Anthropology 9-15

From a _____ perspective, religion promotes conformity, cohesion and cooperation within society. a. sociological b. political c. intellectual /cognitive d. psychological

d. psychological

Which one of these statements about religion is 'true' a) there are some primitive societies that have no religion b) all religions believe in the existence of gods c) people who live in complex societies are less religious than those who live in simple societies d) some form of religion is universal among human societies

d. some form of religion is universal among human societies

Which of these are 'not' important criteria in construction kinship terminologies? a. generation b. gender of the ego or referent c. mother's or father's side of the family d. status or rank of the referent

d. status or rank of the referent

In most societies, the transition to adult status is more clearly marked a. by initiation rule b. by achieving economic independence c. after adolescence d. with marriage

d. with marriage

Assimilation is a form of _____. a) ethnic cleansing b) ethnic accommodation c) ethnic relocation d) ethnic homogenization

d) ethnic homogenization

Which of these cultures is thought to have the highest degree of father participation in childcare? a. Hopi b. Gusii c. Mescalero Apache d. Aka

d. Aka

The Ten Commandments of the Judeo-Christian religious tradition are an illustration of which type of explanation for religion? a. sociological b. political c) intellecutal/cognitive d) psychological

sociological

Ownership of and access to valued material goods, and the resources necessary for producing those goods is termed a. wealth b. status c. power d. income

a. wealth

How people make a living influences the sexual division of labor. This is an example of the _____theoretical approach. a. materialist b. interpretivist c. postmodern d. functionalist

A. materialist

When a culture emphasizes either the maternal or paternal relatives but not both, this is termed _____ descent. a. Matrilineal b. Patrilineal c. Unilineal d. Bilateral

c. Unilineal

In a ____ system, people inherit property from their mothers or from their mother's brothers.

Matrilineal

In ordinary interaction between people in the U.S, _____ is commonly believed to be an indicator of one's class membership. a. occupation b.accrued assets c. family income d. household income

Occupation

Which of these is one of the main attributes that defines an ehtnic group, according to the text? a) an origin myth b) being a member of a minority group c) coming from the same ancestry d) racial identity

a) an origin myth

Ethnic identity depends on the social context; it is situational. At different times, various of our ethnic identities will take precedence. This is evidence a) of hierarchically nesting of ethnicity b) that ethnic identity is trivial or superficial c) that ethnicity is essentially the same thing as race d) that ethnicity is not a shared identity

a) of hierarchically nesting of ethnicity

Within the Native American groups which had members who assume a third gender, typically, how were these members treated? a. they were treated with great respect and valued for their contributions b. they were ridiculed and ostracized from the group. c. they were tolerated, but largely ignored d. they were put to death

a. they were treated with great respect and valued for their contributions

What term did E.B. Tylor use for 'belief in spiritual beings" a. animism b. mana c. sorcery d. all of the above

a. animism

The physical and biological indicators of maturation and aging a. are interpreted differently within different cultural contexts b. are not the same within every culture group c. do not occur among some peoples if other cultural practices are not honored d. are all that are needed to take a person from one stage of life to the next

a. are interpreted differently within different cultural contexts

The examples of the Aka and the Gusii are included because together they reinforce the point that a. economic and social factors beyond parental control are universally important in how parents raise their children b. reducing infant mortality and high fertility would actually improve the quality of parents in many areas c. polygynous marriage has a universally negative impact on parenting behavior d. all of these are points illustrated by these two cases

a. economic and social factors beyond parental control are universally important in how parents raise their children

Which of these would 'not' be considered within sociological theories of religion? a. explaining the unexplainable b. promoting social solidarity c. encouraging conformity d. achieving social control

a. explaining the unexplainable

Which of these is 'not' characteristic of most bands? a. formal leadership b. extremely mobile c. foraging d. small populations

a. formal leadership

The examples of Native American Two Spirits and the hijra of India demonstrate that a. hatred and intolerance of people who are gender variant and/or homosexual is not universal b. gender norms throughout the world are biologically based c. there is virtually universal agreement that same-sex unions and cross gender behavior is deviant d. anthropologists have not recognized the importance of multiple gender identities

a. hatred and intolerance of people who are gender variant and/or homosexual is not universal

