HWST 107A Units 1-2
Pūnana Leo
- Hawaiian immersion preschools - 'nest of voices' - purpose: to perpetuate and revitalize the Hawaiian language
If the ideas of "narrow, deterministic perspectives" continue for generations, what would happen to the people and what would happen to the land and seas?
- people would become confined in neocolonialism and lose morality - land and seas would be exploited by foreign powers
What is the "idea of smallness" and "tiny confined spaces" relative to?
- relative to what is included in the description of Oceania - ancestors included not only the islands, but the ocean, sky, etc.
What are the two major divisions of the Austronesian language family?
1. Formosan language group 2. Malayo-Polynesian language group
Polynesian languages that share cognates (8)
1. Hawaiian 2. Tahitian 3. Tuamotuan 4. Marquesan 5. Maori 6. Rarotongan 7. Samoan 8. Tongan
Po'olua or "two heads" refers to what?
A child whose mother is a high female Ali'i Nui that lived with two male Ali'i Nui at the same time or in close succession (considered to be child of both men) - raises the child's mana
Who are the children of Wākea and Ho'ohōkūkalani and whom does each child represent?
Hāloa-naka - kalo Hāloa - first Ali'i Nui
The Hawaiian speller or alphabet is called:
Pī'āpā
What are cognates?
words that have the same linguistic origin
According to the story, Wākea desired Ho'ohōkūkalani but did not want Papa to find out about his wishes. What is the solution that was provided by the Kahuna (religious priest)?
'Aikapu - sacred eating
Prior to the arrival of Captain Cook in 1778, the spoken language in Hawai'i was ________.
'Ōlelo Hawai'i
What is the likely explanation for why so many places in Polynesia have the name Hawaiki?
- Ancestors migrated across Polynesia and named islands Hawaiki as a label for the spiritual threshold between creation and reality (geographic and spiritual origin were seen as one in the same) - Hawaiki emerged as the most important islands name and became most frequently used as a spiritual threshold
Describe what is meant by Chinua Achebe's phrase "fatalistic logic of the unassailable position of English in our language."
- English is a dominant language worldwide, even in countries where it is not the native tongue - although it makes sense to learn English, it takes away from the enrichment of native tongues - 'fatalistic logic': speaking English seems logical, but can lead to the death of native languages
How does Epeli Hau'ofa describe the views of people in a dominant position, and how are these views perpetuated to have significant consequences on their inferiors?
- dominant individuals have derogatory views of subordinates - views accepted by subordinates and cause them to behave in ways that perpetuate the relationship
What was the government's opinion of the Maori language and what did the government propose and enact to ensure Maori people's learning and development? What was the result of this policy
- gov. believed Maori would hinder the people's learning and development - banned Maori language at schools - Result: high rates of failure in Maori schools, worst educational achievement in the country
What new view of Oceania did Epeli Hau'ofa have at a conference on Hawaii island?
- he saw lava flowing and realized that Oceania is not small - it is big and continuing to grow every day
What is the significance and importance of genealogies to indigenous peoples?
- part of cultural history and identity - give a sense of time and place through generations - name = sense of honor/power
What is the purpose of lore?
- to establish moral codes - to reinforce the legitimacy of existing social institutions and customary practices
What are the 3 methods that reflect the process of a synchronic rupture or gap in a common continuous history and reflect the importance of new homeland histories?
1. Cultural hero stories can obscure the identities of the earliest arrivals because they're more memorable 2. Traditions that say that humans originates in situ obscure the names of real ancient ancestors 3. Shadowing - most recent arrivals mask the identities of earlier ones by describing them as mythical
Name 3 failures that have led to unscholarly publications on migratory traditions.
1. Failure to understand the dynamics 2. Literal misinterpretation 3. Deliberately invented material
3 elements of language as culture
1. History 2. Image-forming agent 3. Mediator
3 elements of language as communication
1. Production 2. Speech 3. Written word
What are the names of the most well known first order gods of Polynesia, and what do they each represent?
1. Tangaroa (East/West Polynesia) - god of sea, heavens, creation, agriculture, food, trees, fish 2. Rongo - god of peace, cultivated foods, harvested sea food 3. Tane (East Polynesia) - god of forests, birds, insects, and life, artisans 4. Tū - god of war
What is the difference between viewing the Pacific as "islands in a far sea" and as "a sea of islands"
1. emphasizes the isolated nature of Oceania 2. emphasizes the vast ocean surrounding Oceania that's included in its realm
What is the difference between "Pacific Islands" and "Oceania"?
1. emphasizes the smallness of the islands in the big Pacific Ocean 2. includes the Pacific Ocean in the realm of Oceania
What are the two levels of operation pertinent to Epeli Hau'ofa's paper?
1. national governments 2. ordinary people
The missionaries who arrived in Hawai'i in ______ were employed by the _______________ to educate Hawaiians about Christianity in their ______ language.
1820, American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM), native
The crucial years of HPE formation was _____-_______.
