AP 1 --- CH 10-11
Which of the following examples of levers is mismatched?
**First class lever - Elbow joint Second-class lever - Standing up on your toes Third class lever - Biceps brachii muscle All of these are correct.
Which of the following is NOT a rotator cuff muscle?
*teres major subscapularis supraspinatus teres minor
The upper lip is raised by the 1. zygomaticus minor muscle. 2. levator labii superioris muscle. 3. depressor labii inferioris muscle 4. depressor anguli oris muscle.
1&2
Thapsigargin is a potent calcium ATPase pump inhibitors. What state of the myogram would be affected immediately?
Relaxation
Which of the following muscles act to stabilize the scapula, and would also, when contracted, pull the shoulders back (like a soldier at attention)? 1. trapezius 2. levator scapulae 3. rhomboid major and minor
3
At which stage of the contraction cycle (see diagram) do the myosin heads bind ATP, causing the crossbridges to detach from the actin filament?
4
On the diagram, what structure is composed of the three connective tissue layers that extend past the muscle?
A
Which of the following structures are made of dense regular connective tissue?
A
Which of the muscles shown in the figure below elevate the ribs during inhalation to expand the thoracic cavity?
A
Which of the structures in the figure is dense regular connective tissue?
A (white part)
In the diagram, which structure(s) moves towards the center of the sarcomere (closer together) when the fiber contracts?
A; blue dot
A treatment for myasthenia gravis is pyridostigmine which stops ACh from being broken down. Which does pyridostigmine inhibit?
AChE
What energizes the myosin head?
ATP hydrolysis reaction
In the diagram, calcium ions will rush into this area.
B
In the diagram, where are troponin, tropomyosin and nebulin located?
B
Which of the structures in the figure is a layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds groups of 10 to 100 or more muscle fibers?
B (fiber layer)
Which muscle in this figure elevates the upper eye lid?
B (top cut eye muscle)
Which of these muscles has an insertion on the occipital bone and temporal bone?
B (under A; inserts under A, looks like an "A")
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?
The agonist contracts to cause an action while the antagonist stretches and yields to the effects of the prime mover. Synergists contract to stabilize intermediate joints during a movement. Fixators stabilize the origin of the prime mover so that the prime mover can act more efficiently. **The antagonist contracts to cause an action while the agonist stretches and yields to the effects of the prime mover.
Which of the following in INCORRECT?
The aortic hiatus is a passageway through the diaphragm for the aorta, thoracic duct and azygous vein. The esophageal hiatus is a passageway through the diaphragm for the esophagus and the vagus nerve. The caval opening is a passageway through the diaphragm for the vena cava. **The foramen ovale is a passageway through the diaphragm for the inferior vena cava.
In the diagram, acetylcholine is released from ____ and diffuses to _____.
B;E
Myasthenia Gravis is an autoimmune disorder that targets the ACh receptors at the NMJ and ultimately reduces the number of available receptors. Predict what happens if you treat the patient with a drug that inhibits the activity of acetylcholinesterase?
The drug will increase contraction.
Which statement explains the sarcomere appearance change during a muscle contraction?
The h zone shortens as actin filaments slide towards the m-line.
Why do you think that a healthy 30-year-old can lift a 25-pound weight much more comfortably than a healthy 80-year-old?
There is a loss in muscle mass as a person ages. There is a decrease in maximum strength as the person ages. The number of slow oxidative fibers increases with age. **All of the choices are correct.
What would happen if you lost tone in the masseter and temporalis muscle?
You would be unable to chew.
Writer's cramp can occur in Anatomy and Physiology lecture class. What factor would most likely contribute to the muscles not being able to relax?
a deficit of ATP keeping myosin from detaching
Which term best applies to a muscle that acts to move a bone away from the midline of the body?
abductor
The scapular joints are the sternoclavicular and the _______________.
acromioclavicular
When both wrists start to swing a baseball bat they are abducted and as the swing continues, both wrists are ___________.
adducted
During the downswing, a right-handed batter's right shoulder ___________ as the left shoulder __________________.
adducts and extends ; abducts and extends
What is the action of the muscle labeled G?
adducts and medially rotates arm at shoulder joint (pec)
A runner nearing the end of a marathon race would produce most ATP by:
aerobic respiration.
