ap 100 questions i missed :(

Dr. Wilson, who teaches engineering classes, is interested in learning about how lack of sleep affects performance. What would be the best way to ensure that her findings are generalizable to all the students at her university? A Randomly assigning half the students in one of her classes she teaches at into a condition where they are told to sleep four hours a night and other half a condition in which they are told to sleep eight hours a night. B Surveying every tenth student listed in the university directory about their sleep habits C Surveying all students in the classes she teaches. D Studying 40 students over time, from their freshman year through their senior year, to see differences as the students mature. E Asking friends who teach at other universities to collect and share data on their students.

B

Which of the following is an example of a key element of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development? A Stephani's reading progressed the same from seventh grade to eighth grade as it did from first grade to second grade. B Catherine finally realized her grandfather is her father's father. C Erin excelled at math despite the fact that she did not have good math teachers. D Courtney's ability to read was equally influenced by all the books in her home and her age. E Spencer's vocabulary increased by the same number of words every ten years throughout his life.

B Catherine finally realized her grandfather is her father's father. (Jean Piaget's theory is discontinuous. It involves qualitatively different stages.)

The best example of a biological predisposition to learning is which of the following? A After Ted got sick from eating sushi from the deli, he became nauseous whenever he thought of eating sushi. B Little Cardi gets in her toy car and imitates the way her mother drives a real car. C By using shaping techniques, a researcher can teach a chicken to play tic-tac-toe. D Rats can learn to run complex mazes even without food rewards present. E After getting kicked by a donkey, Sarah developed a fear of not only donkeys but also horses.

A After Ted got sick from eating sushi from the deli, he became nauseous whenever he thought of eating sushi. (This is an example of taste aversion, a type of biological predisposition to learning. Bio Predisposition meaning if it would help you survive in the wild)

Monica is kicking a soccer ball with her brother in her front yard. When the ball rolls into the street, Monica runs into the street to retrieve it, and her father yells at her from the window. Monica becomes upset when her father raises his voice. How do the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion and the James-Lange theory of emotion differ in explaining Monica's response to her father's raised voice? A The Cannon-Bard theory proposes that Monica's emotional state and physiological arousal occur simultaneously, whereas the James-Lange theory proposes that Monica's physiological arousal precedes her emotional state. B The James-Lange theory proposes that Monica's emotional state and physiological arousal occur simultaneously, whereas the Cannon-Bard theory proposes that Monica's physiological arousal precedes her emotional state. C The James-Lange theory proposes that Monica's emotional state and arousal occur simultaneously, whereas the Cannon-Bard theory proposes that Monica's emotional state stems from her cognitive appraisal of her father's disapproval combined with physiological arousal. D The Cannon-Bard theory proposes that Monica's emotional state stems primarily from physiological factors, whereas the James-Lange theory proposes that Monica's emotional state stems from her cognitive appraisal of her father's disapproval combined with physiological arousal. E The James-Lange theory proposes that Monica's emotional state stems primarily from physiological factors, whereas the Cannon-Bard theory proposes that Monica's emotional state stems primarily from cognitive appraisal factors.

A The Cannon-Bard theory proposes that Monica's emotional state and physiological arousal occur simultaneously, whereas the James-Lange theory proposes that Monica's physiological arousal precedes her emotional state. (James-Lange. James the physical person, is lame the emotional state)

A researcher wants to study the human sense of taste over a life span. The researcher has a group of participants taste foods that are salty, bitter, sweet, sour, and umami. Which study would best allow the researcher to test the sensation of taste as people age, and what is the likely outcome? A The researcher follows the same group of people over the course of 40 years. The researcher also measures the number of the people's taste buds throughout the 40 years. The researcher finds that as people grow older, their sense of taste diminishes and their number of taste buds decreases. B The researcher follows the same group of people over the course of 40 years. The researcher also measures the number of the people's taste buds throughout the 40 years. The researcher finds that as people grow older, their sense of taste remains the same because as their number of taste buds decreases, each taste bud becomes more sensitive. C The researcher tests a group of 50 ten to twenty-five year olds, 50 twenty-six to fifty year olds, and 50 fifty-one to seventy-five year olds at the same time. The researcher also measures the number of the people's taste buds for each group. The researcher finds that as people grow older, their sense of taste diminishes and their number of taste buds decreases. D The researcher tests a group of 50 ten to twenty-five year olds, 50 twenty-six to fifty year olds, and 50 fifty-one to seventy-five year olds. The researcher also measures the number of the people's taste buds for each group. The researcher finds that as people grow older, their sense of taste remains the same because as their number of taste buds decreases, each taste bud becomes more sensitive. E The researcher tests a group of 50 ten to twenty-five year olds, 50 twenty-six to fifty year olds, and 50 fifty-one to seventy-five year olds. The researcher also measures the number of the people's taste buds for each group. The researcher finds that as people grow older, their sense of taste remains the same because as their number of taste buds increases, each taste bud becomes less sensitive.

