilitated her work. b. it is straightforward to translate stories across different languages. c. accurate translation of Shakespeare is best accomplished through sign language. d. the meaning of the story became lost as the original meanings of the English words could not be easily translated.

d. the meaning of the story became lost as the original meanings of the English words could not be easily translated.