Which muscle originates on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and inserts on the olecranon process and superior portion of the ulna?
anconeus
The __________ is an intracapsular ligament which crosses the interior of the joint.
anterior cruciate ligament
Which ligament strengthens the posterior part of the knee joint?
arcuate popliteal ligament
Which correctly lists the sequence of structures that action potentials must move through to excite skeletal muscle contraction?
axon of neuron, sarcolemma, T tubules
Which muscle flexes the elbow joint and supinates the forearm?
biceps brachii
Which of the following pairs of muscles are agonist-antagonists (that is, one flexes and the other extends) the forearm?
biceps brachii and triceps brachii
The origin of the hyoglossus muscle is the
body of hyoid bone
Autonomic motor neurons regulate:
both smooth and cardiac muscle
Which muscle has its origin on the lateral border of the distal end of the humerus and its insertion on the distal end of the radius near the styloid process?
brachioradialis
The plantaris originates on the femur superior to the lateral condyle and inserts on the ______________.
calcaneus
The opening of ligand gates on the sarcolemma is directly caused by
calcium influx into the motor neuron . sodium influx into the muscle fiber. acetylcholinesterase activity **all choices are correct acetylcholine attachment.
Smooth muscle tone is maintained by the prolonged presence of [_____] in the muscle cell's cytosol?
calcium ions
At the neuromuscular junction, _______must enter the synaptic end bulb to stimulate the release of ____________, which binds to ligand gates so ________can enter the muscle fiber.
calcium ions; ACh, sodium ions
Contraction of myofibrils within a muscle fiber begins when
calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Which muscle in this figure produces the effort when you plantar flex to see over a taller person in front of your view?
calves
What is the insertion of the muscle labeled Q?
cartilage of the fifth to seventh rib and xiphoid process (abs)
Skeletal and smooth muscle differ in all of the following EXCEPT:
cell shape. presence of intermediate filaments. ability to stretch and maintain ability to contract. **contraction mechanism.
Which fascicle arrangement, under voluntary or involuntary regulation of contraction, can control the opening or closing an orifice (opening)?
circular
During knee flexion, what is the effort?
contraction of hamstring muscle group
The zone of overlap increases during the
contraction period
The pectoralis major and _____________ are the prime movers of shoulder adduction.
coracobrachialis
Which of the following structures contribute to the stability of the acromioclavicular joint?
coracoclavicular ligament
The relaxation phase of a muscle contraction is often prolonged in a fatigued muscle, raising the likelihood of fused summation of action potentials causing painful disturbances to a skeletal muscle. What disturbance is being described?
cramp
Muscle fibers produce ATP using:
creatine phosphate. anaerobic cellular respiration. aerobic cellular respiration. **all of the choices are correct.
The deltoid muscle inserts on the ___________ of the humerus.
deltoid tuberosity
Which muscle in this figure can abduct, medially and laterally rotate, and extend the arm at the glenohumeral joint?
delts
Which of these muscles has a major role in opening the mouth (depressing the mandible)?
digastric
Which of the following muscles would be involved in writing and serve primarily as flexors?
e) a and b only
Which of the following muscle groups would be more likely to have many small motor units (one motor neuron, and just a few muscle fibers under its control)?
e) only a and c would have many small motor units
On the first day of summer vacation, Preston hiked four miles up a steep mountain trail. The following day his calf muscles were sore. What type of contraction did walking up the mountain trail involve?
eccentric isotonic
Motion will occur at a lever system when
effort at the insertion exceeds the load.
