Anthropology Exam 3

Affirmative Action & Problematic Color Blindness

-Affirmative Action begun in 1970s after Civil Rights triumphs to encourage economic racial integration -The early 1970s marked the beginning of "affirmative action" policies to ensure persons of all racial, ethnic, and religious identities were employed -The use of quotas was removed in the mid-1970s when white applicants brought a case that claimed this was an unfair interpretation of the law -Affirmative Action meant to acknowledge structural racism

Tallbear Article: DNA Fingerprint

-look at similarities between your genetic markers and global -cheek swabs -does not confer tribal membership -Involves assumptions of uncomplicated social continuity between present-day ethic/ national/ racial groups and groups in the past -DNA Fingerprint Map: -Shows primary ancestry in Southern Europe -Green= strong link (European Immigrants) -Red= no link (East Asia) -Brown= uncertain link/ weak link

Tallbear Article: Lineal Genetic Ancestry Test

-mitochondria and chromosomes- look at if descendent of tribe -traces single line (maternal or paternal) of heritage -gives priority to techno-scientific knowledge of certain kinship relations over other types of knowledge and relationships -very top square means most recent common ancestor direct male line -shaded square means inherits YDNA and is a carrier male

Innate

-racial differences in intelligence are hard-wired, genetic, biological, and therefore deterministic of the kinds of people that we are or can hope to become

Matrilineal

Kinship system that traces heritage through the maternal line

Patrilineal

Kinship system that traces heritage through the paternal line

defacto

by choice

de jour

by law

Sedentary

a settlement pattern where a group remains in one place throughout the year

What was the Hypocrisy of Early America

"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal..." -Thomas Jefferson, a slave holder, and even some abolitionists (e.g. Louis Agassiz) did not believe all "races" were equal in raw intellect/ "civilized" nature -The U.S. Constitution was written with language that declared slaves should be counted as 3/5 of a person (for the purpose of determining number of federal government representatives by population). (3/5 compromise- slaves counted as 3/5 of a person and it wasn't to make them feel more human, it was to gain more people for legislation- meant to be a democracy)

Fighting Jim Crow Laws (Civil Rights Era)- Major Supreme Court Case: Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

-1954 -Case was based on Linda Brown, 7, who was forced to be bussed across town despite there being a nearby "whites-only" school -NAACP lawyer, Thurgood Marshall, argued and won the case, pointing out (via social science research) that: (a)these schools were far from equal (poor funding, etc.) (b) segregation led to feelings of inferiority for African American children

Problematic Color-Blindness- four major structural inequalities due to the legacy of institutional racism in the United States

(1) Income and Education -Social and economic factors make it hard for African Americans to attain a higher education -Among those who attain this higher education, white persons with the same education make significantly more (2) Home Ownership/Wealth -75% of white households own their home compared to 46% of black and 48% of Latino households (2005) -Among those who own homes, housing in urban areas is worth much less, supplying much less wealth to these families (due to history of "white flight") (3) Criminal Justice System -African Americans are overrepresented as victims, offenders, arrests, and prisoners in the system -Racial profiling and police abuses of power -School-to-prision pipeline (4) Health Disparities -Higher rates of diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease -Lower overall life expectancy -Higher rates of infant mortality (twice the national average)

Hereditarianism Contested/ Rebutted- five major arguments/flaws in logic against hereditarianism ideas of intelligence

(1) Intelligence: Individual IQ scores are informed by an interaction between environment and genetics -Jensen argued that as much as 70 percent of variation in IQ scores between individuals was the result of genetic variation, with the remaining 30 percent due to environmental differences -most behavioral genetics today would support a value for what they call the heritability of IQ scores of between 50 and 60 percent -heritability estimates for IQ scores are based primarily on studies of middle class whites in America- use studies of heritability of IQ within populations to explain differences in IQ scores between populations (2) Tests have culturally biased information. IQ is not an unbiased measure of intelligence: -Interactionist, Stephen Jay Gould, pointed out that his Harvard students couldn't answer questions due to cultural and historical knowledge gaps -Gould on the problems with The Bell Curve -WATCH VIDEO (3)Complexity of intelligence- Howard Gardner's identification of multiple intelligences. Intelligence is too complex to be reduced to a single number: -Developmental psychologist, Howard Gardner, pointed out multiple intelligences (e.g. musical, bodily- kinesthetic, verbal-linguistic) -multiple intelligence: not just one type of intelligence (dancers can understand place around them) (4) "Stereotype threat" affects test scores -The poor, sickly, malnourished, & stressed (often by "stereotype threat" and other forms of discrimination) do not perform as well -Steele and Aronson studies on performance of black and white (and male/female) students by whether or not they were told it was a test of performance -In Fryberg and Watts article, a similar result was found with respect to stereotypical mascots and levels of self-esteem among American Indian students (those exposed to stereotype threats did worse than not exposed) -ARTICLE WE'RE HONORING YOU DUDE (5) Definitions of race are arbitrary( based on random choice)/ cultural; there are more differences within than between two groups. -Our very definitions of race are arbitrary with more genetic diversity within than between groups

