Anthropology: Chapter 6 Review

Cultural _______________ often exist not in spite of but because of global interconnections.

Difference

In a study on the Olympics a hybridization theorist would likely focus on

The unexpected social patterns that emerge from intermingling between athletes, fans, and officials from different countries.

The major goal of "development" is

-Importing health -Expanding capitalist markets -Alleviating poverty

A multi-sited ethnographer studying Mexican migrants in the United States would be most likely to conduct fieldwork (where):

-In a government hearing on immigration policy -By traveling with migrants as they cross borders in the Southwest -By interviewing border officials

A synonym for hybridization is

-Syncretism -Friction -Creolization

A commodity chain analysis applied to motorcars would be interested in

-The origins of the raw materials -Where they go when they are worn out -The labor conditions of the workers who make them

World systems theory would most be suited to what kind of research project?

A historical study of indigenous resistance to colonialism.

The most important goal of the Congolese sapeur is to

Accumulate prestige and a higher social status

Development anthropologists often think of themselves as

Advocates of poor and marginalized people.

Multi-sited ethnography

An ethnographic research strategy of following connections, associations, and putative relationships from place to place.

The theory that explains why cultural difference have not disappeared because cultural consciousness is increasingly bringing people together around cultural similarities is

Clash of civilizations theory

The linked elements that contribute to the manufacture of an object like a T-shirt is called a ________________.

Commodity chain

What best describes the methodology of multi-sited ethnography?

Comparative

Financial globalization has allowed for

Corporations to move factories from one country to another.

James Ferguson, who is an anthropologist of development, argues that development exists

Development exists to reinforce and expand bureaucratic state power at the expense of local communities.

Franz Boas and his students were _______________, emphasizing that cultural characteristics result from a spread of cultural attributes from one society to another.

Diffusionists

Diffusionists

Early twentieth-century Boasian anthropologists who held that cultural characteristics result from either internal historical dynamism or a spread (diffusion) of cultural attributes from other societies.

True of False: Anthropologists are generally ignored by "development" experts at institutions like the World Bank.

False

True of False: Globalization is exciting to anthropologists right now because they have never studied interconnectivity before.

False

One of the main reasons localization interests anthropologists is that

Global integration creates opportunity for local cultures to express themselves.

According to anthropologists, _______________ is the contemporary widening of scale of cross-cultural interactions owing to the rapid movement of money, people, goods, images, and ideas.

Globalization

Eric Wolf encouraged anthropologists to consider what in their field studies?

History (non-Western societies could not be understood without reference to their place within a global capitalist system)

Cultural __________________ occurs when influential nations of the West impose their products and beliefs on less powerful nations.

Imperialism

Cultural differences are often caused by

Interconnections between societies

What is not true about hybridization theories?

It explains why conflict is growing in the world.

The research that anthropologist Karen Tranberg Hansen has done on secondhand clothing in Zambia is interesting because

It highlights how people impose local meanings on objects.

A believer in cultural imperialism would explain that people who watch American television in remote places like a Walpiri camp in the Australian outback are

Learning important lessons about life in America.

A world systems theory is not important for

Lending itself readily to ethnographic methodology.

The recent rise of autonomy movements among Hawaiian separatists and Zapatistas in Mexico are examples of

Localization

Rapid increases in the scale and amount of communication

Mean that people in remote places can be in contact with people all over the world.

World culture

Norms and values that extend across national boundaries.

Exiles

People who are expelled by the authorities of their home countries.

Immigrants

People who leave their countries with no expectation of ever returning.

Migrants

People who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions or countries.

Refugees

People who migrate because of political oppression or war, usually with legal permission to stay in a different country.

Hybridization

Persistent cultural mixing that has no predetermined direction or end point.

Transnational

Relationships that extend beyond nation-state boundaries without assuming they cover the whole world.

Development anthropology

The application of anthropological knowledge and research methods to the practical aspects of shaping and implementing development projects.

Localization

The creation and assertion of highly particular, place-based identities and communities.

Anthropology of development

The field of study within anthropology concerned with understanding the cultural conditions for proper development, or, alternatively, the negative impacts of development projects.

Postcolonialism

The field that studies the cultural legacies of colonialism and imperialism.

Promoters of globalization highlight what

The more open a country is to foreign trade, the better the economy will be by standard measures.

Globalization

The widening scale of cross-cultural interactions caused by the rapid movement of money, people, goods, images, and ideas within nations and across national boundaries.

True of False: A key marker of development anthropology's success is when local perspectives and voices are paid attention to in development projects.

True

True of False: Globalization and localization are complementary dynamics.

True

True of False: Localization is the flip side of globalization.

True

World systems theory helped anthropologists

-Better explain the historical emergence of development patterns throughout the world -Better explain uneven development through time and space -Better understand local social relations

People participate in globalization by

-Consuming Coca-Cola -Watching TV -Migrating to distant cities for work

What are the areas of social activity that globalization affects?

-Finances -Communication -Migration

_______________ are people who are expelled by the authorities of their home countries.

Exiles

True of False: People in the periphery responded passively to capitalist expansion.

False

True of False: The authors this that cultural diversity persists in the world because cultures have been isolated from each other for so long that diversity is bound to disappear as cultures intermingle more.

False

True of False: When people consume the same clothes, food, and goods they eventually think and behave the same.

False

People who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions or countries are called

Migrants

Anthropologists use ________________ to juxtapose phenomena that were once thought worlds apart.

Multi-sited ethnography

People around the world often think of development as undermining self-determination but will often accept it when it is _______________.

On their own terms

If a development anthropologist were to get involved in a project in your city that is revitalizing s poor neighborhood, they would probably emphasize

Overarching importance of listening to the priorities of the neighbors.

A key feature of financial globalization is

The reduction or elimination of tariffs to promote trade.

World systems theory

The theory that capitalism has expanded on the basis of unequal exchange throughout the world, creating a global market and a global division of labor, dividing the world between a dominant "core" and a dependent "periphery."

A central feature of cultural convergence theories is that

They explain the apparent decline of cultural diversity.

Often, anthropologists use the term ________________ rather than "globalization" to refer to the "global" circulation of goods and people.

Transnational

True of False: The processes of capital accumulation and the expansion of European colonialism disrupted many societies.

True

Many arguments over global integration are about _______________, but anthropologists are just as interested in cultural nuances such as inequality, confrontation, domination, and resistance.

Winners and losers

A key difference between anthropologists of development and development anthropologists is

-Anthropologists of development are analysts of development -Development anthropologists seek ways to influence it from within

Cultural imperialism

The promotion of one culture over others, through formal policy or less formal means, like the spread of technology and material culture.