AP BIO Chapter 25

roughly last 1/2 billion years encompasses most of the time animals have existed on Earth

Phanerozoic Eon

a single strand takes a variety of specific three dimensional shapes mandated by nucleotide sequences

RNA

first genetic material

RNA

for protein synthesis, but can also function as an enzyme like catalyst (ribozymes)

RNA Functions

have characteristic half-life, which is not affected by temperature, pressure, or other environmental variables

Radioactive isotopes

The condition in which there are barriers to successful interbreeding between individuals of different species in the same community is referred to as

Reproductive Isolation

mitochondria evolved before plastids in a sequence of endosymbiotic events

Serial endosymbiosis

Approximately how far back in time does the fossil record extend? A) 3.5 million years B) 5.0 million years C) 3.5 billion years D) 5.0 billion years

C) 3.5 billion years

How many years ago was earth formed.

4.6 billion years

The first terrestrial organisms probably were considered which of the following? 1. burrowers 2. photosynthetic 3. multicellular 4. prokaryotes 5. eukaryotes 6. plants and their associated fungi A) 2 and 4 B) 3 and 5 C) 1, 3, and 5 D) 2, 3, and 6 E) 2, 3, 5, and 6

A) 2 and 4

How were conditions on the early Earth of more than 3 billion years ago different from those on today's Earth? A) Only early Earth was intensely bombarded by large space debris. B) Only early Earth had an oxidizing atmosphere. C) Less ultraviolet radiation penetrated early Earth's atmosphere. D) Early Earth's atmosphere had significant quantities of ozone.

A) Only early Earth was intensely bombarded by large space debris.

If two continents converge and are united, then the collision should cause A) a net loss of intertidal zone and coastal habitat. B) the extinction of any species adapted to intertidal and coastal habitats. C) an overall decrease in the surface area located in the continental interior. D) a decrease in climatic extremes in the interior of the new supercontinent. E) the maintenance of the previously existing ocean currents and wind patterns.

A) a net loss of intertidal zone and coastal habitat.

The snowball Earth hypothesis provides a possible explanation for the A) diversification of animals during the late Proterozoic era. B) oxygenation of Earth's seas and atmosphere. C) colonization of land by plants and fungi. D) origin of oxygen-releasing photosynthesis. E) existence of prokaryotes around hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor.

A) diversification of animals during the late Proterozoic era.

In the 5-7 million years that the hominid lineage has been diverging from its common ancestor with the great apes, dozens of hominid species have arisen, often with several species coexisting in time and space. As recently as 30,000 years ago, Homo sapiens coexisted with Homo neanderthalensis. Both species had large brains and advanced intellects. The fact that these traits were common to both species is most easily explained by which of the following? A) species selection B) uniformitarianism C) sexual selection D) convergent evolution

A) species selection

The oxygen revolution changed Earth's environment dramatically. Which of the following took advantage of the presence of free oxygen in the oceans and atmosphere? A) the evolution of cellular respiration, which used oxygen to help harvest energy from organic molecules B) the persistence of some animal groups in anaerobic habitats C) the evolution of photosynthetic pigments that protected early algae from the corrosive effects of oxygen D) the evolution of chloroplasts after early protists incorporated photosynthetic cyanobacteria E) the evolution of multicellular eukaryotic colonies from communities of prokaryotes

A) the evolution of cellular respiration, which used oxygen to help harvest energy from organic molecules

Assuming the existence of fossilized markers for each of the following chemicals, what is the sequence in which they should be found in this sediment core, working from ancient sediments to recent sediments? 1. chitin coupled with protein 2. chlorophyll 3. bone 4. cellulose A) 2, 4, 3, 1 B) 2, 4, 1, 3 C) 4, 2, 1, 3 D) 4, 2, 3, 1

B) 2, 4, 1, 3

The existence of the phenomenon of exaptation is most closely associated with which of the following observations that natural selection cannot fashion perfect organisms? A) Natural selection and sexual selection can work at cross-purposes to each other. B) Evolution is limited by historical constraints. C) Adaptations are often compromises. D) Chance events affect the evolutionary history of populations in environments that can change unpredictably.

B) Evolution is limited by historical constraints.

The major evolutionary episode corresponding most closely in time with the formation of Pangaea was the A) Cambrian explosion. B) Permian extinctions. C) Pleistocene ice ages. D) Cretaceous extinctions

B) Permian extinctions.

