Anthropology-Unit 1

Which of the following statements best describes what ethnographers refer to as an etic explanation?

"I have the flu because I have been exposed to the flu virus."

The American Anthropological Association (AAA) has established a Code of Ethics that requires that anthropologists be guided by a principle that has been compared to a doctor's Hippocratic oath, which essentially says,

"first do no harm."

*Which of the following statements are true of anthropology?

-It offers a cross-cultural perspective. -It is the study of the human species around the world and through time. -It is the study of all societies.

Which of the following is an example of the ethnographic technique called participant observation?

An anthropologist gets to know the local people, takes part in daily life, and writes a report describing the community.

Which of the following statements about anthropology today are true?

Anthropologists today tend toward increased specialization.

Which type of anthropologists study primate behavior and also the physical characteristics of ancient and modern humans?

Biological

What are fossils?

Bones or other remains or traces, of ancient life forms

How do the scientific and humanistic approaches to anthropology compare?

Both approaches are useful

Which of the following statements best describes the way that ethnographers gather data during fieldwork?

Ethnographers strive to learn the local language so that they can ask questions in all kinds of social settings in the field.

The research strategy that originated to study small-scale, relatively isolated societies with simple technologies and economies in order to understand the whole of a particular culture is known as

Ethnography

Ethnography has changed since Morgan and Malinowski did the early fieldwork. Which statement best describes key changes in how ethnography or fieldwork is done?

Ethnography has become more specialized, and anthropologists go to the field to investigate a particular problem or issue.

The process used in archaeology of digging through a succession of levels at a particular site in order to document changes over time is known as

Excavation

Anthropology is a(n) ______ science

Humanistic

Which of the following was NOT one of the reasons the AAA issued a statement disapproving of HTS—the Human Terrain System research?

In an active war zone, it is much easier to obtain informed consent, because people feel grateful for the military presence.

Which of the following statements best describes the principle of superposition?

In an undisturbed set of strata, the oldest layer is deepest.

Which of the following best explains why the shift from academic to applied anthropology has benefited the profession?

It has forced anthropologists to consider the wider social value and implications of their research.

*Which of the following are accurate statements about ethnography?

It is often descriptive. It requires fieldwork to collect data. It is group/community specific.

*Originally developed for space applications, a technology known as ________ is a remote sensing technique that uses lasers to map 3D surfaces and visualize landscapes.

LiDAR

Ethnographers typically maintain their connection to the community they study and may return to it several times to see how community life has changed. For example, Margaret Mead first described her fieldwork in Growing Up in New Guinea, detailing her study of the Manus, a New Guinea people still mostly untouched by the outside world when she visited them in 1928. She lived in their noisy fishing village of Peri at a pivotal time—after World War I was over but before missions and global commerce had begun to change their lives. She continued her relationship with this same village for 50 years until her death, and it helped her to describe how these villagers maintained their unique cultural values even with increasing global influence. What is the term used to describe this type of ethnographic research?

Longitudinal research

Which of the following are reasons that Bronislaw Malinowski's "practical anthropology" has been abandoned?

Malinowski's practical anthropology legitimized and supported colonialism. Malinowski's practical anthropology focused on Westernization and the diffusion of European culture into tribal societies.

During the past 100 years, the skeletal remains and artifacts from many Native American burials excavated by archaeologists became the property of museums and universities. What is the name of the law that now requires that they be returned to the original tribal groups?

NAGPRA

What is NAGPRA?

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act

Which of the following statements best summarizes the ethical guidelines for North American anthropologists?

North American anthropologists should establish cooperative relationships with colleagues in the host countries in which they do their fieldwork.

*Because of cultural traditions, how do North American girls compare to Brazilian girls?

North American girls tend to do better than Brazilian girls in sports in which they compete as individuals, such as gymnastics and swimming

What technique is used by archaeologists to identify ancient roads and canals invisible to the human eye but visible with aerial photos and satellite images using a spectrum invisible to the naked human eye?