A The researcher follows the same group of people over the course of 40 years. The researcher also measures the number of the people's taste buds throughout the 40 years. The researcher finds that as people grow older, their sense of taste diminishes and their number of taste buds decreases. (longitudinal study would be the best way to study changes in taste over time because it would allow the researcher to avoid cohort effects. Research shows taste sensitivity and the number of taste buds decreases with age.)

Emotions are controlled primarily by the A limbic system B endocrine system C occipital lobe D hindbrain E corpus callosum

A limbic system

Gayle's teacher wants to increase effective study habits in her students by using negative reinforcement. Gayle's teacher would most likely enforce this by A removing an unpleasant stimulus B removing a pleasant stimulus C introducing an unpleasant stimulus D introducing a pleasant stimulus E rewarding successive approximations of effective study habits

A removing an unpleasant stimulus (. Negative reinforcement is the increase of a behavior due to the removal of an unpleasant stimulus.)

Audra is working on a puzzle book and comes across the following figure. A series of lines and circles that appear to have two triangles be formed in the middle. The Gestalt law that would affect Audra's perception of the picture above is influenced by the law of A closure B similarity C proximity D continuity E transference

A. Closure

All of the following are American Psychological Association ethical guidelines for researchers EXCEPT: a. Research may not involve deception. b. Participants' right to privacy must be protected. c. Participants must be offered alternative activities if research participation is a course requirement. d. Participants must be informed of potential risks. e. Participation must be voluntary

A. Research may not involve deception

Rolf is beginning to learn to ski, but he is nervous about going down some of the steeper slopes. Which of the following potential explanatory factors would theorist Alfred Adler be most interested in exploring to understand Rolf's concerns? A Rolf's need to overcome his feelings of isolation in the world B Rolf's feelings about his older sister, who qualified for the Olympics in skiing C Rolf's need to achieve self-actualization D Rolf's neurotic personality E Rolf's desire to prove to himself that he is capable of skiing down the steeper slopes, and his certainty that he has observed sufficient skilled skiers to emulate them

B Rolf's feelings about his older sister, who qualified for the Olympics in skiing (Psychoanalytic theorist Alfred Adler stressed the desire to achieve superiority and underlying worries about inferiority.)

Which of the following best illustrates the most predictable effect of schemas on perception? A Roberto sees trees that are higher up in a painting as being farther away than lower trees. B Lindsey recognizes that her shirt's color has not changed in the dim light, even though the color is less brilliant. C Grant has more difficulty recognizing a penguin as a bird than he does a blue jay. D Doris sees a shape as a five-pointed star, even though one of the points is blocked from her vision. E Erick has more difficulty understanding a speech made by someone with a British accent than by someone with an American accent.

C Grant has more difficulty recognizing a penguin as a bird than he does a blue jay. (Blue jays manifest more elements of the "bird" schema than penguins.)

Which of the following correctly explains the evidence (as well as the person responsible for the discovery) that stress leads to three distinct stages of physiological change: alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion? A Hans Selye conducted interviews with human participants identifying their emotional state during different lengths of time living under stressful conditions. B Hans Selye conducted a study comparing the cortisol and blood sugar levels in rats before and during a stressful situation. C Hans Selye conducted a study measuring cortisol and blood sugar levels in rats during different amounts of time living under stressful conditions. D Richard Lazarus conducted a study measuring cortisol and blood sugar levels in rats during different amounts of time living under stressful conditions. E Richard Lazarus conducted interviews with human participants identifying their emotional state during different lengths of time living under stressful

C Hans Selye conducted a study measuring cortisol and blood sugar levels in rats during different amounts of time living under stressful conditions. (Hans Selye measured cortisol and blood sugar levels in rats over time to understand the role of stress on physiology.)

Kara works as a dog trainer. She reads a new book that describes some unusual training methods, and she wants to test them out on the dogs she works with. She assigns each dog to one of two groups by picking a number out of a hat. Half the dogs are assigned to one group, and half the dogs are assigned to the other group. For a month, she trains one group using her old methods and the other group using the unusual methods. At the end of the month, Kara records that the dogs that were trained with her old methods obey her 80 percent of the time and those that were trained with the unique methods obey her 90 percent of the time. Kara concludes that the unique methods work better. Kara can best improve her experimental design by A using random assignment B using random selection C having someone else test the dogs D using a computer program to pick the dogs' numbers E trying a third training method as well

C having someone else test the dogs

Which of the following best describes a major role of the thalamus? A It regulates body temperature. B It regulates hunger. C It regulates the autonomic nervous system. D It relays most sensory signals to the cortex. E It relays olfactory signals to the cortex.