1890-1910
Oceanic languages make up ___% of the world's languages.
20%
Exclusive HCE speakers arose out of the ___ and _____ generations, who systematized features of HPE.
2nd, 3rd
According to Lucas, by 1853, _____ of the Hawaiian population was literate.
75%
What is Hawaiki?
A historical-geographic and religious-symbolic concept
Describe class function with respect to 'Aikapu: Akua, Ali'i Nui, Kaukauali'i, Konohiki, Maka'āinana, Kahuna
Akua (gods) - be unseen Ali'i Nui (gods visible to humans) - uphold 'Aikapu Kaukauali'i (lesser chiefs) - buffer betwen Ali'i Nui and maka'āinana Konohiki (land stewards) - work with maka'āinana Maka'ainana (laborers) - reverence of Ali'i Nui Kahuna (priests) - advice, prayers
What was the role of each class in traditional Hawaiian society? Akua, Ali'i Nui, Kaukauali'i, Konohiki, Maka'āinana, Kahuna
Akua (gods) - regulate earth and forces of nature Ali'i Nui (gods visible to humans) - mediators between akua and humans Kaukauali'i (lesser chiefs) - manage belongings of Ali'i Nui Konohiki (land stewards) - administer the 'Āina Maka'āinana (laborers) - feed and clothe the Ali'i Nui Kahuna (priests) - separate divine Ali'i Nui from maka'āinana
The Mō'ī is at the apex of the societal 'triangle' as an intermediary between ______ and the rest of _____ (the people of Hawai'i)
Ali'i Nui, Ka Lāhui
Unlike his former employer, the ABCFM, Richard Armstrong, the second minister of public instruction for the Hawaiian Kingdom, supported the use of the _____ language in schools.
English
The most coveted place in the pyramid and in the system was only available to the holder of an ___________ __________________ _____________ ____________.
English language credit card
What schools were established to address the rise of HCE speakers?
English standard schools
List the children of Papa and Wākea in chronological order from first to last
Hawai'i, Māui, Ho'ohōkūkalani, Kaua'i, Ni'ihau, Lehua, Ka'ula
What example is given from the Papa and Wākea story that reflects Mālama 'Āina?
Hāloa-naka and the islands are older brothers of Hāloa (first Ali'i Nui) - pono (harmony)
What specific idea regarding the origin of human life is the usual Polynesian tradition?
Incest within the first human family to begin the human race, but no incest thereafter.
Because of the English language dominance, what happened to Orature (oral literature) in Kenyan languages?
It stopped
Mālama 'āina, 'to care for the land' is a literal translation. What is the metaphorical relationship that refers to the idea of reciprocity?
It's the duty of younger siblings to honor and serve their elders, and it's the duty of elders to feed and protect their younger siblings
What does Te Kōhanga Reo provide for the Maori child?
Language and cultural immersion, self-confidence, self-esteem, positive self-identity
Pūnana Leo was modeled after the _____ language preschools, known as __________ in Aotearoa.
Maori, Te Kōhanga Reo
What does current scholarship argue about Hawaiki in Polynesia?
Migrants moved to new places and named them Hawaiki, then transmuted the name into a spiritual concept once the location was forgotten
What is the significance of the story of Papa, Wākea, and Ho'ohōkūkalani?
Mālama 'Āina - caring for the land 'Aikapu - sacred eating Mana - power from Nī'aupi'o (chiefly incest)
What does Epeli Hau'ofa say about the views of the national governments vs. that of ordinary people?
National governments are concerned with trade, defense, finances that keep Oceania dependent on foreign powers. Ordinary people make decisions independently.
According to Epeli Hau'ofa, what is Oceania?
Oceania is a vast nation of islands that encompasses the Pacific Ocean and does not need to be dependent on foreign powers.
What is the prevailing view that has been unwittingly propagated mostly by social scientists about indigenous peoples?
Oceania is too small, isolated, and resource deficient to be independent from foreign powers.
Describe the perspective or worldview of the peoples of Oceania regarding their environment.
Oceanic peoples believed their world encompassed the land, ocean, sky, and underworld
How many native-speaking communities are still intact and where are they located?
One, it's composed of 150 people on Ni'ihau.
What are the Hawaiian immersion schools for primary and secondary school called?
Papahana Kula Kaiapuni (the Hawaiian Immersion Program)
What is the core of all oceanic cultures that is not taken into account by economists?
Reciprocity
What was the most humiliating thing to be caught doing while at school?
Speaking Gīkūyū
What kind of law was enacted by the Republic of Hawai'i, and in what year?
The law (enacted in 1896) required that English be the medium of instruction in all public and private schools.
From whom did the Te Kōhanga Reo movement emerge and what was the reason for the movment?
The movement emerged from the hui kaumātua (gathering of tribal elders) to prevent the extinction of the Maori language
What is Aha Pūnana Leo?
The non-profit organization that started the Pūnana Leo immersion preschools
What is the path of Lono?
