AP Bio Exam Pt 1

Methyl group

-CH3 Nonpolar, hydrophobic, structure of proteins, turns off DNA

Carboxyl group

-COOH Acid- donates H+, hydrophillic

Amino group

-NH2 Amine, base- accepts H+, hydrophillic

Hydroxyl group

-OH Alcohol, polar group, hydrophillic

Phosphate group

-OPO3 ^2- Acid properties, used in energy transfer, hydrophillic

Sulfhydryl group

-SH Thiols, help stabilize proteins, hydrophillic

4 Big Ideas in biology

1. Process of evolution drives diversity and unity of life 2. Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to reproduce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis 3. Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to info essential to life 4. Biological systems interact complexly

Each pH unit has a ____ difference

10x

When does water reach its greatest density?

4 degrees C

Asymmetric carbon

4 different atoms or groups of atoms bonded to the same carbon

Carbonyl group

>C=O Polar, hydrophilic, Aldehyde or Ketone

Cell Theory

All organisms are composed of 1 or more cells The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in an organism All cells come from previously existing cells

Calorie

Amount of heat it takes to raise the temp of one gram of water by 1 degree C

Mole

Amount of substance that has a mass in grams numerically equivalent to its molecular weight in daltons

Positive Feedback

Amplifies reactions, speeds up

Reductionism

An approach that reduces complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study

Ecosystem

An energy-processing system of community interactions that include abiotic environmental factors such as a soil and water

Evaporative cooling

As a liquid evaporates, the surface of the liquid that remains behind cools down, the "hottest" molecules leave as a gas

Electronegativity

Atom's ability to attract and hold electrons

Cis isomers

Atoms attached to the carbons on the same side of the double bond

Trans isomer

Atoms on opposite sides of the double bond

Adhesion

Attraction between unlike molecules (ex. water molecules and plant vessels)

Ionic bond

Bond formed by the electrostatic attraction after the complete transfer of an electron

Valence

Bonding capacity of an atom, number of covalent bonds that must be formed to complete the outer electron shell

Ocean acidification

CO2 dissolves in seawater, reacts with water to form carbonic acid, and therefore lowers ocean pH

Aldehyde

Carbonyl group on the end of the carbon skeleton

Ketone

Carbonyl group within a carbon skeleton

Macromolecules

Carbs, proteins, nucleic acids

Order

Characteristics of life emerge from this complex organization

Ion

Charged particle

Water's 4 emergent properties

Cohesion, temperature moderation, insulation of bodies of water with floating ice, solvent of life

Compound

Combo of two or more different elements

Strong acids and bases

Completely dissociate, reaction is irreversible

Organic compound

Compound containing carbon

Ionic compounds/salts

Compounds form by ionic bonds

Isomers

Compounds with the same molecular formula but with different structures and therefore different properties

Nonpolar covalent bond

Covalent bond formed by an equal sharing of electrons between atoms

Dissociation of water molecules

Creates a hydronium ion (H3O+) and a hydroxide ion (OH-) Conventionally H+ is used instead of H3O+ Reversible reaction

Solvent

Dissolving agent of a solution

Electron configuration

Distribution of electrons in an atom's electron shells, determines chemical behavior

Valence electrons

Electrons on the outermost energy shell (valence shell), determine chem properties

Potential Energy

Energy that matter stores because of its position or location, matter tends to move to the lowest possible state of pot energy

Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Cells

Eukaryotic Cells have membrane enclosed organelles, prokaryotes lack a nucleus

Polar covalent bond

Formed by an unequal sharing of electrons

Hydrophilic

Has an affinity for water, polar compounds

Growth and Development

Heritable programs stored in DNA direct patterns

Water's specific heat

High, resists temperature changes when absorbing or releasing heat

Solution

Homogenous mixture of two or more substances

Where do water's extraordinary properties come from?

Hydrogen bonds

Enantiomers (stereo isomers)

Isomers that are mirror images of each other, differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon

Structural isomers

Isomers that differ in the covalent arrangement of their atoms

Cis-trans (geometric) isomers

Isomers that have the same sequence of covalently bonded atoms overall but differ in structure due to the inflexibility of double bonds

Biomes

Large scale communities classified by predominant vegetation type and distinctive combinations of plants and animals (ex. tundra, desert)

Evolutionary Adaptation

Life evolves in response to interactions between organisms

Biogenesis

Life only comes from life

Biology common themes

Life's Hierarchical Order, Cells as Basic Unit of Function, Continuity of Life Based on DNA, Life Requires Transfer of Energy and Matter, Organisms Interact, Feedback Regulates Biological Systems *Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life*

Population

Localized group of organisms belonging to the same species

Polymer

Long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks (monomers) linked by covalent bonds

2 basic units of biology

Matter and mass

Surface tension

Measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

Hydrocarbons

Molecules containing only C and H

Electrons and potential energy

Negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus so it takes work to move an electron farther away from the nucleus, giving it a greater potential energy

Anion

Negatively charged ion

Subatomic particles

Neutrons (no charge) Protons (+1) Electrons (-1)

Emergent properties

New properties that emerge at each level which are absent from the preceding one

Hydrogen bond

Noncovalent attraction between a hydrogen and an electronegative atom

Radioactive isotopes

Nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy

Molarity

Number of moles of solute per liter of solution

Robert Hooke

Observed cork cells and coined the term "cell"

Weak acids and bases

Only partially dissociate, reaction is reversible

Ways emergent properties are created

Order, reproduction, growth and development, energy utilization or processing, response to environment, regulation, evolutionary adaptation

Regulation

Organisms maintain homeostasis

Reproduction

Organisms reproduce- biogenesis

Response to Environment

Organisms respond to stimuli

Energy Utilization and Processing

Organisms take in and transform energy to do work

Functional groups

Parts of molecules involved in chemical reactions

Community

Populations of species living in the same area

Cation

Positively charged ion

Heat of vaporization

Quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g to be converted to a gas

Schleiden and Schwann

Reasoned all living things are made of cells

Hydrophobic

Repels water, nonpolar compounds

Biology

Scientific study of life

Covalent bond

Sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms Double and triple covalent bonds are rigid Two or more atoms connected constitute a molecule

Negative Feedback

Slows down, product bonds to enzyme to stop from producing more

Aqueous solution

Solution in which water is the solvent

Enzymes

Specialized macromolecules (usually proteins) that speed up chem reactions

Hydration shell

Sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion

Virchow

Stated all cells come from preexisting cells

Solute

Substance being dissolved

Cohesion

Substance being held together by hydrogen bonds

Buffer

Substance that minimizes large, suden changes in pH

Acid

Substance with more H+, donates H+

Base

Substance with more OH-, picks up H+

Molecular weight

Sum of the weight of all atoms in a molecule (unit=daltons)

Temperature

The average kinetic energy of the molecules in a body of matter

Chemical reactions

The making and breaking of chemical bonds leading to changes in the composition of matter

Biosphere

The sum of all the planet's ecosystems

Leeuwenhoek

Thread guy, first to see living organisms

Van der Waals interactions

Weak interactions that occur between atoms and molecules that are very close and result from a charge asymmetry in electron clouds

Molecule's function is related to...

its size and shape