Anthropology Unit 6: Material Culture - How Humans Are Handy
Rice was domesticated in the Yellow River ____________ of China and the Nile region in Egypt.
area
The fourth step is analysis. The scientist learn as much as possible about each ____________________. This is the most time consuming stage.
artifact
Experimental archaeology is recreating ___________________ and evidence. Using replicas of stone tools to see how the tool marks the bone might make bone fragments easier to locate.
artifacts
The agricultural revolution is the biggest _____________ in human history.
change
Plant remains can tell what the _________________- was like in that area at the time the site was occupied.
climate
Excavation of site involves carefully _________________ below the surface of the ground to find buried artifacts and features.
digging
During the dig stage of excavation, the __________ is carefully scraped away layer by layer. The dirt is put through screens looking for bits of artifacts as well as plant and animals remains.
dirt
Most _______________ cities were devastated by disease.
early
The earliest site showing agriculture is Abu Hurerya in Syria. There was _____________ of domesticated grains 11,500 years ago.
evidence
The first step in _____________________ is to set up a grid over the entire site.
excavation
In a surface survey, the scientists search for artifacts by walking over the ground using their ________ or tools such as metal detectors or ground penetrating radar.
eyes
Surveys are the main way to _______________ an archaeological site.
find
Excavation has ______________ steps: Set up a grid; dig; record; and, analyze.
four
Sumer developed large scale __________________ agriculture about 7,500 years ago.They also domesticated cows and sheep.
intensive
Prehistoric sites were occupied before wiritng was __________________.
invented
Large scale intensive agriculture led to trade, cities, a ruling class, division of ______________ and differences in wealth.
labor
Ancient ________________ can be analyzed to see what people ate and if they had parasites.
latrines
Written records were used mainly for ___________________, financial or religious records.
legal
The goal of the archaeological research is to reconstruct peoples' ways of _______ and to explain the origin and development of human culture.
life
Ethnoarcheology is studying _________________ people to see what materials their cultures leave behind. For example, studying modern day foragers in order to learn what ancient foragers might have left behind.
living
Dr. William Rathje showed that upper class people throw out less than _____________________ class people.
middle
The _______________ important part of analyzing an artifact is establishing the age of the artifact.
most
Historic sites were __________________ after writing was invented.
occupied
Lives of ____________________ people were not usually recorded.
ordinary
The importance of archaeology is that the ore we know about our ___________________ the better we understand ourselves.
past
Artifacts are things _________________ made or altered.
people
A site is any ___________ people have occupied and left evidence of their occupation.
place
Provenience is the _______________ location of an artifact on the grid.
precise
Domestication is the __________________ of bringing plants and animals under the control of humans.
process
Archaeology projects begin with library _______________ and a survey.
research
Features are things that cannot be removed from a ___________ such as buildings, latrines, ditches, soil stains.
site
The Terra Amata site in Southern France is an important homo erectus _____________ from 400,000 years ago showing the first evidence of the use of fire.
site
The "Agricultural Revolution" is the change in _______________ brought on by intensive agriculture.
socieities
The third ______________ is recording. Each artifact located must be recorded. The artifact is photographed in place. It's location, horizontal and vertical position, recorded. It must be measured and described in detail.
step
A ________________ is a systematic effort to locate one or more sites within a region.
survey
The goal in learning about material culture is to reconstruct how people lived, the problems they faced and how they used culture to solve ____________ problems.
their
Material culture is _______________ people made or altered and their physical races of their lives such as artifacts and features.
things
Sumerians also developed the _______________ and arithematic.
wheel
Projectile points were attached to ___________ spears. Clovis points were made in North America about 14,000 years ago. Folsom points were made in North America about 9,000 years ago. Folsom points are wider and better made.
wooden
The Archaeological record consists of all the material remains of human activity in every part of the __________________ where humans have ever lived.
world
Farming began 12,000 _____________ ago.
years
Humans have existed at least 200,000 _________________.
years.
When did Dr. William Rathje sort through a landfill in Tucson, AZ showing that people throw out 10% of the food purchased?
1973
________________ surveys can show the placement of buildings, etc by patterns or staining in the ground that would not be visible in a surface survey. Surveys are done by plane balloon or kite.
Aerial
Homo habilis made the earliest shelters about 2 million years ago in East _______________.
Africa.
_______________________ is the study of past cultures through material remains that people have left behind.
Archeology
The archaeological record tells the story of human culture on ___________________.
Earth
Homo erectus left Africa and went to ______________ and Asia about 1-1.8 million years ago.
Europe
Dr. William Rathje is called the "Indiana ______________ of Solid Waste".
Jones
Maize was domesticated in ______________ about 9,000 years ago.
Mexico
The Nazca lines in _____________ are geoglyphs visible only by air.
Peru
_______________ are rarely excavated completely due to the expense of excavating and also to preserve some of the site for future generations with better tools.
Sites
Homo habilis used the first stone tools about 2.5 million years ___________ in East Africa.
ago
Writing began 5,500 years ______ in Sumer.
ago
Writing began 5,500 years _____________.
ago
Bone shards can be analyzed to see how ____________ were butchered.
animals
Excavation is the source of most _____________________ data.
archaeological