American Citizenship and Immigration: Two ways to become a citizen

(1) birthright citizenship (2) naturalization (Act passed in 1790- applied only to white immigrants)- naturalization act -Naturalization as a citizen limited to "any alien, being a free white person, who shall have resided within the limits and under the jurisdiction of the U.S. for a term of two years -Native Americans were not initially considered citizens, but instead members of separate political entities, or "tribes"

Naturalization Act in 1790

- passed a few months after the Constitution was ratified -restricted naturalization to "any alien, being a free white person who shall have resided within the limits and under the jurisdiction of the United States for a term of two years"

Eminem and global hip hop

-"Realness" defined- race, class, and Eminem -Global hip-hop performances of authenticity (quote, p 557) -"Scratching the Surface" and Ainu clips -race and class may not always align, yet assumptions of racial authenticity are often tied to class status -class mattered more than race

Flaws and tragedy of U.S. immigrant IQ testing:

--Culturally biased exams administered in difficult conditions/ environment -Culturally biased because asked questions they wouldn't know so everyone couldn't do as well, it was awkward in language, and people taking test came back from poor conditions (coming back from a boat)- test was made to favor certain knowledge like speaking English, coming from higher economic standing --Galton's eugenics idea adopted by Third Reich => The "Final Solution"- plan to annihilate Jews of Europe --Cut off escape route to U.S. for many European Jews trying to escape Nazi Germany circa WWII -Johnson Reed Immigration Act of 1924- favor northeastern areas did better on IQ tests; limited the number of immigrants allowed entry into the United States through a national origins quota

Race in America (Pre-Civil Rights Era; 1620- 1950)- major period that shaped African American- Caucasian race relations: Middle Passage (Slavery)

-1619-1863 -500,000 men, women, and children from West and Central Africa to North America -4.5 million slaves by 1860 and 500,000 free individuals -actual transportation of slaves

Race in America (Pre-Civil Rights Era; 1620-1950)- major period that shaped African American- Caucasian race relations: Reconstruction

-1863- 1877 -South Carolina- 1/2 of elected candidates are black -Sharecropping system- reinforcing inequality -Sharecropping: worked someone else's land for them and never got affected

Race in America (Pre-Civil Rights Era; 1620- 1950)- major period that shaped African American- Caucasian race relations: Jim Crow Era/ Apartheid -Jim Crow Laws: Racial Apartheid

-1880-1960s -Jim Crow Laws enacted to divest African Americans of political power in the South -Leads to oppositional ethnic solidarity through black churches, schools, businesses, and social clubs -racial segregation against blacks in the south

How did naturalization law change in 1952?

-1952 marks the point at which Congress ended all restrictions to citizenship that were based on race -weren't allowed to be considered citizens until 1952 and all other laws were said to be not okay

Diversity of Indian Cultures- The Northeastern Woodlands (Iroquois)

-Matrilineal farming villages -"Longhouse People" / Democratic Governance

Diversity of Indian Cultures- The Great Plains (Cheyenne, Sioux)

-Nomadic buffalo hunters -Sedentary Plain tribes

Eugenics and Manipulation of the IQ- Robert Yerkes

-American psychologist -Army mental testing ( World War I- 1910s)- convinced US government to support a massive program of intelligence testing for nearly two million newly recruited soldiers- presented as a scientific approach for determining the best military occupation and rank for these soldiers -Drew conclusions that: -Average American had a mental age of a 13 year old -Intellect ranked, placing Northwestern over Southeastern Europeans -African Americans placed at bottom with average mental age of 10.4 years old- assuming normal distribution of intelligence among African Americans, this would suggest that well more than 50 percent of adult African Americans had a mental age of 12 or lower and thus were officially feeble-minded -Used (with Goddard) to support 1924 U.S. immigration restrictions- law greatly limited the number of immigrants allowed into the United States from countries of eastern and southern Europe, the countries with the lowest measured intelligence on the Army Mental Tests.

