A+P 1 Midterm Multiple Choice Questions
If a DNA molecule were known to be 22% thymine (T), what would be the percentage of guanine (G) present?
28%
A cell finishing mitosis has _______ DNA molecules, while a cell finishing DNA replication has _______ DNA molecules.
46; 92
Oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and an atomic mass of 16. How many valence electrons does it have?
6
What is a sesamoid bone?
A bone that forms within some tendons in response to stress
The term physics, physiology, and physician come from a term that ________ proposed to distinguish natural causes from supernatural causes.
Aristotle
_______ play an important role in cell division, and they are made of _______
Centrioles; microtubules
Which of the following is not directly involved in translation?
DNA
_______ opens up one segment of the DNA helix during replication; _______ adds complementary free nucleotides to the exposed DNA strand.
DNA helicase; DNA polymerase
Which of the following bones is a single unpaired bone?
Ethmoid
_______ tissues respond quickly to outside stimuli by means of changes in membrane potential.
Excitable
_______ provide motility to a sperm cell, _______ act as sensory "antennae" in many cells, and _______ increase a cell's surface area.
Flagella; cilia; microvilli
The most influential medical textbook of the ancient era was written by _______
Galen
In the following reaction, what is(are) the product(s)? CO2 + H2O ---> H2CO3
H2CO3
Which of the following is not a nucleotide?
RNA
Cells were first discovered when a scientist named _______ observed cell walls in cork under a microscope.
Robert Hooke
Which of the following is not found on a typical vertebra?
Vertebral head
A mutation is ________
a change in DNA structure that might be beneficial, harmful, or neutral
What type of bond attracts one water molecule to another?
a hydrogen bond
Which of the following processes could occur only through the plasma membrane of a living cell?
active transport
Looking at a slide of axillary skin under the microscope, you notice the presence of _______ glands that are absent on slides of the scalp.
apocrine
The _______ glands are a source of sex pheromones.
apocrine
Genes produce their products __________.
as their products are needed or not
The "ABCD rule" for recognizing early signs of malignant melanoma refers to the following characteristics of the lesion:
asymmetry, border irregularity, color, and diameter
What do facilitated diffusion and active transport have in common?
both are examples of carrier-mediated transport
A solution that resists a change in pH when an acid or base is added to it is a(n) _______
buffer
Synthesized by the combined action of the skin, kidneys, and liver, _______ is important to the disposition of bone.
calcitriol
The lexicon of standard international anatomical terms is _______
called Terminologia Anatomica (TA)
Potential energy stored in bonds is released as _______ energy.
chemical
Which of these molecules is hydrophobic?
cholesterol
Which of the following is not associated with the composition of the cytoskeleton?
cilia
Which of the following best describes the composition of the dermis?
collagen and fibroblasts
The cortex of the long bone's diaphysis is made of _______
compact bone
The study of the structure and function of cells is called _______
cytology
Fibroblasts and protein fibers are associated with both _______ and _______
dense regular; dense irregular connective tissues
The _______ gives rise to the _______
ectoderm; nervous system and epidermis
The study of how hormones function is called _______
endocrinology
Which of the skin layers below is the most superficial?
epidermis
The narrow zone of dead skin overhanging the proximal end of a nail is called the _______
eponychium
A change in the genetic composition of a population over time is called ________
evolution
Carbon is very versatile in forming bonds with other atoms because it has __________ valence electrons.
four
Looking at a slide of thin skin under the microscope, you note that the stratum basale is the _______ layer of the epidermis in from the surface.
fourth
A _______ contains the necessary information for the production of a molecule of RNA.
gene
The alleles possessed by all members of a population collectively are called the _______
gene pool
Triglycerides consist of a 3-carbon compound called _______ bound to three _______
glycerol; fatty acids
The fuzzy coat of carbohydrates on the outer surface of the plasma membrane that functions in cell identification is called the _______
glycocalyx
Cell division is stimulated by _______ and suppressed by _______
growth factors; contact inhibition
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the healing of a bone fracture?
hematoma formation - > soft callus formation - > hard callus formation - > bone remodeling
A red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. This means the concentration of solutes in the solution is ________ than the concentration of solutes in the intracellular fluid, and will cause the cell to ________
higher; shrink
We live in an ever-changing environment outside of our body, yet our internal conditions remain relatively stable. This is called _________
homeostasis
Negative feedback loops are ________.
homeostatic mechanisms
Accumulated cell products that are never enclosed in a unit membrane are called ________.