If one organ is an exaptation of another organ, then what must be true of these two organs? A) They are both vestigial organs. B) They are both homologous organs. C) They are undergoing convergent evolution. D) They are found together in the same hybrid species. E) They have the same function.

B) They are both homologous organs.

Which of the following is a defining characteristic that all protobionts had in common? A) the ability to synthesize enzymes B) a surrounding membrane or membrane-like structure C) RNA genes D) the ability to replicate RNA

B) a surrounding membrane or membrane-like structure

The synthesis of new DNA requires the prior existence of oligonucleotides to serve as primers. On Earth, these primers are small RNA molecules. This latter observation is evidence in support of the hypothesized existence of A) a snowball Earth. B) earlier genetic systems than those based on DNA. C) the abiotic synthesis of organic monomers. D) the delivery of organic matter to Earth by meteors and comets. E) the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts.

B) earlier genetic systems than those based on DNA.

A swim bladder is a gas-filled sac that helps fish maintain buoyancy. The evolution of the swim bladder from lungs of an ancestral fish is an example of A) an evolutionary trend. B) exaptation. C) changes in Hox gene expression. D) paedomorphosis. E) adaptive radiation.

B) exaptation.

Adaptive radiations can be a direct consequence of four of the following five factors. Select the exception. A) vacant ecological niches B) genetic drift C) colonization of an isolated region that contains suitable habitat and few competitor species D) evolutionary innovation E) an adaptive radiation in a group of organisms (such as plants) that another group uses as food

B) genetic drift

Bagworm moth caterpillars feed on evergreens and carry a silken case or bag around with them in which they eventually pupate. Adult female bagworm moths are larval in appearance; they lack the wings and other structures of the adult male and instead retain the appearance of a caterpillar even though they are sexually mature and can lay eggs within the bag. This is a good example of A) allometric growth. B) paedomorphosis. C) sympatric speciation. D) adaptive radiation. E) changes in homeotic genes.

B) paedomorphosis.

In order to properly interpret sediment cores, it is necessary to apply the principle of A) catastrophism. B) superposition. C) punctuated equilibrium. D) uniformitarianism. E) gradualism.

B) superposition.

Which of these observations gives the most support to the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of eukaryotic cells? A) the existence of structural and molecular differences between the plasma membranes of prokaryotes and the internal membranes of mitochondria and chloroplasts B) the similarity in size between the cytosolic ribosomes of prokaryotes and the ribosomes within mitochondria and chloroplasts C) the size disparity between most prokaryotic cells and most eukaryotic cells D) the observation that some eukaryotic cells lack mitochondria

B) the similarity in size between the cytosolic ribosomes of prokaryotes and the ribosomes within mitochondria and chloroplasts

Fossil evidence indicates that several kinds of flightless dinosaurs possessed feathers. If some of these feather-bearing dinosaurs incubated clutches of eggs in carefully constructed nests, this might be evidence supporting the claim that A) dinosaurs were as fully endothermal (warm-blooded) as modern birds and mammals. B) their feathers originally served as insulation, and only later became flight surfaces. C) the earliest reptiles could fly, and the feathers of flightless dinosaurs were vestigial flight surfaces. D) the feathers were plucked from the bodies of other adults to provide nest-building materials. E) all fossils with feathers are actually some kind of bird.

B) their feathers originally served as insulation, and only later became flight surfaces.

Which of the following characteristics should have been possessed by the first animals to colonize land? 1. were probably herbivores (ate photosynthesizers) 2. had four appendages 3. had the ability to resist dehydration 4. had lobe-finned fishes as ancestors 5. were invertebrates A) 3 only B) 3 and 5 C) 1, 3, and 5 D) 2, 3, and 4 E) 1, 2, 3, and 4

C) 1, 3, and 5

What is thought to be the correct sequence of these events, from earliest to most recent, in the evolution of life on Earth? 1. origin of mitochondria 2. origin of multicellular eukaryotes 3. origin of chloroplasts 4. origin of cyanobacteria 5. origin of fungal-plant symbioses A) 4, 3, 2, 1, 5 B) 4, 1, 2, 3, 5 C) 4, 1, 3, 2, 5 D) 4, 3, 1, 5, 2 E) 4, 3, 1, 2, 5

C) 4, 1, 3, 2, 5

Which event is nearest in time to the end of the period known as snowball Earth? A) oxygenation of Earth's seas and atmosphere B) evolution of mitochondria C) Cambrian explosion D) evolution of true multicellularity E) Permian extinction

C) Cambrian explosion

On the basis of their morphologies, how might Linnaeus have classified the Hawaiian silverswords? A) He would have placed them all in the same species. B) He would have classified them the same way that modern botanists do. C) He would have placed them in more species than modern botanists do. D) He would have used evolutionary relatedness as the primary criterion for their classification.