Eugenics and Manipulation of the IQ- Henry Goddard

-American psychologist -first popularizer of Binet's test in America -Developed taxonomy of the "feeble-minded" -Idiot, moron, and imbecile were his clinical rankings in the 1910s- became recognized clinical terms for different grades of mental defect -In 1913, he started a large scale intelligence testing program for immigrants at Ellis Island in New York harbor -Those classed as "feeble- minded" were deemed more prone to immorality/crime- these immigrants were thought to pose a threat to both the American gene pool and American society -was used (a) to slow the influx of immigrants from Southern and Eastern European (raise the standards for allowing immigrants into our country) and (b) for forced sterilizing of thousands of "low intelligence" - feeble-minded Americans (people already here) -results of IQ test suggested that 80 percent or more of the adult immigrants from certain populations (Hungarians, Russians, and Jews) should be classified as feeble-minded, which at the time was a technical term for individuals with a mental age of less than 12 years on the Binet scale -idea that people could be identified as a name such as "idiot"- attached to a number -he had children with two women: -He married a worthy Quarkeress who bore seven upright worthy children. From these seven children came hundreds of the highest types of human beings - He dallied with a feeble-minded tavern girl who bore a son known as "Old Horror" who had ten children. From "Old Horror's" ten children came hundreds of the lowest types of human beings

19th Century Pseudoscience

-Around the time of Morton's craniometric study, the notion of racial hierarchy, where blood was destiny, had taken root. -Indians were placed in competition with Africans for the lowest ranking on the "Great Chain of Being" scale -Most Europeans subscribed to "Manifest Destiny," the notion that they were ordained by their God to make the native peoples Christian, and their minds "civilized" -Pitted "half-breeds," typically persons of part European/ part American Indian descent against "full blooded" American Indians in an effort to divide and conquer

Hereditarianism Revived- Arthur Jensen

-Arthur Jensen (in 1969) revived notion of the IQ and racial hierarchy after Hitler's extreme application of race science made it unpalatable (after America hated Hitler) -revived biological determinism after the horrors Hitler perceived via eugenics became known and led America to largely abandon the view --He argued: -There was a 15 point difference in IQ scores between black and white test takers -That this difference in IQ was genetically inherited- genetic differences -Since the differences were genetic, That this meant Head Start programs or other social and educational programs were unnecessary, as they could not fix "genetic" deficits -This argument appeared to have the goal of defunding social programs that were aimed at lessening economic and educational inequalities along racial lines -Jensen argued that the reason people have lower IQ scores was because they didn't have money for education so they're dumber

Biological Determinism (Hereditarianism/Nature)

-Assumes that all physical traits, behaviors and abilities of an individual are predetermined by their genes, or "hereditary" -This has typically been applied to make claims about innate ability -whatever you look like is how you behave -Thomas Jefferson said: "blacks are inferior to the whites in the body and mind" -view is popular among those supporting racial classification and racial stereotypes

Traditional Tribal Membership- Adoptive Parents v. Baby Veronica (Supreme Court Case)

-At Stake: Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA - 1978) & whether percentage of heritage (2% for Dusten; 1.2% for Veronica) matters over tribal laws on membership -Mother was hispanic -Indian Child Welfare Act: law to prevent the breakup of families- legally bonded -people said 2% wasn't enough -ruled: it was a technicality because unethical that they didn't say she was being sent off to adoption but since he signed rights away (without actually knowing) it was legal. Law is to prevent those legally bonded. Signing that made them no longer bonded.

Situational Identity Negotiation: Wearing the Mask

-Both the African American humor tradition (saying one thing meaning another) and some freedom songs that seemed to be just spirituals were ways of masking true identity and intent -Performances of blackness and cultural/ personal survival (a) mask of the simpleton in humor tradition (b) Freedom songs masked simply as spirituals -PAGE 549

Fighting Jim Crow Laws (Civil Rights Era)- other major legal achievements

-Civil Rights Movement (1955- 1965): Ending Jim Crow -Rosa Parks (December 1, 1955) => Bus Boycott -Civil Rights Act of 1957 (Desegregation) -Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference -March in Selma, AL (1965) led to: -Civil Rights Act of 1965 (Voting Rights Act)- Voting rights was a major piece to fight of Jim Crow laws -Immigration & Nationality Act 1965

Diversity of Indian Cultures- The Subarctic to Arctic (Inuit, or "Eskimos")

