Anthropology - Exam 3

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of chiefdoms?

reliance on the extended community in making decisions

What occurs when a social movement changes the structure of the political system, whether through peaceful or violent action?

revolution

Which of the following is NOT considered an example of material culture?

seashells found on a beach

What term describes organized action by a group outside of the government to create social change?

social movements

Which description BEST defines evolutionary social theory (cultural evolution)?

societies moving from one form of social organization to another in a linear evolutionary sequence

What subfield of linguistics examines the social context of language?

sociolinguistics

Which of the following BEST defines or describes social structure?

the framework according to which society is organized, with practices that are subject to change

Which of the following BEST describes French philosopher Michel Foucault's concept of biopower?

the power of the state to regulate the bodies of citizens

Martin Gilens found that when poor people and rich people disagree on an issue, government policy nearly always supports which portion of the population?

the wealthy

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis argues that the language you speak influences how you do what?

think about reality

Anthropologist Arnold van Gennep identified three stages in what he called "rites of passage." These stages are known as separation, in-between, and _____________.

transition

Cultural anthropologist Clifford Geertz used the example of winking and blinking to illustrate important aspects of culture. According to Geertz, which of these is an aspect of culture?

winking but not blinking

Primitivism and orientalism are types of cultural relativism.

False

Social capital is the use of an education to bring about power.

False

Cultural relativism was the basis for:

Historical Particularism

Technological development, agricultural development, urbanization, industrialization, and communication infrastructure are the five processes of:

Modernization

Examining how people use a language in real settings rather than studying language as a formal set of rules is which kind of linguistics?

Sociolinguistics

What percentage of the world's languages are in danger of dying out in the next hundred years?

40%

Modernization is:

The processes that make a culture compatible to the larger global economic landscape.

Transparency of power (such as the use of open-source materials) and categorizing power (through defining different types) can help minimize the malicious use of unequal power.

True

The selling of cultural artifacts obtained illegally is an example of what?

cultural appropriation

Which event does NOT meet the criteria for being considered a rite of passage?

going to work every day

What area of study looks at the ways in which political and economic systems reinforce or contradict one another over time?

political economy

British historian Basil Davidson has argued that African societies such as the Asante and Zulu were proto-states, which means what?

states in formation at the time of European colonization

Which of the following is the BEST example of how anthropologists in the 19th century used Charles Darwin's theory of evolution to understand culture?

the belief that primitive cultures evolve to more complex cultures

Which of the following BEST describes the primary focus of political anthropologists?

the role of history and the dynamic relationships of a culture

What term did Elman Service use for a type of acephalous society that relies on extended family structures for leadership, decision-making, and conflict resolution?

tribal societies

Having access to material resources such as crops or oil is an example of:

Economic capital

Learning the ways of a culture in an authentic, experiential way, often also defined as the process of one generation passing on cultural values to the next is called:

Enculturation

What is meant by the phrase "the homeyness of culture"?

It refers to the idea that culture is what is familiar and what feels like home.

The suggestion that we should standardized language and require all humans to share one common language to make business, education, and communication easier is an idea reflective of:

Language ideology

Which statement does NOT describe European colonialism in Africa?

Africans were encouraged to start import-export trade and their own factories.

Environmental degradation, healthcare denial, and the oppression of free speech are examples of:

Structural violence

The capacity of individuals to act freely and make their own choices is called:

Agency

Power is maintained through the manipulation of different types of capital, structural violence, the control of ideologies, and mass surveillance.

True

What term refers to a cultural group without an official leader?

acephalous

Which area of linguistics focuses on the social contexts in which language is acquired?

language socialization

Which anthropologist proposed that culture was a complex system of symbols and that through studying the structure and binary opposites of these symbols, one could determine the patterns and thoughts of members of that culture?

Claude Lévi-Strauss

The unilateral decision of one social group to take control over the symbols, practices, and objects of another is called

Cultural appropriation

The formal rules of a language, including how it sounds, is the study of:

Descriptive linguistics

Which type of colonization happens when large areas of land are occupied by imperial forces for resource extraction and locals are forced to build the infrastructure of their own subjugation and environmental ruin?

Economic colonization

The biological ability of humans to make sounds and put them into meaningful sequences is the study of:

Evolutionary linguistics

Anthropologists are exclusively interested in studying culture.

False

Culture does not change, people change.

False

Culture has an ideal and traditional form that all people strive towards.

False

Culture is synonymous to civilization.

False

Dialects and accents that vary from the standard language are incorrect and should be corrected.

False

Most anthropologists these days take ownership of the culture they are studying.

False

National news always manages to be unbiased in their framing of events.

False

Which statement about communication is false?

It is synonymous with the term language.

The continued influence of a nation-state on a former colony after official political occupation is called:

Neocolonization

Bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and states are differentiated by:

Political and subsistence patterns

Which type of colonization best describes what happened to the Indigenous people of North America?

Settler colonization

Someone who succeeds in college because they have a large family network that supports them while they study is cashing in on:

Social capital

The ways that individuals perceive aspects of social and natural reality and divide that reality into categories that are culturally variable are called:

Social constructions

The creation of classes in a society to reflect different levels of capital is referred to as:

Social stratification

A shared culture helps us trust people we do not know, but share norms with.

True

All humans practice, use, and express culture.

True

Anthropologists can use the scientific method, but their findings are often not objective.

True

Culture is integrated into society's infrastructure, social structure, and superstructure.

True

Culture is learned from others around you.

True

Culture is something that is understood by both actor and audience, outside of formal rules.

True

Culture is the unique beliefs, behaviors, norms, values, ideas, and actions that are taken for granted as a shared way of life.

True

Culture manifests in both the material and ideological.

True

For most of humanity's existence, groups of humans were relatively isolated.

True

Globalization requires compatible infrastructure between states.

True

Humans are capable of learning other human language because they are all members of the same species.

True

Humans have the ability to ascribe meaning to things, allowing for knowledge structures to form that make life and social relations possible.

True

In social settings, meaning emerges from conversation and social interaction, not (just) from rules.

True

Most anthropologists these days see cultural relativism as tool rather than a rule.

True

People are generally ethnocentric because they are most familiar with their own experiences, which feels "right" to them.

True

Social constructions feel very real because we are surrounded by people immersed in the same cultural context.

True

Which of the following BEST describes a fragile state?

a state that can no longer adequately perform the functions of a state

Which term is defined as the way humans develop culture as an adaptation to various environments?

cultural ecology

Shared values, ideas, technologies, adaptation to the environment, and belief systems are best defined as what?

culture

Which term reflects the concept that all languages have some things in common?

linguistic universals

Bronisław Malinowski proposed that the function of culture is to _________________.

meet basic needs to survive

French philosopher Michel Foucault used which term to describe how people engage in risky public speech in order to speak truth about power?

parrhesia

What term refers to the ability to convince others and build group consensus?

persuasive power