The path of peace and fertility
What is the path of Kū?
The path of war and political power gained from war
Punalua or "two springs" refers to what?
Two lovers sharing one mate (2 women, 1 man or 2 men, 1 woman)
The effect of the cultural bomb is to _____________ a people's belief in their ________, in their ___________, in their __________, in their heritage of struggle, in their ______, in their capacities and ultimately in ___________.
annihilate, names, languages, environment, unity, themselves
Why did the aristocracy in Tonga use belittlement with commoners?
aristocrats controlled commoners by withholding information to make them ignorant
The effect of control is through deliberate undervaluing of a people culture, ______, dances, __________, _________, _________, _________, _________, literature, and the conscious elevation of the language of the colonizer.
arts, religions, history, geography, education, orature
Ngugi states that the imperialist tradition in Africa is maintained by the international ______________ and the resistance tradition is carried out by the working people (the peasants and the ________________) aided by patriotic students, intellectuals (academic and non-academic), soldiers, and other progressive elements of the petty middle class.
bourgeoisie, proletariat
What did Maori children need to attain educational achievement (according to the paheka perception)
competency in English
What is the cultural importance of migratory traditions?
discovery of new lands
Incest is, by definition, a formula for creating _____.
divinity
Where does lore, pertaining to the natural world, emanate from?
from creation and demigod traditions
Chinese arrived in 1852, Japanese around 1868, and Filipinos around 1907, creating new pools of _________, __________, and __________.
grammar, syntax, intonation
Ngugi's approach to explain the conflicts between two peoples is to look at two non-fixed variables: an ____________ tradition on one hand, and a ______________ tradition on the other.
imperialist, resistance
Give an example of how language can be used as a tool to control and emphasize social and ethnic differences.
in Papua New Guinea, white men were called 'masters' and indigenous males were called 'boys'
What are "cultural heros"? Example of one?
intermediates between gods and humans that test the boundaries between real and supernatural Ex. - Maui - fished up the islands with a jawbone hook, ensnared the sun, obtained fire, tried to gain immortality
What is the literal translation of Te Kōhanga Reo?
language nest
Over time this [language] becomes a way of _________ developing into ______________ and history.
life, culture
What type of school produced Maori people who could read and write
missionary schools
The choice of language and the use to which language is put is central to a people's definition of themselves in relation to their _________ and _________ environment, indeed in relation to the entire ______________.
natural, social, universe
Pidgin is created out of ____________.
necessity
What is not emphasized in Polynesian lore but is considered a striking feature of Polynesian oral traditions?
origin stories/traditions
Kinolau (many bodies) is the many ____________ forms of the gods.
physical
Failure on part of the Mō'ī on either path of mana (Kū or Lono) was outside the state of ____.
pono
According to the article "The Maori Language in New Zealand", what are the two skills that seemed " to hold the key to power"?
reading and writing
kula
school
Although HCE is no longer necessary for ethnic communities to communicate with one another, what does it provide for the community today?
social unity, connection to past generations, cultural identity
How was language used amongst the people that depicted the nuances of their culture?
storytelling, music, proverbs, riddles, etc.
The conference was more about the ____________________ and the __________ origins and _____________ habitation of the writer rather than what ________________ as African literature.
subject matter, racial, geographic, qualified
What industry contributed to the economic push for immigrant workers and therapy the development of HPE?
sugar plantations
The rich and extensive Hawaiian vocabulary reflected the Hawaiians' _________ relationship with their ____________.
symbiotic, environment
What do migratory traditions contain?
tell of the departures from islands of origin and the arrival, exploration, and settlement of new islands
What family of languages do the Pacific basin languages belong to?
the Austronesian family
Why are migratory traditions difficult to interpret?
they contain the greatest mix of history and symbolism because they are midway between creation and the present
What is 'neocolonialism' as defined by Epeli Hau'ofa?
to make people believe they have no other choice but dependence
What is the purpose of Ka Papahana Kaiapuni (Kula Kaiapuni)?
to revitalize the Hawaiian language by providing students w/ good education and high self-esteem as perpetuators of their language
Ngugi states that the study of African realities has been seen in terms of _______. He believes this is a misleading stock interpretation of African realities popularized by western ________ that deflects people from seeing that __________ is still the root cause of many problems in Africa.
tribes, media, imperalism
On an elementary level, 'Aikapu is that which prevents the _________ nature of _________ from defiling ________ sanctity when they offer to the male Akua, and which is further observed on the _____ nights of the four major male Akua
unclean, women, male, kapu
The metaphor of 'Aikapu, however, is much more than the separation of male kapu from the desecration of female essence. It is the ___________ of the entire _____ system.
underpinning, kapu
Initially colonialism was to control _______ but its dominance was the ____________ universe, of how people perceived themselves and their relationship to the ______. Thereby, ___________ and _________________ control is not complete or effective without _______ control.
wealth, mental, world economic, political, mental