C) He would have placed them in more species than modern botanists do.

Several scientific laboratories across the globe are involved in research concerning the origin of life on Earth. Which of these questions is currently the most problematic and would have the greatest impact on our understanding if we were able to answer it? A) How can amino acids, simple sugars, and nucleotides be synthesized abiotically? B) How can RNA molecules catalyze reactions? C) How did RNA sequences come to carry the code for amino acid sequences? D) How could polymers involving lipids and/or proteins form membranes in aqueous environments? E) How can RNA molecules act as templates for the synthesis of complementary RNA molecules?

C) How did RNA sequences come to carry the code for amino acid sequences?

If it were possible to conduct sophisticated microscopic and chemical analyses of microfossils found in 3.2-billion-year-old stromatolites, then one should be surprised to observe evidence of which of the following within such microfossils? I. double-stranded DNA II. a nuclear envelope III. a nucleoid IV. a nucleolus V. ribosomes A) II only B) III only C) II and IV D) II, III, and IV E) all five of these

C) II and IV

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the origin of life? I. formation of protobionts II. synthesis of organic monomers III. synthesis of organic polymers IV. formation of DNA-based genetic systems A) I, II, III, IV B) I, III, II, IV C) II, III, I, IV D) II, III, IV, I

C) II, III, I, IV

What is true of the fossil record of mammalian origins? A) It is a good example of punctuated equilibrium. B) It shows that mammals and birds evolved from the same kind of dinosaur. C) It includes transitional forms with progressively specialized teeth. D) It indicates that mammals and dinosaurs did not overlap in geologic time. E) It includes a series that shows the gradual change of scales into fur.

C) It includes transitional forms with progressively specialized teeth.

An organism has a relatively large number of Hox genes in its genome. Which of the following is true of this organism? A) These genes are fundamental, and are expressed in all cells of the organism. B) The organism must have multiple paired appendages along the length of its body. C) The organism has the genetic potential to have a relatively complex anatomy. D) Most of its Hox genes owe their existence to gene fusion events. E) Its Hox genes cooperate to bring about sexual maturity at the proper stage of development.

C) The organism has the genetic potential to have a relatively complex anatomy.

What is true of the amino acids that might have been delivered to Earth within carbonaceous chondrites? A) They had the same proportion of L and D isomers as Earth does today. B) Their abundance would have been dramatically reduced upon passage through early Earth's oxidizing atmosphere. C) There were more kinds of amino acids on the chondrites than are found in living organisms today. D) They were delivered in the form of polypeptides.

C) There were more kinds of amino acids on the chondrites than are found in living organisms today.

A genetic change that caused a certain Hox gene to be expressed along the tip of a vertebrate limb bud instead of farther back helped make possible the evolution of the tetrapod limb. This type of change is illustrative of A) the influence of environment on development. B) paedomorphosis. C) a change in a developmental gene or its regulation that altered the spatial organization of body parts. D) heterochrony. E) gene duplication.`

C) a change in a developmental gene or its regulation that altered the spatial organization of body parts.

The first genes on Earth were probably A) DNA produced by reverse transcriptase from abiotically produced RNA. B) DNA molecules whose information was transcribed to RNA and later translated in polypeptides. C) auto-catalytic RNA molecules. D) oligopeptides located within protobionts.

C) auto-catalytic RNA molecules.

One explanation for the evolution of insect wings suggests that wings began as lateral extensions of the body that were used as heat dissipaters for thermoregulation. When they had become sufficiently large, these extensions became useful for gliding through the air, and selection later refined them as flight-producing wings. If this hypothesis is correct, modern insect wings could best be described as A) adaptations. B) mutations. C) exaptations. D) isolating mechanisms. E) examples of natural selection's predictive ability.

C) exaptations.