Remote sensing

Which statement best represents the relationship between anthropological research and survey research

Survey research relies on questionnaires to gather data, whereas ethnographic research relies on long-term firsthand observations.

In the methods of archaeology, what is the difference between systematic survey and excavation?

Systematic survey involves gathering information about settlement patterns across a region; excavation involves digging in selected sites.

The Gwembe study included which of the following?

Team research Research that spans decades

Which statement best describes the principal ethical guideline stated in the Code of Ethics of the American Anthropological Association?

The anthropologist's first obligation is to the people in the study community.

Which of the following statements about hypotheses are accurate?

They are proposed explanations. Their validity is confirmed by testing.

How can life histories illustrate diversity in a community?

They can show how different people interpreted and dealt with the same problem.

Which of the following is true of the most useful theories?

They help explain many associations and cover multiple cases.

*What best describes the relationship among anthropology's subdisciplines?

They influence each other.

Which of the following statements best describes how archaeologists do their work?

They systematically survey a region and excavate by digging through the layers at archaeological sites.

Which statement best describes why ethnographers collect life histories?

To learn about the personal experiences of a few community members over a long period of time, in order to understand responses to change

What did Bronislaw Malinowski believe was the job of the anthropologist?

To make colonial rule work harmoniously

In addition to having links to the natural sciences, anthropology also has links to fields in the humanities.

True

*One of the most fundamental assumptions shared by all anthropologists is that

a comparative, cross-cultural approach is essential

A law is

a generalization that explains all instances of an association.

The archaeological study of settlement patterns over a large area is known as

a systematic survey.

*During the past 10,000 years, the rate of human cultural adaptation has

accelerated

Practicing, or applied, anthropology uses anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to

address contemporary social problems.

Cultural resource management involves not only preserving some sites but also

allowing insignificant sites to be destroyed

Li, an ethnographer, observes some North Americans "crossing their fingers" by bending their middle fingers around their index fingers. When Li asks them to explain this behavior, they say that it means that they are lying. What do ethnographers call this type of "insider" explanation?

an emic explanation

People within a cultural community may say that a person is experiencing minor falls and accidents because of bad luck, perhaps because he or she walked under a ladder or saw a black cat. What is the term ethnographers use to describe this type of explanation?

an emic explanation

A guide that is used to structure a formal, but personal, interview in which the ethnographer talks face-to-face with people, asks questions, and writes down the answers is referred to as

an interview schedule

Language first developed in humans

an unknown time

Associations require that when one thing changes,

another changes

Measuring human proportions on skeletal remains from ancient sites as well as among modern human populations is known as

anthropometry

In order to reconstruct ancient human biological and cultural features, anthropologists study ceramics, casts, metals, tools, and other manufactured items known as

artifacts

An observed relationship between two or more variables is a(n)

association

*The specialty in archaeology known as ______ is the study of human skeletons and associated artifacts, which are used to understand health, diet, and social status differences.

bioarchaeology

Equal-size sections of a grid in an archaeological excavation are called

collection units

*The invention of pressurized airplane cabins equipped with oxygen masks in order to survive at the high altitudes reached during flight is an example of ______ adaptation.

cultural

*The subfield of anthropology that describes, analyzes, interprets, and explains social and cultural similarities and differences is

cultural anthropology

When construction sites reveal artifacts, impact studies may be required to assess the historical importance of the site. In this case, "salvage archaeology," also called ______, analyzes what is found at the site.

cultural resource management

Ethnographers routinely consider which of the following as data sources?

direct measurement of such things as rainfall, temperature, or crop yield government records or archives local people's answers to questions

Anthropologists work to understand how local people interpret cultural events in their own communities. This "insider" perspective is known as the _______ perspective

emic

Which of the following reflect ethical guidelines that anthropologists should follow when working abroad?

establishing ongoing collaborative relationships with colleagues in the host country including colleagues of the host country in planning research and obtaining funding

Some critics of anthropology during its "crisis of representation" have questioned the value of

ethnographers' impartiality. science itself.