-Nomadic hunting and fishing (mostly seals) -Religious beliefs and enviornment

Ecological Racism

-Definition: The exploitation and destruction of Native American societies through U.S. expropriation and use of their homelands -The U.S. consistently violated each of the over 400 treaties made with Indian tribal notions -Supreme Court cases in 1831 and 1832 redefined the sovereign Indian nations as "domestic dependent nations" and thus "wards of the government" -Even up to present day, the U.S. government diverts resources and water away from reservations to service large cities and corporate interests -Examples: -The Columbia River Basin Project: Nuclear waste was placed in unstable containers, leaking into the river and contaminating Yakima Nation's water supply --Hydroelectric dams in James Bay, Quebec . that caused mercury soil poisoning & flooding of Cree Nation land --Most recently: Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL), which would transport oil very close to native lands-putting the water table at risk and destroy sacred burial lands - Demonstrations, where Standing Rock Sioux and ally protesters suffered excessive force put strong pressure on the federal government to at least temporarily halt construction - if pipeline eroded, it would contaminate all water and wouldn't be able to go back

Diversity of Indian Cultures- California- Great Basin-Plateau (Nez Perce)

-Diverse food collection/subsistence which led to: -Diverse material cultures and social structures

Eugenics and Manipulation of the IQ test- Francis Galton

-Francis Galton was the founder of the eugenics movement with the goal of selective breeding -1st cousin of Charles Darwin -early eugenicist who proposed selective breeding of humanity -Eugenics represented an attempt to develop a science of breeding for humans in order to improve the quality of the human gene pool -The full practical implications of the emerging scientific synthesis of intelligence testing and eugenics would not be realized until the years leading up to World War II, when the theory of eugenics was put to horrific practical use as part of Hitler's Final Solution. -Three American psychologists combined the eugenics ideas of Galton with Binet's IQ test -used the idea of eugenics to decide who could and couldn't reproduce

Alfred Binet and IQ Testing

-Goal was to identify those who needed extra help in school- might be improved by special education or other forms of educational intervention ; American scientists were less benevolent (meaningful and kindly, so less meaningful and less kindly) -Frenchman who developed the Intelligence Quotient format in the early 1900s -Did not express interest in using results to determine causes of high/low "intelligence" -His uses for the testing were relatively harmless/benign, American psychologists (hereditarian doctrine) used his test format to argue for hereditarianism of intellect by race (serving economic and political goals)-main goals were to rank and label individuals, races, and even nations with respect to intelligence -IQ tests were once a good thing, but then became misused- government use -Ultimately from the perspective of biological determinism and hereditarianism, IQ came to represent the limits of what one might expect out of life based on one's innate amount of intelligence. -Individuals, races, or nations of low intelligence could expect to be dominated by those with high intelligence, and one could not expect to rise to above the level of achievement indicated by one's IQ.

Race in America (1620- 1950)- Major Supreme Court cases that pushed forward awareness of racial discrimination/ injustice in this time period: Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896)

-Homer Plessy, a "1/8 African American," in an international act of civil disobedience, sat in a "white" railcar and was arrested- much like Rosa Parks was, 60 years later (Rose Parks was able to accomplish what he couldn't) -This case went to the Supreme Court, and Homer Plessy lost, allowing segregation in public places to remain; claimed (falsely) by the court to be "separate, but equal." -Took 58 years to overturn it

Diversity of Indian Cultures- The Southwest (Anasazi/ Pueblo)

-Hunting/Gathering + Farming along rivers -Humans' and Nature's reciprocal relationship- rituals focused on weather control

How did citizenship law change in 1870?

-In 1870, persons of African decent or nativity were granted citizenship -Persons of Asian descent were considered "nonwhite" and restricted from citizenship until the 1940s

Bureaucratic Racism- Institutional racism

-Institutional racism: official actions and legacies that lead to privileging the needs of the dominant group in such a way as to reinforce the economic and social inequality experienced by the subordinate group(s) -The federal government decides: Who qualifies as Indian? -What's at stake: government ability to take lands formerly designated as reservation plots; rights to remain sovereign nations, protect children (ICWA), claim authenticity (of art), receive government aid, etc. -Types of limiting definitions: -(a) Indians of intertribal descent can only claim one lineage (harder to meet "blood quantum" rules) -(b) Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA): Blood Quantum rules- For example, it is common to expect a person to be able to demonstrate 25% Indian ancestry (Except in tribes like the Oklahoma Cherokee, as seen with Dusten Brown, though even there, new applicants must meet BIA rules) -(c) Some tribes are not recognized at the federal level (only at the state level) for historic political reasons

Traditional Tribal Membership- Prior to European influences, tribal membership was decided by:

-Kinship (blood relationship), intermarriage, adoption, and naturalization - often extended to Europeans who married into a tribe -Most American Indian tribes saw themselves as distinct cultural groups, or nations rather than "races" -This meant persons of "mixed blood" could be members, if they were kin to/ naturalized by tribe -not biologically being adopted into tribe, it was citizenship

In what sense does race still have relevance and meaning for real people living today?