inclusions
In familial hypercholesterolemia, individuals with two abnormal alleles die of heart attacks in childhood, those with only one abnormal allele typically die as young adults, and those with two normal alleles have normal life expectancies. This exemplifies ________
incomplete dominance
The G1, S, and G2 phases of the cell cycle are collectively called _______
interphase
When table salt, sodium chloride (NaCl), is placed in water _______.
ionic bonds between Na+ and Cl- are broken
Increased bilirubin levels cause a skin discoloration called _______
jaundice
ATP _______ endergonic and exergonic reactions
links
Which of the following bones forms the bulk of the hard palate?
maxilla
The least common, but most deadly, type of skin cancer is _______
melanoma
The middle primary germ layer is called _______, which gives rise to a gelatinous material called _______, which then gives rise to different types of connective tissue such as bone, muscle, and blood.
mesoderm; mesenchyme
Hypocalcemia can cause _______
muscle spasms
Blood glucose concentration rises after a meal and stimulates the pancreas to release the hormone insulin. Insulin travels in the blood and stimulates the uptake of glucose by body cells from the bloodstream, thus reducing blood glucose concentration. This is an example of _________
negative feedback
During exercise, one generates excess heat and the body temperature rises. As a response, blood vessels dilate in the skin, warm blood flows closer to the body surface, and heat is lost. This is an example of ________
negative feedback
The plasma membrane is permeable to ________, but impermeable to ________
nutrients; proteins
Bone forming cells are called _______
osteoblasts
Which one of the following bone cells would have the greatest number of lysosomes?
osteoclasts
The most common bone disease is _______
osteoporosis
A chemical reaction that removes electrons from an atom is called a(n) _______
oxidation
Feeling structures with your fingertips is called _________, whereas tapping on the body and listening for sounds of abnormalities is called ____________
palpation; percussion
Blood Ca2+ deficiency stimulates _______ secretion, which leads to _______.
parathyroid hormone; increased osteoclast activity
A long bone is covered externally with a sheath called the _______, whereas the marrow cavity is lined with the _______
periosteum; endosteum
White blood cells engulf bacteria by means of ________
phagocytosis
The study of how the body functions is called ________
physiology
Which of these brings nonspecific material into a cell?
pinocytosis
Proteins are ________ built from ________ different amino acids.
polymers; 20
Nucleic acids are _______ of _______.
polymers; nucleotides
When a woman is giving birth, the head of the baby pushes against her cervix and stimulates the release of the hormone oxytocin. Oxytocin travels in the blood and stimulates the uterus to contract. Labor contractions become more and more intense until the baby is expelled. This is an example of ________
positive feedback
Which of the following is most likely to cause disease?
positive feedback
After translation, a protein may undergo structural changes called _______
posttranslational
All enzymes are ________.
proteins
If one allele is not phenotypically expressed in the presence of another, we say that it is a(an) _______ allele.
recessive
_______ approaches understanding of the human body by studying the interactions of its parts
reductionism
Most kidney tubules are made of _______ epithelial tissue, which is specialized for absorption and secretion.
simple cuboidal
Rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs takes place through _______ epithelium.
simple squamous
A human is born before his/her nervous system has matured. This is traceable to _______
skeletal adaptations to bipedalism
Which organelle synthesizes steroids in the ovary and stores calcium in muscle cells?
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Blood contains NaCl, protein, and cells. The NaCl is in a(n) _______, the protein is in a(n) _______, and the cells are in a _______
solution; colloid; suspension
Why does an adult not have as many bones as a child?
some separate bones gradually fuse with age
The _______ suture separates the temporal bone from the parietal bone.
squamous
The _______ is absent from most epidermis.
stratum lucidum
The _______ can be easily palpated between the clavicles.
suprasternal notch
Most membranes are composed of two or three tissue types. However, an example of an exception is the ___________ membrane.
synovial
Collagenous fibers are very abundant in _______
tendons, ligaments, and the deeper portion of the skin
The most relevant free energy in human physiology is the energy stored in _______
the chemical bonds of organic molecules
All of the following are organs except ________
the digestive system
Male and female pelves differ in all of the following features except _______.
the female sacrum is longer
Most human cells range from 10 to 15 micrometers in diameter. What limits how large a cell can get?
the relationship between its volume and surface area
A(n) ________ is a group of similar cells and their intercellular materials in a discrete region of an organ performing a specific function.
tissue
Most biologists see embryonic stem (ES) cells as a possible treatment for diseases that result from the loss of functional cells. This possibility is based on the fact that ES cells are _______ stem cells.
totipotent
Found in the urinary bladder, _______ epithelium resembles _______ epithelium, but the apical cells are rounded, not flattened.
transitional; stratified squamous
Blood functions to _______
transport nutrients to the tissues