The vision quests of the Native Americans of the Great Plains are an example of which form of religious organization? a) individualistic b) shamanistic c) communal d) ecclesiastical

a. individualistic

The ethnographic record on the issue of gender stratification and gender equality a. is ambiguous as gender stratification is multidimensional and difficult to measure. b. is irrelevant for contemporary societies. c, is non-existent; anthropologists are just now exploring these issues d. is evidence that complete gender will never be possible in any society.

a. is ambiguous as gender stratification is multidimensional and difficult to measure

Patrilineal descent..... a. is more common than matrilineal descent b. traces kin connections to the ancestors and relatives of fathers c. places importance on a person's father's relatives

a. is more common than matrilineal descent

Among the Hopi husbands go to live with the families of their wives. Fathers and children are of different lineages, and the mothers and mothers' brothers are the primary disciplinarians, The Hope are a. Matrilineal and matrilocal b. Patrilineal and matrilocal c. Patrilineal and patrilocal d. Matrilineal and patrilocal

a. matrilineal and matrilocal

As societies become increasingly complex, the primary focus of courts moves from ____ to ____. a. mediating disputes/ regulating behavior b. regulating behavior/ mediating disputes c. prevention of disputes/ resolution of disputes d. none of the above

a. mediating disputes/ to regulating disputes

The Hua of Paua New Guinea believe that differenes between men and women are the result of differing amounts of a life-giving substance called nu. As a result of this belief, a. sexual intercourse is considered dangerous for men because it transfers nu to women b. women must serve food to men so that their may be passed to the men c. men and women become more different from each other over time as women acquire more nu d. all the above

a. sexual intercourse is considered dangerous for men because it transfers nu to women

Among the Gusii, with whom do mothers most often leave their infants? a. their older siblings b. their fathers c. their grandparents d. other mothers

a. their older siblings

The most common theme of initiation rituals is a. to make boys into men and girls into women b. to create a warrior class of men c. fertility rites d. becoming a social person

a. to make boys into men and girls into women

The origin myths of large-scale sophisticated societies a) are more authentic than those of smaller-scale and traditional societies b) take the form of written history and are taught in schools c) are communicated primarily during religious ceremonies d) all of these are true of the origin myths of large-scale societies

b) take the form of written history and are taught in schools

Your father's sister's children and your mother's brother's children are your _____ a. parallel cousins b. cross cousins c. patrilineal kin d. Matrilineal kin

b. Cross cousins

Which of these statements best explains why anthropologists are so interested in the question of whether or not gender hierarchy is universal? a. the existence of societies with gender equality would prove that anthropologists should be working for greater gender equality in other cultures b. if many cultures currently have or have had gender equality this would indicate that modern societies could achieve gender equality c.the fact that other cultures have gender equality could be used as evidence that societies with a gender hierarchy are backwards or primitive d. anthropologists are not particularly concerned with the question of equality

b. If many cultures currently have or have had gender equality this would indicate that modern societies could achieve gender equality.

A _____ descent system traces kinship relationships through the male line. a. Matrilineal b. Patrilineal c. Bilateral d. Parallel gendered

b. Patrilineal

As discussed in the text, the root of the conflict in Northern Ireland is tension between _____. a) the British and the Irish b) Catholics and Protestants c) two ethnic nationalities, the Irish and the Ulster-Scots d) two subnationalites, the Scottish and the Irish

c) two ethnic nationalities, the Irish and the Ulster-Scots

A clan is considered totemic when a. it is a matriclan b. the members symbolically identify with the supernatural powers of plants, animals, or natural forces c. It is particularly ancient and has religious practices that separate each of the included lineages. d. there are several extended families who can state how they are related to each other.

b. The members symbolically identify with the supernatural powers of plants, animals, or natural forces.

Rituals that are held on a regular and predictable basis are called ____ rituals a. secular b. calendrical c. crisis d. stereotyped

b. calendrical

The degree to which groups allocate social and material rewards based on gender is termed ____. a. gender materialism b. gender stratification c. gender dichotomy d. sexual division of labor

b. gender stratification

What is the term for the systematic killing of a rival population? a) forced assimilation b) genocide c) relocation d) accommodation

b. genocide

The majority of matrilineal cultures are ____ a. foragers b. horticulturalists c. pastoralists d. contemporary industrialists

b. horticulturalists

Gender... a. is universally divided into masculine and feminine b. is a universal basis for organizing group activities c. is determined by one's chromosomes d. all of these are true of gender

b. is a universal basis for organizing group activities

What term is used to refer to the culturally defined age categories through which a person passes between birth and death? a. lifetime b. life course c. rites of passage d. enculturation