-Legacy of institutional racism explains the modern day instances of racial inequality (health, economics, etc)

Legislation/ Activism that has resisted these forms of racism (Ecological and Bureaucratic-Institutional)

-Legislation & Racism: -Indian Removal Act (1830) -The General Allotment Act/Dawes Act (1887) -Termination Act (1953) & Relocation Act (1956) - Government goal of ending tribal sovereignty and relocating individuals into urban areas -Legislation & Activism: -AIM (1968) and Wounded Knee (1973) -Indian Education Act (1972) -Indian Child Welfare Act (1978) -NAGPRA (1990) -Powwows among urban/ suburban Indians (intertribal gatherings)

Affirmative Action & Problematic Color Blindness: arguments against it promoted color-blindness

-Many Americans have claimed their resentment of Affirmative Action is based on the desire for "color-blind society" -The problem, though, is how does one justify the switch to supposedly "color-blind" hiring practices after centuries of discrimination against persons of color?

Situational Identity Negotiation: OJ Simpson Trial- Normative Whiteness and Black Authenticity

-OJ claimed to be "colorless"- some argued he devalued his race and heritage -The OJ Simpson trail revealed the societal conflicts and economic, social, and potential relevance of performing an authentic racial identity -Simpson's claim of a "colorless" identity was ultimately a claim of mainstream "whiteness" and the wealth/power that went with it. -OJ appropriation of prestige through marriage, wealth, & claim of "colorlessness" -Lawyers and the spectacle of black authenticity: Cochran vs. Darden

Linnaeus

-Presumed a racial hierarchy of intelligence -Linnaeus's classification of four "races" (1758) and their abilities/ traits used travel notes from early explorers, thus was more medieval than modern -four major geographic races of mankind (still recognized today): the Asian, European, Native American, and African- distinctions are physical features, personality traits, and aspects of culture. -whites and blacks are unequal in their natural intelligence in Linnaeus's classification -"Europeans are very smart and inventive" -"Africans are crafty and foolish" -Eurocentric bias is present -Linnaeus was heavily influenced by the Judeo-Christian "Great Chain of Being" concept or called "ladder of creation", which favored placing Europeans closer to the divine (civilized and intelligent) and others to the ape -thought to be arranged in a linear fashion- like links in a chain or rungs on a ladder -famous for classifying all of the species. Wasn't enough for him so started to classify humans with Europeans on top. God/angels I V Humans (organized races into this and put African Americans on bottom near apes) I V apes/monkeys I V All other living things

Environmental Determinism (Nurture View)

-Presumes that the environment is the dominant influence in terms of shaping personality, behaviors, and abilities -Not very much used by Anthropologists

-Race: Non-exist, But Real? -Three main points that explain how anthropologists reconcile this seeming contradicted -When anthropologists say race does not exist, what exactly do they mean?

-Race is a lived reality that affects quality of life -Human biological variation (polytypic and polymorphic) exists -BUT any selection of physical traits to define races would be arbitrarily creating discrete categories from continuously variable traits (race is a cultural construction, not biologically real)

Why could race be both rightfully claimed an illusion and a reality?

-Race through an "illusion," "becomes reality through its application" -Lorraine Hansberry's play, "Les Blancs" (1966) -READ PLAY- 547

Nomadic

-Refers to a lifestyle where a group moves from place to place in pursuit of needed resources -travel a lot

Race in America (1620- 1950)- Major Supreme Court cases that pushed forward awareness of racial discrimination/ injustice in this time period: Dred Scott Decision (1846)

-Scott sued for freedom in St. Louis, arguing that time spent in free states (as a doctor's slave) made him eligible to be released. -The case went to the U.S. Supreme Court, but was lost.- The Chief Justice argued that persons brought as/descended from slaves could not sue, nor be citizens of the "political community" and remained property, even in the North -The 14th Amendment (1868) reverses this decision, granting full citizenship -Before Civil War, someone who lived in north for very long time was still considered property