Which of the following homeostatic functions involve both skeletal and smooth muscle in the reproductive system?
ejection of semen
The superficial posterior forearm muscles function to ________ the wrist.
extend
Taking a swing at a baseball requires a dipping of the torso. For a right-handed batter this involves a slight medial rotation of the right hip and flexion of the right knee. At this time the left knee is __________.
extended
The flexor carpi ulnaris and _______________ work together to adduct the wrist.
extensor carpi ulnaris
During inhalation, _____ muscles contract to elevate the ribs. During forced exhalation, ______ muscles contract to depress the ribs.
external intercostals; internal intercostals
World class shot-putters will have a higher percentage of ______in their arm muscles.
fast glycolytic fibers
The fibularis tertius muscle originates on the fibula and the interosseus membrane and inserts on the _______________.
fifth metatarsal
Your friend nods "yes" to you, going through flexion, extension and hyperextension. This movement at the fulcrum represents a
first-class lever system
A muscle that acts as a __________ stabilizes the origin of the prime mover so that the prime mover may act more efficiently.
fixator
The brachioradialis, brachialis, and biceps brachii muscles combine to _____ the forearm.
flex
What is the action of the muscle labeled I?
flexes the forearm at the elbow joint (biceps)
The anterior forearm muscles generally provide ________ movements.
flexion
Which of the following is a deep muscle of the posterior leg compartment?
flexor hallucis longus
Which of the regions of a sarcomere contain titin?
from M line to Z disc
[Refer to the diagram to help you with this question.] When a person is hooked up to a machine that will record myograms, a record of their muscle activity can be produced (depending on the frequency and strength of the stimuli that generate an action potential in their muscle tissue). If the person receives a series of multiple stimuli in a short period of time, the wave of muscle activity that will be recorded will show a sustained contraction with no period of relaxation in between the periods when they receive the stimuli. The myograms has recorded:
fused (complete) tentanus
Which of the following laterally rotates the hip?
gluteus maximus
Which of the following medially rotates the hip?
gluteus minimus
Which of the following originates on the pubis and inserts on the medial part of the tibia?
gracilis
The quadriceps femoris in the anterior compartment of the thigh is antagonized by the ___________ in the posterior compartment of the thigh.
hamstring muscles
Which of the following is NOT surrounded by the articular capsule of the elbow joint?
head of the ulna
Strength training would result in
hypertrophy
The rectus femoris originates on the _________.
ilium
Motor unit recruitment occurs when there is a(n) _________ in the number of active motor units within a skeletal muscle.
increase
As one ages, the presence of slow oxidative fibers ___.
increases
Visceral and multiunit smooth muscle differ in:
innervation. location. number of gap junctions present. **all of the choices are correct.
The hamstring muscles all originate at the __________ and insert on the tibia.
ischial tuberosity
When oxygen is plentiful inside a skeletal muscle cell, what happens to the pyruvic acid that is formed during glycolysis?
it diffuses into mitochondria to be broken down to generate ATP
The name "rectus abdominis" tells us:
its fibers run parallel to the midline
Which muscle in this figure is innervated by the trigeminal nerve?
jaw
When the knee is being flexed, what is the fulcrum?
knee joint
The teres major and __________ act synergistically to extend the shoulder.
latissimus dorsi
What is the antagonist of the muscle labeled B? (eye)
levator palpebrae superioris
In this experiment, an sEMG is a recording of
local membrane potential changes of muscle being studied.
Acting unilaterally, which muscle in this figure can rotate the vertebral column?
lower abdomen
The middle finger is the only finger that cannot be moved laterally by
lumbricals
Which carpal is part of the wrist joint?
lunate
Which of the following is the strongest muscle of mastication?
masseter
Which muscles help move the jaw during mastication?
masseter, temporalis, pterygoid (medial and lateral)
The gastrocnemius originates on the ______________ and inserts on the calcaneus.
medial and lateral epicondyles of the femur
The superficial anterior forearm muscles all originate on the ___________.
medial epicondyle of the humerus
All of the following are functions of the levator ani except
moves the coccyx in female during childbirth.
Which function do all three muscles perform?
moving and storing material throughout the body
The fascicles of the deltoid are _____; the fascicles of the pectoralis ______.
multipennate; triangular
In the drawing, the circle is indicating a:
muscle fiber
Which disorder occurs when little to no proteins are produced to support the sarcolemma?
muscular dystrophy
Which of the following molecules found in skeletal muscle cells binds oxygen that can later be used during aerobic metabolism to help generate ATP?
myoglobin
Muscle damage can be indicated by...
myoglobin found in blood.