b. life course

Which of these is 'not' a characteristic of most tribes? a. leadership depended on the persuasive abilities of an individual b. positions of authority within a tribe were hereditary c. there is little economic specialization within tribes d. cohesiveness among villages based on shared identity and kinship

b. positions of authority within a tribe were hereditary

Which form of religious organization is more likely within foraging bands and horticultural tribes? a) individualistic b) shamanistic c) communal d) ecclesiastical

b. shamanistic

What is the definition of an ethnic group according to the text? a) any minority group within a multicultural state b) a group of people who have the same ancestry or nationality c) a social category defined by perceptions of shared social experience or ancestry d) a group of people who are identified as being of the same race

c) a social category defined by perceptions of shared social experience or ancestry

How has globalization changed the nature of ethnic conflict? a) ethnic groups have become concentrated in smaller and smaller areas b) conflict has become very localized in just a few regions in the world c) communication and transportation enable ethnic conflict groups to strike enemies anywhere in the world d) all of these are ways in which globalization has changed ethnic conflict

c) communication and transportation enable ethnic conflict groups to strike enemies anywhere in the world

In the U.S throughout history there have been massacres of Native Americans, This is an example of _____. a) forced assimilation b) passive assimilation c) ethnic cleansing d) ethnic accommodation

c) ethnic cleansing

How were the political boundaries for most of the world's countries determined? a) the boundaries are the natural result of topographical features such as rivers and mountain ranges b) in the 19th century the boundaries naturally emerged around groups of people who shared a national heritage c) in the 19th century Eurpoean leaders drew arbitrary boundaries on a map d) leaders of newly independent countries re-drew global boundaries in the early 20th century

c) in the 19th century Eurpoean leaders drew arbitrary boundaries on a map

Polish Americans, African Americans, and German Americans are examples of _____. a) ethnic nationalities b) becoming assimilated c) sub nationalities d) transnational identities

c) sub nationalities

Within all state political systems a. the leaders are considered descendants of gods b. leaders justify their authority by claiming to be chosen by God c. a bureaucracy carries out the day to day functioning of the government d. the polity elects the leadership

c. A bureaucracy carries out the day to day functioning of the government

Which of these is the highest social category in India's caste system? a. jati b. nobles c. Brahmins d. Vaishas

c. Brahmins

An important cross-cultural symbol which marks an infant as a social person is a. giving the infant their own room in the home b. engaging the child in play and baby talk c. giving the infant a name d. burying the umbilical cord

c. Giving the infant a name

Who developed the classification system for the kinship terminology? a. Raymond Firth b. Bronislaw Malinowski c. Lewis Henry Morgan d. Franz Boas

c. Lewis Henry Morgan

_____ is biological; ____ is cultural a. gender/sex b. self-identity/ social identity c. sex/gender d. social identity/ self identity

c. Sex/gender

In Hua society, where sexual differences are explained by the life-giving substance nu, postmenopausal women are permitted to live in the men's house. Why is this? a. their position as mothers gives them this right, despite the dangers posed to men b, they are cherished for the wisdom their age brings c. a life of childbirth and menstruation are believed to have purged them of most feminine substances d. they are believed to have special supernatural powers stemming from their concentrated nu

c. a life of childbirth and menstruation are believed to have purged them of most feminine substances

What is a rite of passage? a. the term given to a ritual performed before undertaking long and dangerous trips b. the set of health practices that midwives use while delivering babies c. a public ceremony to mark a status change related to increasing age d. ritual that takes a person spiritually to the time of the ancestors

c. a public ceremony to mark a status change related to increasing age.

Anthropologists classify rituals a. according to their effectiveness b. into those dealing with supernatural beings and those with supernatural forces c. according to their purpose and when they occur d. into those intended for good purpose and for evil purposes

c. according to their purpose and when they occur

The age categories of the life course a. are culturally universal b. do not include elderly in most premodern societies c. are culturally defined d. alter biological development

c. are culturally defined

Which of these statements about clans is 'false' a. clans often own or control land or other forms of property b. clans are subdivided into a number of different lineages c. clans are generally endogamous d. not all members of a clan can state how they are related to one anther

c. clans are generally endogamous

How do evolutionary psychologists explain the tendency for groups to care for their elderly? a. biological fitness benefits b. maintaining population size c. continued support for younger generations d. employment in a market economy