D It relays most sensory signals to the cortex. (All sensory signals, except for olfactory signals, reach the cortex by first passing through the thalamus.)

Lynda stayed out past her curfew. As a result, her parents revoked her driving privileges. Which of the following statements is true of Lynda's parents? A Lynda's parents are using negative reinforcement to decrease her behavior of staying out past curfew. B Lynda's parents are using positive reinforcement to decrease her driving behavior. C Lynda's parents are using positive punishment to increase her good behavior. D Lynda's parents are using negative punishment to decrease her behavior of staying out past curfew. E Lynda's parents are using negative reinforcement to increase her driving behavior.

D Lynda's parents are using negative punishment to decrease her behavior of staying out past curfew. (Lynda's parents are using the withdrawal of a rewarding stimulus (driving privileges) to decrease her behavior (staying out past curfew).)

In a study on taste, what would researchers need to do to test participants' ability to distinguish umami from similar sensations? A Blindfold the participants and ask them to distinguish between the smell of pork and the smell of a lemon. B Blindfold the participants and ask them to distinguish between the smell of a rose and the smell of a honeysuckle. C Blindfold the participants and ask them to distinguish between the taste of pork broth and the taste of beef broth. D Place disks soaked in MSG on the participants' tongues. Then replace those disks with disks that have been soaked in water. Compare the participants' reactions. E Place disks soaked in lemon juice on the participants' tongues. Then replace those disks with disks that have been soaked in water. Compare the participants' reactions.

D Place disks soaked in MSG on the participants' tongues. Then replace those disks with disks that have been soaked in water. Compare the participants' reactions. (Umami has recently been identified as a fifth taste sensation that is related to savory, meaty tastes such as MSG. Additionally, comparing the participants' reactions to a placebo (the water-soaked disks) lets researchers know whether the participants can actually distinguish the taste.)

At a synapse, neurotransmitters released by the sending neuron do which of the following? A They combine with neurotransmitters released by the receiving neuron. B They combine with neurotransmitters released by other sending neurons. C They pass through channels into the receiving neuron. D They bind to receptors at the receiving neuron, which opens ion channels. E They bind to ions in the synapse, which creates a chemical reaction that causes the receiving neuron to fire.

D They bind to receptors at the receiving neuron, which opens ion channels. (The ions that pass through the channel help to trigger an action potential in the receiving neuron.)

When seeking approval to conduct an experiment using participants from her college psychology course, a student researcher should A ask her professor B request permission from the dean of the department C get consent from students' parents D apply to the institutional review board at the university E apply to the IACUC at the university

D apply to the institutional review board at the university

The phenomenon of declining physiological effects of taking a drug after sustained use is referred to as A endorphin release B withdrawal C long-term potentiation D tolerance E a relapse

D tolerance (Drug tolerance refers to the process by which sustained use of a drug results in weaker effects over time. This is believed to be due in part to conditioning.)

Which of the following characterizes a behavioral approach to psychology? An analysis of the neurons involved in memory storage A. A study of the unconscious motives involved in behavior B. An introspective study of the mental imagery used in problem solving C. The use of a projective test to assess personality D. A study of how reinforcement affects learning

D. Study of how reinforcement affects learning

Madeline has previously been diagnosed with major depressive disorder. She has an identical twin sister, Josephine, and a nonidentical sister, Abigail. Neither of Madeline's sisters have previously been diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Which of the following statements is true of Madeline's sisters? A Because their sister has been diagnosed, it is highly likely that both sisters will be diagnosed with major depressive disorder at some point in their lives. B Neither sister is likely to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder because it is rare for family members to be diagnosed with the same disorder. C The sisters are equally likely to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder in response to a stressful or traumatic event. D Josephine is less likely to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder than Abigail in response to a stressful or traumatic event. E Josephine is more likely to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder than Abigail in response to a stressful or traumatic event.

E Josephine is more likely to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder than Abigail in response to a stressful or traumatic event. (Josephine likely has a higher predisposition for major depressive disorder because she shares all her genes with Madeline, who has previously been diagnosed.)