*The activity within cultural anthropology that gathers data to provide an account of a particular group, community, society, or culture is called

ethnography

An anthropologist goes to live in a community to gather firsthand information to understand the way of life of that group. What is the name of this research strategy?

ethnography

The discipline that examines, interprets, and analyzes the results of ethnography is called

ethnology

Ethnographers might know about scientific explanations of disease based on germ theory, but they might learn about other types of explanations for causes of illness from the local people. For example, local people may claim that they are sick because of "the evil eye"—that a spell was put on them because of jealousy. The ethnographers' "outsider" perception based strictly on germ theory is called the ______ perspective.

etic

The ______ perspective is an interpretation of a cultural event or behavior by a scientific observer.

etic

The most common way in which archaeologists work locally is

excavation

Archaeologists use settlement pattern information to make estimates about when a particular site was inhabited

false

Fossils include the preserved remains of any object (building, container, tool, pottery, weapon, work of art) made, used, or modified in some way by human beings, which help us to understand how people lived in the past.

false

*Adaptation is an entirely cultural process

false: adaptation is through culture and biology

Some biological anthropologists analyze human remains to provide legal evidence. This special type of anthropology is known as

forensic anthropology

The type of anthropology in which biological anthropologists work in a legal context and assist medical examiners and law enforcement agencies to recover, analyze, and identify human remains is known as

forensic anthropology

*Cultures are traditions and customs that

form and guide the beliefs and behavior of the people exposed to them.

Which of the following uses diagrams and symbols to record kin connections?

genealogical method

Which of the following refers to a statement that says that a change in one variable tends to follow or be associated with a change in another variable?

generalization

In archaeological excavations, collection units are marked off on the site using a ______ that allows researchers to identify the location of any object found at the site.

grid

Modern applied anthropology is usually seen as a(n) ______ profession designed to assist local people.

helping

Archaeologists who study ancient societies by using written records as guides and supplements to research are referred to as ______ archaeologists

historical

Archaeologists who study ancient societies by using written records as guides and supplements to research are referred to as ______ archaeologists.

historical

When archaeologists excavate early colonial settlements in Jamestown, Virginia, this type of archaeology is known as

historical archeology

*The study of the whole of the human condition is known as

holism

Test pits are used to determine

how deep a site's deposits go

According to Clyde Kluckhohn, the imperative for anthropology is to provide a scientific basis for understanding

how diverse people can get along peaceably

Biological anthropology is the study of ______ in time and space.

human biological diversity

*The study of ecosystems that include people, focusing on the ways people interact with nature based on cultural values, is known as

human ecology

What focuses on the ways in which humans use "of nature influences and is influenced by social organization and cultural values."

human ecology

Which of the following are valid ways for an anthropologist to study a culture?

humanistic scientific interpretive

Cultural and linguistic anthropology view creative expression

in their social and cultural context.

The ethics of archaeologists and physical anthropologists require that they negotiate with local officials and colleagues to establish who owns bones, artifacts, and other materials recovered at excavation sites. These agreements between anthropologists and colleagues in the host countries are established through the procedure known as

informed consent

Instead of doing a random sample of all the residents in a community to choose individuals to formally interview, anthropologists select a few individuals who are extremely knowledgeable to interview. What is the term used to describe these few select individuals?

key informant or key consultant

When cultural anthropologists do fieldwork in a community, they may rely on just a few chosen people who can provide special knowledge and details about community life. What is the term (or terms) used for the people chosen?

key informants

The genealogical method is used to examine what building block in the social organization of nonindustrial societies?

kinship

Which of the following best explains what biological anthropologists study?

living and recent humans and primates as well as ancient humans and primates

n the study on postpartum taboo, the predictor variable was a

low protein, diet

*Through enculturation, behavior and thought in a society are

made somewhat consistent.

Which of the following are aspects of linguistic anthropology?

making inferences about universal features of language studying linguistic differences to discover cultural variations in perception and thought reconstructing ancient language

Which of the following areas have benefited from the work of applied anthropologists?

marketing public health business

*Anthropology's comparative, biocultural perspective recognizes that cultural forces

mold human biology.