Recent evidence indicates that the first major diversification of multicellular eukaryotes may have coincided in time with the A) origin of prokaryotes. B) switch to an oxidizing atmosphere. C) melting that ended the "snowball Earth" period. D) origin of multicellular organisms. E) massive eruptions of deep-sea vents.

C) melting that ended the "snowball Earth" period.

Fossilized stromatolites A) all date from 2.7 billion years ago. B) formed around deep-sea vents. C) resemble structures formed by bacterial communities that are found today in some warm, shallow, salty bays. D) provide evidence that plants moved onto land in the company of fungi around 500 million years ago. E) contain the first undisputed fossils of eukaryotes and date from 2.1 billion years ago.

C) resemble structures formed by bacterial communities that are found today in some warm, shallow, salty bays.

Many species of snakes lay eggs. However, in the forests of northern Minnesota where growing seasons are short, only live-bearing snake species are present. This trend toward species that perform live birth in a particular environment is an example of A) natural selection. B) sexual selection. C) species selection. D) goal direction in evolution. E) directed selection.

C) species selection.

In order to assign absolute dates to fossils in this sediment core, it would be most helpful if A) we knew the order in which the fossils occurred in the core. B) the sediments had not been affected by underwater currents during their deposition. C) volcanic ash layers were regularly interspersed between the sedimentary strata. D) metamorphic rock strata alternated with sedimentary rock strata. E) fossils throughout the column had equal ratios of a parental radioisotope to its daughter isotope.

C) volcanic ash layers were regularly interspersed between the sedimentary strata.

energy

Collisions

Which of the following factors weaken(s) the hypothesis of abiotic synthesis of organic monomers in early Earth's atmosphere? 1. the relatively short time between intense meteor bombardment and the appearance of the first life-forms 2. the lack of experimental evidence that organic monomers can form by abiotic synthesis 3. uncertainty about which gases comprised early Earth's atmosphere A) 1 only B) 2 only C) 1 and 2 D) 1 and 3 E) 2 and 3

D) 1 and 3

How many of the following statements concerning the loss of hind limbs during whale evolution are true? 1. It is well documented by a series of transitional fossils. 2. It explains why modern whales have vestigial pelvic girdles. 3. It involved changes in the sequence or expression of Hox genes. 4. It is an example of macroevolution. 5. It, and the loss of limbs by snakes, are an example of similar adaptations to a similar environment. A) Only one statement is true. B) Two statements are true. C) Three statements are true. D) Four statements are true. E) All five statements are true.

D) Four statements are true.

If natural selection in a particular environment favored genetic systems that permitted the production of daughter "cells" that were genetically dissimilar from the mother "cells," then one should expect selection for which of the following? I. polynucleotide polymerase with low mismatch error rates II. polynucleotide polymerases without proofreading capability III. batteries of efficient polynucleotide repair enzymes IV. polynucleotide polymerases with proofreading capability V. polynucleotide polymerases with high mismatch error rates A) I only B) I and IV C) I, III, and IV D) II and V E) II, III and V

D) II and V

Larval flies (maggots) express the Ubx gene in all of their segments, and thereby lack appendages. If this same gene continued to be expressed throughout subsequent developmental stages, except in the head region, and if the result was a fit, sexually mature organism that still strongly resembled a maggot, this would be an example of A) paedomorphosis. B) homochrony. C) heterochrony. D) Two of the responses above are correct.

D) Two of the responses above are correct.

An early consequence of the release of oxygen gas by plant and bacterial photosynthesis was to A) generate intense lightning storms. B) change the atmosphere from oxidizing to reducing. C) make it easier to maintain reduced molecules. D) cause iron in ocean water and terrestrial rocks to rust (oxidize). E) prevent the formation of an ozone layer.

D) cause iron in ocean water and terrestrial rocks to rust (oxidize).

Which of the following steps has not yet been accomplished by scientists studying the origin of life? A) synthesis of small RNA polymers by ribozymes B) abiotic synthesis of polypeptides C) formation of molecular aggregates with selectively permeable membranes D) formation of protocells that use DNA to direct the polymerization of amino acids E) abiotic synthesis of organic molecules

D) formation of protocells that use DNA to direct the polymerization of amino acids

The existence of evolutionary trends, such as increasing body sizes among horse species, is evidence that A) a larger volume-to-surface area ratio is beneficial to all mammals. B) an unseen guiding force is at work. C) evolution always tends toward increased complexity or increased size. D) in particular environments, similar adaptations can be beneficial in more than one species. E) evolution generally progresses toward some predetermined goal.