Hereditarianism Revived- The Bell Curve

-The Bell Curve (1994) was a book written by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray echoes Jensen's argument: -Society is becoming more divided by socio-economic class (SES) due to varying intellects among groups- IQ is a better predictor of success or failure than socio-economic status (SES) -claim that low scores are due to low intelligence rather than poverty and that being "dumb" makes one likelier to be poor or a drug addict -They support Jensen's idea that the black-white IQ score gap is due to genetics, not environment -wrote this using statistical data -Stephen Jay Gould said this was wrong -differences can be seen along social economic class- they suggest that a strong relationship exists between status and success in society and intelligence and that IQ is therefor a good predictor of a whole series of measures of success or failure in society -Harvard kids had difficult time answering questions about culture -hereditarianism perspective -data analysis technique used was called logistic regression analysis- designed to determine the importance of a series of predictor or independent variables for a particular dichotomous outcome known as the dependent variable -logistic regression analysis allows one to determine: (a) direction (related to a higher or lower probability of being a drug addict) and (b) the strength of the statistical relationship between independent and dependent variables

Cultural Appropriation and Appearance- Bamboozled

-The Mau Mau spared by the police - color valued over clothing, speech, and ideology -1/16th -READ H. ELAM ARTICLE

Melting Pot

-The Melting Pot idea (1909) where the best of each ethnicity melted into one "American" identity -Difficult for non-European ethnicities to "melt"

If race is a cultural construction that is based on arbitrary, history-informed categories, why do we still discuss it as a real thing?

-The meanings and assumptions that have been attached to race have had real-life consequences in the lives of individuals around the world (though we have focused on the United States) -In the documentary, the multiple definitions of race across space and time challenge its reality in biological terms -That said, biological anthropologists still study how human POPULATIONS have genetically adapted to different environments via natural selection

overt and Institutional racism

-This is a blatant form of racism supported by societal institutions/laws -mostly found pre-1965 via Jim Crow Laws (segregation), though some voting restrictions requiring IDs in recent years have revived racism through this attempted type of voter suppression.

overt and individual racism

-This is a blatant racist act performed by an individual -ex: a person shouting a racial slur at a racial minority individual

Covert and individual racism

-This is an unintentional or subtle form of racism performed by a single person. -ex: personal bias in hiring/promoting or renting out apartments along racial lines

Modern Powwows & Stand-Up Comedy

-While the diversity of Indian nations is acknowledged and celebrated, so too is the shared experience of living in this country under a united identity (born of a shared form of racism/oppression) as American Indians

Diversity of Indian Cultures- The Northwest Coast

-Woodworking: canoes and totem poles -Stratified society and potlatches

Interactionism (Balance of Nature & Nurture)

-essentially the biocultural perspective -all traits and abilities are seen as environment (social and physical) acting upon the potential genes -combination of genetics/biological and environment -Many modern Anthropologists reject both biological and environmental determinism as approaches to the study of human difference, opting instead for a middle ground that takes into account of both biology and environment, both nature and nurture -interaction between genes and the environment in which the individual develops

Hereditarianism Rebutted/ Contested- Stephen Jay Gould

-takes interactionist perspective -inborn capacities that vary between the races and the other- differences is due to enormous social disadvantage- either explanation could account for 15 point difference - argues that a measure of a number shouldn't determine anything

Affermative Action

Equality in hiring and education

Nativism

Favoring of "native" (which is subjective) inhabitants over immigrants (people who are here are superior to people coming in) -1882- "Chinese Exclusion Act" -lasted about 10 years, put a band on Chinese coming to America -1890- 2% quotas for immigrants (favored Northern and Western over Southern/Eastern Europeans) -1924- "Johnson-Reed Immigration Act". -Based on Goddard, Terman, & Yerkes IQ tests for Ellis Island immigrants - favoring a certain type of Europeans to be allowed in country, IQ tests were culturally biased

Samuel Morton

Samuel Morton differentiating (by biased sampling) skulls by race; falsely equated size with intellect -Samuel Morton used a biased sample of skulls to rank races by brain size and falsely presumed skull size was = intelligence. -He was too built upon the accepted European notion that they were the most civilized and intelligent of all human groups -Stephen Jay Gould said Samuel Morton was full of crap

Covert and institutional racism

This is an unintentional or subtle form of racism evident through our societal institutions -ex: government approved standardized testing that is biased to favor the dominant racial group's cultural knowledge

Xenophobia

fear of those thought of as "outsiders"

What does Eugenics mean?

good genes

What is the equation for IQ testing?

mental age/chronological age x 100