c. continued support for younger generations

Rituals held to cure an illness, ensure a good hunt, or bury the dead would all be considered ___ rituals. a. secular b. calendrical c. crisis d. stereotyped

c. crisis

Gusii mothers are attentive to their children's physical needs but do not engage in baby talk or play with them. Which of these factors is most related to this parenting behavior? a. high fertility b. polygyny c. high infant mortality d. patrilocality

c. high infant mortality

Humans have a need to understand the world around them; the purpose of religion is to explain events and things. This is the view taken by _____ theories of religion. a. sociological b. political c. intellectual/ cognitive d. pschyological

c. intellectual/cognitive

From the perspective of evolutionary psychology (sociobiology) a. promiscuity is a fitness benefit for men b. extramarital affairs are a fitness benefit for women c. it is beneficial for women to be attracted to promiscuous men d. all of these are true from a sociobiological perspective

c. it is beneficial for women to be attracted to promiscuous men

In general, the _____ the population, the ____ the political organization. a. smaller/ more complex b. more complex/ smaller c. larger/ more complex d. larger/ less complex

c. larger/ more complex

During a rite of passage the participants are often stripped of possessions, have their heads shaved, and are dressed or painted alike. This occurs during which stage? a. separation b. initiation c. liminality d. incorporation

c. liminality

Political systems a. are fairly simple to sort by type or category b. overlap fairly precisely with specific culture groups or societies c. organize and direct the collective actions of the population d. are not generally of much interest to cultural anthropologists

c. organize and direct the collective actions of the population

Which of these is 'true' in a matrilineal descent systems? a. men are not counted as relatives b. only matrilineal parallel cousins are allowed to marry one another c. paternal and maternal uncles usually play different roles d. men never own property

c. paternal and maternal uncles usually play different roles

Which of these is 'not' considered a phase of most rites of passage? a. separation b. transition c. reflection d. incorporation

c. reflection

What is the term for the organized performance of behaviors intended to influence spiritual powers? a. animism b. mana c. ritual d. divination

c. ritual

Which of these is 'not' one of the four basic forms of political organization mentioned in the text? a. tribe b. band c. sodality d. chiefdom

c. sodality

Which of these societies was egalitarian? a. Native Americans of the Northwest Coast b. the Tikopians of Polynesia c. the foraging Bambuti d. late industrial society

c. the foraging bambuti

From an antrhropological perspective, each individual person is formed a. by their biological make up b. through their own psychological experiences c. through the interaction of their biological make up and life experiences d. by their life experiences

c. through their interaction of their biological make up and life experiences

The general term preferred by Native peoples, and by anthropologists, for a person with a third or fourth gender identity is ____. a. berdache b. nadle c. Two spirit d. transsexual

c. two spirit

Most chiefdoms did 'not' have a. a chief who was both a political and religious head of the polity b. craft or regional specialization in production c. individually owned resources d. a bureaucratic organization

d. a bureaucratic organization

According to anthropologists what aspects of gender are culturally constructed? a. how men and women define themselves b. what it means to be a man or a woman c. what roles are appropriate for men and women d. all of these are culturally constructed according to anthropologists

d. all of the above

Which of the following is 'not' a form of social control? a. law b. gossip and ostracism c. sorcery or witchcraft d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which of the following statements about achieving adulthood is true? a. adult status in most non-western societies is determined by solely biological maturation b. culturally defined social maturation generally coincides with biological maturation in the case of males c. culturally defined social maturation generally preceded biological maturation in the case of females. d. biological maturation alone does not convey adult status in most societies

d. biological maturation alone does not convey adult status in most societies

Which type of religious organziation involves a formal bureaucracy of religious specialists that organizes public rituals? a) individualistic b) shammanistic c) communal d) ecclesiastical

d. ecclesiastical

The oldest of the categories for degree of inequality in a society is ______. a. castle b. stratified c. ranked d. egalitarian

d. egalitarian

Which of these most accurately describes biological differences between men and women? a. women are more nurturing than men b. there are no actual biological differences other than reproductive function c. reproductive function is more important in men than in women d. men tend to be larger and physically stronger than women

d. men tend to be larger and physically stronger than women

Which of these statements about myths is false? a) myths explain important aspects of one's culture b) myths often contain lessons about how one should act c) myths are told in both formal and informal settings d) myths that are recounted frequently and casually are the least important for a society

d. myths that are recounted frequently and casually are the least important for a society