Which functions as a motor protein in all three types of muscle tissue?
myosin
The ___________ muscle assists in forced inhalation.
pectoralis minor
The deep anterior forearm muscles insert on the __________.
phalanges
For a right-handed batter, the right ankle participates in the baseball bat swing by ___________ of the foot from its starting position.
plantar flexion
In which of the following do skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle differ?
presence of intercalated disks number and size of mitochondria length of contraction time presence of autorhythmic fibers **all of the choices are correct
Which of the following correctly pairs the muscle with the action?
raise shoulder: levator scapulae, rhomboid major/minor lower shoulder: subclavius join hands behind back: trapezius, rhomboid join hands in front of chest: pectoralis minor, serratus anterior **all of the choices are correct
In a neuromuscular junction, the effect of acetylcholine (ACh) binding to receptors on the motor end plate lasts only briefly due to
rapid destruction of ACh in the synaptic cleft by acetylcholinesterase.
Which of these muscles flexes the thigh at the hip joint alone, but extends the knee working in a group?
rectus femoris
Which of these muscles has fascicles parallel to the midline?
rectus femoris
After prolonged strenuous exercise has stopped, heavy breathing will often continue for several minutes in order to provide the oxygen needed to
resynthesize creatine phosphate. convert the lactic acid produced during exercise back into glycogen. replace oxygen displaced from muscle myoglobin. **all of these choices are correct
Which of the following allow the arms to move back as a right-handed batter prepares to swing a bat?
right scapula adduction and left scapula abduction
Most of the strength in the shoulder joint comes from the ______________.
rotator cuff muscles
Which of the following is an anterior muscle that flexes the knee?
sartorius
Which muscle is called the "boxer's muscle" as it abducts the scapula and rotates it upward? It also elevates the ribs when the scapula is stabilized.
serratus anterior
Which type of muscle tissue is capable of undergoing the stress-relaxation response when stretched?
single-unit smooth muscle fibers
Why will an individual who lifts weights build larger muscles?
skeletal muscles increase number of myofibrils but not number of cells
As Marie rounded the corner, she saw that people were already boarding her bus. Worried that she would miss her ride to campus, she sprinted to the bus stop. In what order were skeletal muscles recruited during her sprint?
slow oxidative, fast-oxidative glycolytic, fast glycolytic
Depending on how specialized a type of muscle tissue is, the muscle fibers or cells of that tissue will have varied abilities to regenerate (healing and production of new cells). What type of muscle tissue has the greatest ability to regenerate?
smooth muscle cells have the greatest ability to regenerate
Smooth muscle fibers do not have striations like skeletal and cardiac muscle cells do. This is because:
smooth muscle fibers contain thin and thick filaments, as well as intermediate filaments, but none of them are arranged in sarcomeres
Which of the following muscles belongs to the posterior leg compartment?
soleus
When all fibers are activated, the main action of the trapezius is to _____________.
stabilize the scapula
Which characteristics describe both skeletal and cardiac muscle?
striations
Which muscle originates at the first rib, near the sternum, and inserts on the inferior part of the clavicle?
subclavius
Which rotator cuff muscle originates on the subscapular fossa of the scapula and inserts on the lesser tubercle of the humerus?
subscapularis
Which of these groups includes only muscles that move the humerus but do NOT originate on the axial skeleton?
supraspinatus, teres major, teres minor, infraspinatus
The talocrural joint is formed by the distal ends of the tibia and fibula with the ________.
talus
The contractile organelle of skeletal muscle fibers is
the myofibril
What is the result of acetylcholine attaching to the ligand gates of the motor end plate?
the sarcolemma increases permeability to sodium
Mitochondrial activity in skeletal muscle cells are usually efficient, but can have limited ATP production if
there is limited O2 availability
The _______________ muscle originates on the fibula, tibia and interosseus membrane and inserts on the tarsals and metatarsals.
tibialis posterior
Why would cardiac muscles have longer refractory periods than skeletal muscles. Choose the best answer?
to preserve the normal rhythm of the heart and prevent fatigue
Which of the following is a powerful elbow extensor?
triceps brachii
The ___________ extends from the medial epicondyle of the humerus to the coronoid process and olecranon of the ulna.
ulnar collateral ligament
On the diagram, which layer is composed of dense irregular connective tissue and surrounds the entire muscle?