Mr. Gregg wants to help his second-grade students improve their reading skills. He tests the students with 20 reading comprehension questions at the beginning of the year. Every week throughout the year he gives the students 30 minutes of reading comprehension tips. He tests the students at the end of the year with 20 reading comprehension questions that are similar in difficulty to those on the original test. He finds that the students' reading comprehension has increased and concludes that his tips worked. Which of the following describes the most significant problem with Mr. Gregg's study? A Mr. Gregg should have had someone else test the children in case he was showing experimenter bias. B Mr. Gregg should have tested his students every month so he could more accurately track their progress. C It was unethical of Mr. Gregg to test the children without their parents' consent. D Mr. Gregg should have used the same test to ensure reliability. E Mr. Gregg failed to account for changes in the students' maturity

E Mr. Gregg failed to account for changes in the students' maturity

Julie is interested in developing a test to measure the achievement levels of middle school students. Which of the following domains of psychology is most applicable to Julie's interest? A Personality B Counseling C Biological D Industrial-organizational E Psychometric

E Psychometric

The depletion of which of the following neurotransmitters is most closely associated with the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease? a. Acetylcholine b. Dopamine c. Serotonin d. Norepinephrine e. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

a. Acetylcholine

B. F. Skinner's claim that the environment determines an individual's behavior was criticized for - a. failing to acknowledge cognitive influences on behavior b. emphasizing unconscious influences on behavior c. attributing behavior solely to genetics d. failing to explain how personality can change over time e. failing to acknowledge situational factors

a. faliling to acknowledge cognitive influences on behavior

When Mary was young, her father was trying to learn how to speak German and would listen to German tapes for hours in her presence. Mary paid very little attention to the tapes. Many years later, when Mary was in Germany, she was able to say a few German words in order to make herself understood. This is an example of - a. latent learning b. retroactive interference c. telegraphic speech d. regression e. procedural memory

a. latent learning

Feature detectors are neurons that are turned on or off by specific features of visual stimuli like edges and movement. Where in the visual system are these feature detectors located? a. Occipital cortex b. Optic chiasm c. Retina d. Lens e. Cornea

a. occipital cortex

Which of the following increases the chance that an individual will remember a telephone number that has been called several times within a short period? a. Rehearsal b. Free recall c. Retrieval d. Spontaneous recovery e. Spacing

a. rehearsal

According to Wilhelm Wundt, the focus of scientific psychology should be the study of - a. evolved psychological mechanism b. conscious experience c. unconscious motivation d. observable behavior e. physiology and biology

b. conscious experience

If mice lack an enzyme essential to the process of long-term potentiation, which of the following will be the most likely consequence? a. They will learn a maze as well as mice who have the enzyme. b. They will learn a maze only through positive reinforcement. c. They will be unable to learn a maze. d. They will learn a maze only through observational learning. e. They will learn a maze only through classical conditioning

c. They will be unable to learn a maze.

Which of the following research approaches would be best for testing the hypothesis that the presence of certain odors causes people to gamble more? a. Case study b. Correlational Survey c. Experimental d. Observational

c. experimental

Which of the following research approaches would be best for testing the hypothesis that the presence of certain odors causes people to gamble more? a. Case study b. Correlational Survey c. Experimental d. Observational

c. experimental

In a normal distribution, which of the following statements is true about the area that falls between one standard deviation above and one standard deviation below the mean? a. You Answered It contains the middle 50% of the distribution. b. It contains the bottom 50% of the distribution. c. It contains the middle 68% of the distribution. d. it contains the bottom 68% of the distribution. e. it is the same as the square of the average deviation.

c. it contains the middle 68% of the distribution

Which of the following is more associated with environmental effects than with genetic influence? a. Sequence of motor development b. Temperament c. Prenatal maturation d. Fetal alcohol syndrome e. Rooting reflex

d. Fetal alcohol syndrome

In the experiments of Solomon Asch, the tendency of group members to conform was reduced most by which of the following factors? a. The appointment of a democratic leader b. Frequent interaction among the group members c. A decentralized communication network d. he threat of punishment e. The presence of a single dissenter

e. The presence of a single dissenter

When four-year-old Chris grabs a toy car from two-year-old Pat because Chris wants to play with the toy, Chris is demonstrating - a. social facilitation b. hostile aggression c. locus of control d. social inhibition e. instrumental aggression

e. instrument

A test with normally distributed results was returned to a class of 100 students. Later, the teacher realized an error was made and added 10 points to each student's score. Which of the following must have changed as a result of the increase in scores? a. A student's percentile rank b. The standard deviation of the scores c. The variance of the scores d. The skew of the distribution e. The mode

e. the mode