D) in particular environments, similar adaptations can be beneficial in more than one species.

The loss of ventral spines by modern freshwater sticklebacks is due to natural selection operating on the phenotypic effects of Pitx1 gene A) duplication (gain in number). B) elimination (loss). C) mutation (change). D) silencing (loss of expression).

D) silencing (loss of expression).

If the half-life of carbon-14 is about 5,730 years, then a fossil that has one-sixteenth the normal proportion of carbon-14 to carbon-12 should be about how many years old? A) 1,400 B) 2,800 C) 11,200 D) 16,800 E) 22,900

E) 22,900

Which factor most likely caused animals and plants in India to differ greatly from species in nearby southeast Asia? A) The species have become separated by convergent evolution. B) The climates of the two regions are similar. C) India is in the process of separating from the rest of Asia. D) Life in India was wiped out by ancient volcanic eruptions. E) India was a separate continent until 45 million years ago.

E) India was a separate continent until 45 million years ago.

What is true of the Cambrian explosion? A) There are no fossils in geological strata that are older than the Cambrian explosion. B) Only the fossils of microorganisms are found in geological strata older than the Cambrian explosion. C) The Cambrian explosion is evidence for the instantaneous creation of life on Earth. D) The Cambrian explosion marks the appearance of filter-feeding animals in the fossil record. E) Recent evidence supports the contention that the Cambrian explosion may not have been as "explosive" as was once thought.

E) Recent evidence supports the contention that the Cambrian explosion may not have been as "explosive" as was once thought.

Which of the following statements provides the strongest evidence that prokaryotes evolved before eukaryotes? A) Prokaryotic cells lack nuclei. B) The meteorites that have struck Earth contain fossils only of prokaryotes. C) Laboratory experiments have produced liposomes abiotically. D) Liposomes closely resemble prokaryotic cells. E) The oldest fossilized cells resemble prokaryotes.

E) The oldest fossilized cells resemble prokaryotes.

Which measurement(s) would help determine absolute dates by radiometric means? A) the accumulation of the daughter isotope B) the loss of parent isotopes C) the loss of daughter isotopes D) Three of the responses above are correct. E) Two of the responses above are correct.

E) Two of the responses above are correct.

The wing of the bat and humans arm have different functions and appear very different Yet the underlying anatomy is basically the same. Therefore, these structures are examples of

Homology

If a fossil is encased in a stratum of sedimentary rock without any strata of igneous rock (for example, lava, volcanic ash) nearby, then it should be A) easy to determine the absolute age of the fossil, because the radioisotopes in the sediments will not have been "reset" by the heat of the igneous rocks. B) easy to determine the absolute age of the fossil, because the igneous rocks will not have physically obstructed the deposition of sediment of a single age next to the fossil. C) easy to determine, as long as there is enough metamorphic rock nearby. D) difficult to determine the absolute age of the fossil, because the "marker fossils" common to igneous rock will be absent. E) difficult to determine the absolute age of the fossil, because radiometric dating of sedimentary rock is less accurate than that of igneous rock.

E) difficult to determine the absolute age of the fossil, because radiometric dating of sedimentary rock is less accurate than that of igneous rock.

standard time scale that divides Earth's history into four eons and further subdivisions

Geologic record

sweeping changes of life on Earth as revealed by fossils

Macroevolution

tested the Oprain-Haldane hypothesis by creating lab conditions comparable to that early Earth

Miller and Urey

Hypothesized that Earth's early atmosphere was reducing enviornment

Oparin and Haldane

Millers classic experiment demonstrated that a discharge of sparks through a mixture of gases could result in the formation of a large variety of organic compounds Miller used all of the following gases in his experiment Except

Oxygen

Fossil record is based on the sequence in which fossils have accumulated in sedimentary rock layers

Strata

little oxygen, thick with water vapor, various compounds released by volcanic erupotions

first atmosphere

Provides a surface for the organic molecules to become concentrated

greater chance of reacting with each other

Abiotic synthesis of organic molecules is possible under

various conditions

fluid filled compartments enclosed by a membrane like structure

vesicle