C
Which muscle in this figure is innervated by a cranial nerve and can flex the cervical portion of the vertebral column?
C (NW on left side, under B, A)
Which of the structures in the figure is the layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle?
C (surrounds entire diagram)
On the diagram, a tendon is formed by the merging of which structures?
C, D, and H
In the diagram, what structure contains motor proteins that convert the energy in ATP into mechanical movements?
C, red glob rope
Which ion is required for exocytosis of ACh?
Ca+2
________ released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum bind to troponin to trigger exposure of binding sites on actin and begin the contraction cycle. ______ supplies energy to detach the myosin head from actin.
Calcium ions; ATP
When an athlete performs a pull up (raising their chin to a bar while their body hangs), the process of pulling the body up so the chin can touch the bar is
Concentric
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?
Concentric isotonic contractions result in muscle shortening. Eccentric isotonic contractions result in controlled lengthening of the muscle. **Isometric contractions result in lengthening or shortening of the muscle and moving a load E large motor unit. In isometric contractions, the tension generated is not great enough to move the load.
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?
Contractile proteins include titin, and nebulin which convert the chemical energy of ATP into mechanical energy.
All of the muscle fibers within the muscle are fully contracted and are in sustained contraction with no individual twitches detected due to high frequency of stimulation.
D
In the diagram, how do action potentials penetrate the outside of the muscle fiber? .
D
In the diagram, what area is composed of only thick filaments?
D
Fascia over deltoid and pectoralis muscles are the origin of the muscle labeled
D ( left neck)
Which of the structures in the figure is a layer of reticular connective tissue surrounding each individual muscle fiber?
D (second picture barrier within muscle)
Which of the following terms is incorrectly matched with its meaning?
Deltoid - Triangular **Piriformis - Comblike Quadriceps - Four origins Tensor - Makes a body part rigid. Platys - Flat
When an athlete performs a pull up (raising their chin to a bar while their body hangs), the process of lowering the body down is
Eccentric
Which muscle do you contract when you compress the anterior abdominal wall?
External oblique Internal oblique Transversus abdominis Rectus abdominus **All of these
In the diagram, where would you find stored Ca2+?
F
The tendon of which muscle in this figure is the most commonly damaged in rotator cuff injuries?
F (NE delt)
Which of the structures in the figure is the contractile organelle that contains the thick and thin filaments?
F (extends from extending)
Which of the structures in the figure is a group of muscle fibers surrounded by the perimysium?
G (whole thing)
Which of the following is mismatched?
Gracilis - Medial compartment of the thigh Quadriceps femoris - Anterior compartment of the thigh Semitendinosus - Posterior compartment of the thigh **Biceps femoris - Anterior compartment of the thigh Vastus medialis - Anterior compartment of the thigh
In the diagram, what area contains both thick and thin filaments?
H
Choose the region that will narrow or disappear during muscle contraction?
H zone
Which regions of the sarcomere contain thick filaments? Select all that apply.
H zone zone of overlap A band
Which muscle in this figure elevates and adducts the scapula?
I (closest to midline)
When athletes are preparing to perform a pull up, they hang from the bar. At this point, they are performing what type of contractions?
Isometric
Diltiazem is a calcium channel blocker, reducing free intracellular calcium. What stage of the myogram would be affected immediately?
Latent
Which of the following muscles would be involved in chewing?
Masseter Lateral and medial pterygoid Genioglossus, styloglossus and hyoglossus **All of these muscles are involved in chewing.
What muscles do you contract to signify yes and no?
Sternocleidomastoid Semispinalis capitis Splenius capitis Longissimus capitis All of these would be involved.
Indicate which muscle shown in the figure below raises the eyelids
E
Which muscle in this figure allows radial deviation at the wrist joint?
E (2nd thickest forearm muscle)
In the diagram, which structure helps return a stretched sarcomere to its resting length?
E, loopy loop