AP Bio Exam Pt 1
Methyl group
-CH3 Nonpolar, hydrophobic, structure of proteins, turns off DNA
Carboxyl group
-COOH Acid- donates H+, hydrophillic
Amino group
-NH2 Amine, base- accepts H+, hydrophillic
Hydroxyl group
-OH Alcohol, polar group, hydrophillic
Phosphate group
-OPO3 ^2- Acid properties, used in energy transfer, hydrophillic
Sulfhydryl group
-SH Thiols, help stabilize proteins, hydrophillic
4 Big Ideas in biology
1. Process of evolution drives diversity and unity of life 2. Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to reproduce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis 3. Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to info essential to life 4. Biological systems interact complexly
Each pH unit has a ____ difference
10x
When does water reach its greatest density?
4 degrees C
Asymmetric carbon
4 different atoms or groups of atoms bonded to the same carbon
Carbonyl group
>C=O Polar, hydrophilic, Aldehyde or Ketone
Cell Theory
All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in an organism All cells come from previously existing cells
Calorie
Amount of heat it takes to raise the temp of one gram of water by 1 degree C
Mole
Amount of substance that has a mass in grams numerically equivalent to its molecular weight in daltons
Positive Feedback
Amplifies reactions, speeds up
Reductionism
An approach that reduces complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study
Ecosystem
An energy-processing system of community interactions that include abiotic environmental factors such as a soil and water
Evaporative cooling
As a liquid evaporates, the surface of the liquid that remains behind cools down, the "hottest" molecules leave as a gas
Electronegativity
Atom's ability to attract and hold electrons
Cis isomers
Atoms attached to the carbons on the same side of the double bond
Trans isomer
Atoms on opposite sides of the double bond
Adhesion
Attraction between unlike molecules (ex. water molecules and plant vessels)
Ionic bond
Bond formed by the electrostatic attraction after the complete transfer of an electron
Valence
Bonding capacity of an atom, number of covalent bonds that must be formed to complete the outer electron shell
Ocean acidification
CO2 dissolves in seawater, reacts with water to form carbonic acid, and therefore lowers ocean pH
Aldehyde
Carbonyl group on the end of the carbon skeleton
Ketone
Carbonyl group within a carbon skeleton
Macromolecules
Carbs, proteins, nucleic acids
Order
Characteristics of life emerge from this complex organization
Ion
Charged particle
Water's 4 emergent properties
Cohesion, temperature moderation, insulation of bodies of water with floating ice, solvent of life
Compound
Combo of two or more different elements
Strong acids and bases
Completely dissociate, reaction is irreversible
Organic compound
Compound containing carbon
Ionic compounds/salts
Compounds form by ionic bonds
Isomers
Compounds with the same molecular formula but with different structures and therefore different properties
Nonpolar covalent bond
Covalent bond formed by an equal sharing of electrons between atoms
Dissociation of water molecules
Creates a hydronium ion (H3O+) and a hydroxide ion (OH-) Conventionally H+ is used instead of H3O+ Reversible reaction
Solvent
Dissolving agent of a solution
Electron configuration
Distribution of electrons in an atom's electron shells, determines chemical behavior
Valence electrons
Electrons on the outermost energy shell (valence shell), determine chem properties
Potential Energy
Energy that matter stores because of its position or location, matter tends to move to the lowest possible state of pot energy
Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cells have membrane enclosed organelles, prokaryotes lack a nucleus
Polar covalent bond
Formed by an unequal sharing of electrons
Hydrophilic
Has an affinity for water, polar compounds
Growth and Development
Heritable programs stored in DNA direct patterns
Water's specific heat
High, resists temperature changes when absorbing or releasing heat
Solution
Homogenous mixture of two or more substances
Where do water's extraordinary properties come from?
Hydrogen bonds
Enantiomers (stereo isomers)
Isomers that are mirror images of each other, differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon
Structural isomers
Isomers that differ in the covalent arrangement of their atoms
Cis-trans (geometric) isomers
Isomers that have the same sequence of covalently bonded atoms overall but differ in structure due to the inflexibility of double bonds
Biomes
Large scale communities classified by predominant vegetation type and distinctive combinations of plants and animals (ex. tundra, desert)
Evolutionary Adaptation
Life evolves in response to interactions between organisms
Biogenesis
Life only comes from life
Biology common themes
Life's Hierarchical Order, Cells as Basic Unit of Function, Continuity of Life Based on DNA, Life Requires Transfer of Energy and Matter, Organisms Interact, Feedback Regulates Biological Systems *Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life*
Population
Localized group of organisms belonging to the same species
Polymer
Long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks (monomers) linked by covalent bonds
2 basic units of biology
Matter and mass
Surface tension
Measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid
Hydrocarbons
Molecules containing only C and H
Electrons and potential energy
Negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus so it takes work to move an electron farther away from the nucleus, giving it a greater potential energy
Anion
Negatively charged ion
Subatomic particles
Neutrons (no charge) Protons (+1) Electrons (-1)
Emergent properties
New properties that emerge at each level which are absent from the preceding one
Hydrogen bond
Noncovalent attraction between a hydrogen and an electronegative atom
Radioactive isotopes
Nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy
Molarity
Number of moles of solute per liter of solution
Robert Hooke
Observed cork cells and coined the term "cell"
Weak acids and bases
Only partially dissociate, reaction is reversible
Ways emergent properties are created
Order, reproduction, growth and development, energy utilization or processing, response to environment, regulation, evolutionary adaptation
Regulation
Organisms maintain homeostasis
Reproduction
Organisms reproduce- biogenesis
Response to Environment
Organisms respond to stimuli
Energy Utilization and Processing
Organisms take in and transform energy to do work
Functional groups
Parts of molecules involved in chemical reactions
Community
Populations of species living in the same area
Cation
Positively charged ion
Heat of vaporization
Quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g to be converted to a gas
Schleiden and Schwann
Reasoned all living things are made of cells
Hydrophobic
Repels water, nonpolar compounds
Biology
Scientific study of life
Covalent bond
Sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms Double and triple covalent bonds are rigid Two or more atoms connected constitute a molecule
Negative Feedback
Slows down, product bonds to enzyme to stop from producing more
Aqueous solution
Solution in which water is the solvent
Enzymes
Specialized macromolecules (usually proteins) that speed up chem reactions
Hydration shell
Sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion
Virchow
Stated all cells come from preexisting cells
Solute
Substance being dissolved
Cohesion
Substance being held together by hydrogen bonds
Buffer
Substance that minimizes large, suden changes in pH
Acid
Substance with more H+, donates H+
Base
Substance with more OH-, picks up H+
Molecular weight
Sum of the weight of all atoms in a molecule (unit=daltons)
Temperature
The average kinetic energy of the molecules in a body of matter
Chemical reactions
The making and breaking of chemical bonds leading to changes in the composition of matter
Biosphere
The sum of all the planet's ecosystems
Leeuwenhoek
Thread guy, first to see living organisms
Van der Waals interactions
Weak interactions that occur between atoms and molecules that are very close and result from a charge asymmetry in electron clouds
Molecule's function is related to...
its size and shape