*For bioarchaeologists, the remains of taller people can indicate

more fortunate members of a society.

Biological anthropologists use anthropometry to learn about which of the following aspects of humans?

nutritional status human growth human development

*Most generally, adaptation refers to the processes by which

organisms cope with environmental forces and stresses.

*What kind of physical anthropologists specialize in the study of human evolution?

paleoanthropologists

What kind of physical anthropologists specialize in the study of human evolution?

paleoanthropologists

One technique commonly used by ethnographers is _________________ , which means that they take part in community life, participating in the events they are observing, describing, and analyzing

participant observation

*Sources of information for archaeologists studying sites primarily include

plant and animal remains, ceramics, and other artifacts. microscopic evidence such as pollen and grains.

Archaeologists study settlement patterns primarily to reveal what kinds of information about prehistoric communities?

population estimates and degrees of social complexity

In order to understand how human behavior differs from the behavior of the animals most similar to humans, some biological anthropologists in the subfield of ______ study animals such as apes, monkeys, and lemurs in their natural rain forest habitats.

primatology

Jane Goodall is a well-known scholar who has studied chimpanzees in their natural settings. The name of her subfield within biological anthropology is

primatology

Which of the following are specialties within biological anthropology?

primatology human genetics paleoanthropology

*Some anthropologists become involved in electoral campaigns, political administrations, and testifying at government hearings. This is called

public anthropology.

In the context of survey research, a form that is used by sociologists to obtain comparable information from respondents but that does not require face-to-face contact is a

questionnaire

*Paleoanthropologists

search for evidence about human origins

*When non-natives' breathing and heart rates increase in mountain highlands, this is an example of ______ adaptation.

short-term physiological

In archaeology, the number of settlement levels is a measure of

social complexity

*what are the four subfields of general anthropology

sociocultural anthropology biological anthropology anthropological archaeology linguistic anthropology

Today it is common for ethnographers to study

specific problem

As archaeologists excavate the strata or layers at a site, they establish a time sequence for the materials discovered in each layer based on the idea that the lower layers are older than the top layers. This idea is known as

superposition.

The study of society through sampling and statistical analysis is ______, and the study of firsthand culture and living people is ______.

survey research; ethnographic research

Excavation at an archaeological site is usually done in ______ that are used to sample the site to see how deep the deposits go and to establish a rough chronology (time sequence).

test pits

*The origin of anthropology as a scientific pursuit can be traced to

the 19th century

*The term food production refers to the

the cultivation of plants and domestication of animals

When archaeologists excavate at home or abroad and when biological anthropologists conduct research with primates, they must take steps to ensure the protection of the materials, remains, and animals involved. Government agencies and other parties grant permission to these anthropologists by giving

their informed consent

The American Anthropological Association recognizes that anthropologists have obligations to

their scholarly field. the wider society. the environment. humans and other species.

A framework of logically connected ideas that helps us explain not just one, but many, associations is referred to as a

theory

Public archaeology has been given an important role in evaluating sites

threatened by construction activities

Cultural resource management focuses on managing the preservation of archaeological sites that are

threatened by modern development.

*Anthropological archaeologists reconstruct, describe, and interpret human behavior and cultural patterns mainly

through material remains

he primary ethical obligation of the anthropologist is

to do no harm to the people in the host community

*What are the stated goals of public anthropology?

to engage with public issues. oppose policies that promote injustice. reframe discussions of key social issues in the media and by public officials.

What is the anthropologist's primary ethical concern?

to ensure that their research causes no harm to the people, animals, or artifacts involved

Which of the following are studied by archaeological anthropologists?

tools garbage animal bones

It is a good idea for an ethnographer to learn the local language of his or her field community.

true

In 1692, a major earthquake caused part of the city of Port Royal, Jamaica, to fall into the Kingston Harbor. ______ archaeologists now study the submerged city.

underwater

What is the term used to describe the type of archaeology that investigates shipwrecks and sites submerged under the sea?

underwater archaeology