AP BIO chapter 3.1-3.3

Phospholipids comprise _______ of plasma membrane

Bulk

Carbon tends to share its electrons with ______________ the elements that comprise a majority of living organisms

C H N O P & S

__________ comprise vital hormones and chemical signallers

Lipids

Lipids provide _________ from cold and injury

Insulation

Steroids act as _______ hormones

Sex

Sulfhydryl is present in...

Some amino acids

Cellulose provides ___________ for plants

Structural support

Starch has branched (amylopectin) or long chained (amylose) in ____________.

Structure

Carbonyl is present in...

Sugars

Hydroxyl is present in....

Sugars and ALL amino acids

________ help store honey for bees

Waxes

This type of reaction involves the ____________ of water as polymers are broken down into monomers.

addition

These fats are produced mostly in ____________ .

animals

In animals, ____________ provides vital long-term energy storage.

blubber

Which of the following carbohydrates would NOT be a molecule used for energy storage?

cellulose

Plants use a polysaccharide called ____________ for structural support. This molecule is comprised of ____________ molecules that are alternately flipped for increased support.

cellulose, glucose

Animals and fungi use ____________ for structural support. It's found in the ____________ of insects and crustaceans and makes up fungal cell walls.

chitin, exoskeletons

examples of steroids

cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone

These subunits attach themselves together to build biomolecules through ____________ reactions.

dehydration

Polymers composed of monosaccharides are formed through ____________ reactions and are called ____________ . Specific forms of these polymers serve several different functions.

dehydration, polysacchrides

Combinations of two monomers are called ____________ and include molecules like ____________ , which are typically ____________ and can be metabolized into ____________ .

disaccharides, maltose, transported, fat

Unsaturated fats have _________.

double bonds between carbon atoms

When they're exposed to water, they orient themselves in a ____________ layer, so that the ____________ face out towards the water or inside of the cell and the ____________ face each other.

double, heads, tails

Many of these synthesis and degradation processes are catalyzed by ____________ .

enzymes

The more double bonds within a ____________ tail, the ____________ the melting temperature.

fatty acid, lower

This type of reaction involves the ____________ of water as ____________ are linked together and ____________ built.

formation, monomers, polymers

Steroids are composed of ____________ fused carbon ____________ .

four, rings

Examples of monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose (C6H12O6)

One ____________ molecule attaches to three ____________ molecules to form a ____________ .

glycerol, fatty acid, triglyceride

Animals use ____________ as a way to store glucose. It typically exists in a ____________ and is stored in the liver.

glycogen, branched form

Biomolecules are broken down into their subunits through ____________ reactions.

hydrolysis

Phospholipids have ____________ heads and ____________ tails.

hydrophillic, hydrophobic

These examples of polysaccharides function well as storage molecules since they are large and ____________ in water, which prevents them from passing through the plasma membrane. But storage is not the only function suited to polysaccharides.

insoluble

Lipids are ____________ in water due to the ____________ nature of their long hydrocarbon chains.

insoluble, nonpolar

Oils, such as canola oil, are ____________ at room temperature because they contain primarily ____________ fatty acids.

liquids, unsaturated

Single monomers are called ____________ and include molecules like glucose, which are typically used for ____________ or to help build the backbone of nucleotides that make up RNA and DNA.

monosaccharides, immediate energy

In plants, ____________ provide vital long-term energy storage.

oils

Bacteria use ____________ for structural support within their cell walls.

peptiodoglycan

Within all organisms, ____________ comprise the bulk of the plasma membrane, allowing it the many properties that it needs to function.

phospholipids

These oils are produced mostly in ____________ .

plants

Its function in the ____________ is to provide both flexibility and stability. Some steroids also function in cell to cell communication.

plasma membrane

The ____________ is composed of a phospholipid bilayer that is ____________ in nature.

plasma membrane, fluid

Carbohydrates exist as either monomers or ____________ , long chains of monomers bonded together.

polymers

Large biomolecules, or ____________ , are comprised of smaller subunits called ____________ .

polymers, monomers

Groups of three or more monomers are called ____________ and include ____________ and other molecules typically used for ____________ and structural support.

polysaccharides, starch, long-term storage

Monomers

small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers

Fats, such as lard, are ____________ at room temperature because they contain primarily ____________ fatty acids.

solids, saturated

examples of polysaccharides

starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

For instance, plants use ____________ as a way to store glucose, either in its ____________ called amylose, or its ____________ , called amylopectin.

starch, unbranched form, branched form

Embedded within the plasma membrane are ____________ , which provide cell to cell communication and contribute to plasma membrane flexibility.

steroids

examples of disaccharides

sucrose, lactose, maltose, c12h24o12

Many organisms, including plants, have slick coverings made of ____________ , which provide both protection and waterproofing.

waxes

Of carbon's electrons, _______ reside in the first shell and 4 reside in the second outermost shell.

2

Phospholipids are comprised of ____fatty acid tails and a glycerol phosphate head

2

Carbon can bond with up to ________ other elements allowing it to be the ideal building block for many and diverse organic molecules.

4

To complete carbon's outermost shell it needs______ more electrons

4

Amino is present in...

ALL amino acids

____________can form long chains, branches, or rings through single, double, or even triple bonds

Carbon

________ has long chains with every other glucose flipped

Cellulose

Steroids can contribute to ______________.

Circulatory disorders

Cellulose's structure allows for _____________ and greater strength

Hydrogen bonding

Waves form protective cuticle on plants to prevent____________.

Desiccation

Saturated fats _______ have double bonds

Do not

Carbon has 6 positively charged protons and 6 negatively charged ____________.

Electrons

Lipids provide comparatively lightweight long term ___________ storage

Energy

Glycogen provides _____________ for animals

Energy storage

Starch provides __________ for plants

Energy storage

______________function as long term energy storage, and are comprised of glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Fats and oils

Steroids contain no ____________.

Fatty acids

Carboxyl is present in....

Fatty acids and some amino acids

Lipids comprise the plasma membrane of cells and gives them _____________.

Flexibility

Phospholipids contribute to ___________ of plasma membrane

Fluidity

Steroids are composed of a carbon skeleton of __________________.

Four fused rings

Cellulose, starch, and glycogen are all composed of multiple __________ molecules

Glucose

Glycogen's structure is ______________

Highly branched

_____________ have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail and make up the plasma membrane

Phospholipids

Phosphate is present in...

Phospholipids and nucleotides

Steroids provide ___________ to the plasma membrane

Physical stability

Lipids provide a protective and waterproof covering for ____________.

Plants

Steroids provides flexibility to the ______________.

Plasma membrane