AP BIO chapter 3.1-3.3
Phospholipids comprise _______ of plasma membrane
Bulk
Carbon tends to share its electrons with ______________ the elements that comprise a majority of living organisms
C H N O P & S
__________ comprise vital hormones and chemical signallers
Lipids
Lipids provide _________ from cold and injury
Insulation
Steroids act as _______ hormones
Sex
Sulfhydryl is present in...
Some amino acids
Cellulose provides ___________ for plants
Structural support
Starch has branched (amylopectin) or long chained (amylose) in ____________.
Structure
Carbonyl is present in...
Sugars
Hydroxyl is present in....
Sugars and ALL amino acids
________ help store honey for bees
Waxes
This type of reaction involves the ____________ of water as polymers are broken down into monomers.
addition
These fats are produced mostly in ____________ .
animals
In animals, ____________ provides vital long-term energy storage.
blubber
Which of the following carbohydrates would NOT be a molecule used for energy storage?
cellulose
Plants use a polysaccharide called ____________ for structural support. This molecule is comprised of ____________ molecules that are alternately flipped for increased support.
cellulose, glucose
Animals and fungi use ____________ for structural support. It's found in the ____________ of insects and crustaceans and makes up fungal cell walls.
chitin, exoskeletons
examples of steroids
cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone
These subunits attach themselves together to build biomolecules through ____________ reactions.
dehydration
Polymers composed of monosaccharides are formed through ____________ reactions and are called ____________ . Specific forms of these polymers serve several different functions.
dehydration, polysacchrides
Combinations of two monomers are called ____________ and include molecules like ____________ , which are typically ____________ and can be metabolized into ____________ .
disaccharides, maltose, transported, fat
Unsaturated fats have _________.
double bonds between carbon atoms
When they're exposed to water, they orient themselves in a ____________ layer, so that the ____________ face out towards the water or inside of the cell and the ____________ face each other.
double, heads, tails
Many of these synthesis and degradation processes are catalyzed by ____________ .
enzymes
The more double bonds within a ____________ tail, the ____________ the melting temperature.
fatty acid, lower
This type of reaction involves the ____________ of water as ____________ are linked together and ____________ built.
formation, monomers, polymers
Steroids are composed of ____________ fused carbon ____________ .
four, rings
Examples of monosaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose (C6H12O6)
One ____________ molecule attaches to three ____________ molecules to form a ____________ .
glycerol, fatty acid, triglyceride
Animals use ____________ as a way to store glucose. It typically exists in a ____________ and is stored in the liver.
glycogen, branched form
Biomolecules are broken down into their subunits through ____________ reactions.
hydrolysis
Phospholipids have ____________ heads and ____________ tails.
hydrophillic, hydrophobic
These examples of polysaccharides function well as storage molecules since they are large and ____________ in water, which prevents them from passing through the plasma membrane. But storage is not the only function suited to polysaccharides.
insoluble
Lipids are ____________ in water due to the ____________ nature of their long hydrocarbon chains.
insoluble, nonpolar
Oils, such as canola oil, are ____________ at room temperature because they contain primarily ____________ fatty acids.
liquids, unsaturated
Single monomers are called ____________ and include molecules like glucose, which are typically used for ____________ or to help build the backbone of nucleotides that make up RNA and DNA.
monosaccharides, immediate energy
In plants, ____________ provide vital long-term energy storage.
oils
Bacteria use ____________ for structural support within their cell walls.
peptiodoglycan
Within all organisms, ____________ comprise the bulk of the plasma membrane, allowing it the many properties that it needs to function.
phospholipids
These oils are produced mostly in ____________ .
plants
Its function in the ____________ is to provide both flexibility and stability. Some steroids also function in cell to cell communication.
plasma membrane
The ____________ is composed of a phospholipid bilayer that is ____________ in nature.
plasma membrane, fluid
Carbohydrates exist as either monomers or ____________ , long chains of monomers bonded together.
polymers
Large biomolecules, or ____________ , are comprised of smaller subunits called ____________ .
polymers, monomers
Groups of three or more monomers are called ____________ and include ____________ and other molecules typically used for ____________ and structural support.
polysaccharides, starch, long-term storage
Monomers
small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers
Fats, such as lard, are ____________ at room temperature because they contain primarily ____________ fatty acids.
solids, saturated
examples of polysaccharides
starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
For instance, plants use ____________ as a way to store glucose, either in its ____________ called amylose, or its ____________ , called amylopectin.
starch, unbranched form, branched form
Embedded within the plasma membrane are ____________ , which provide cell to cell communication and contribute to plasma membrane flexibility.
steroids
examples of disaccharides
sucrose, lactose, maltose, c12h24o12
Many organisms, including plants, have slick coverings made of ____________ , which provide both protection and waterproofing.
waxes
Of carbon's electrons, _______ reside in the first shell and 4 reside in the second outermost shell.
2
Phospholipids are comprised of ____fatty acid tails and a glycerol phosphate head
2
Carbon can bond with up to ________ other elements allowing it to be the ideal building block for many and diverse organic molecules.
4
To complete carbon's outermost shell it needs______ more electrons
4
Amino is present in...
ALL amino acids
____________can form long chains, branches, or rings through single, double, or even triple bonds
Carbon
________ has long chains with every other glucose flipped
Cellulose
Steroids can contribute to ______________.
Circulatory disorders
Cellulose's structure allows for _____________ and greater strength
Hydrogen bonding
Waves form protective cuticle on plants to prevent____________.
Desiccation
Saturated fats _______ have double bonds
Do not
Carbon has 6 positively charged protons and 6 negatively charged ____________.
Electrons
Lipids provide comparatively lightweight long term ___________ storage
Energy
Glycogen provides _____________ for animals
Energy storage
Starch provides __________ for plants
Energy storage
______________function as long term energy storage, and are comprised of glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Fats and oils
Steroids contain no ____________.
Fatty acids
Carboxyl is present in....
Fatty acids and some amino acids
Lipids comprise the plasma membrane of cells and gives them _____________.
Flexibility
Phospholipids contribute to ___________ of plasma membrane
Fluidity
Steroids are composed of a carbon skeleton of __________________.
Four fused rings
Cellulose, starch, and glycogen are all composed of multiple __________ molecules
Glucose
Glycogen's structure is ______________
Highly branched
_____________ have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail and make up the plasma membrane
Phospholipids
Phosphate is present in...
Phospholipids and nucleotides
Steroids provide ___________ to the plasma membrane
Physical stability
Lipids provide a protective and waterproof covering for ____________.
Plants
Steroids provides flexibility to the ______________.
Plasma membrane