AP bio Final
A new mutation that aeose in one copy of gene in a somatic cells resulted in the formation of a tumor. Which of the following pieces of evidence best describes how the new mutation directly caused the tumor?
A) Protein normally stimulates cell division, and the mutation created an overactive version of protein X.
Data regarding the presence or absence of five derived traits in several different species are shown in the table below Which of the following cladograms provides the simpilist and most accurate representation of the data in the table?
A) YWVZX (PICTURE)
The divergence between the 2 populations of Ragoletis must have occurred very rapidly because
A) the apple tree was imported into North America with European settlement approximately 200 years ago
Given that equal amounts of the different mRNAs were injected into fertilized frog eggs, which of the following conclusions is most consistent with the electrophoresis results?
A) B- hemoglobin mRNA is translated more efficiently then is a- hemoglobin mRNA
In 1944 Avery, Macleod, and McCarty performed transformation experiments using live, harmless bacteria and extracts from virulent bacteria treated with various enzymes. Which of the following enzymes were used and why?
A) Proteases and RNases to rule out protein and RNA as the transforming factors
If the experiment was continued for an additional 500 days, the population density of T. castaneum with the parasite would most likely stabilize at a value closest to which of the following
B) 10 beetles/ culture dish
The vertebrate forelimb initially develops in the embryo as a solid mass of tissue. As development progresses, the solid mass near the end of the forelimb is remodeled into individual digits. Which of the following best explains the role of apoptosis in remodeling of the forelimb?
B) Apoptosis involves the regulated activation of proteins in specific cells of the developing forelimb that leads to the death of those cells.
The electophoresis results best supports which of the following conculsions?
B) Cells from different tissues share a common ability to use genetic material from a foreign source to produce protein
A dog is following the scent of a jackrabbit. Which of the following accurately describes how the dog's brain integrates information for smell?
B) Chemoreceptor cells in the nasal cavity send impulses to the appropriate area of the brain
Cystic Fibrosis is a reccesively inherited disorder that results from a mutation in the gene encoding CFTR chloride ion channels located on the surface of many epithelial cells. As shown in the figure above, the mutation prevents the normal movement of chloride ion channels from the cytosol of the cell to the extracellular fluid. An answer to which of the following questions would provide the best information about the association between the CFTR mutation and the viscous mucus?
B) How does the disrupted chloride movement affect the movement of sodium ions and water by the cell?
Which of the following questions is most relevant to understanding the Calvin Cycle?
B) How is ATP used in the formation of 3- carbon carbohydrates
The healthy human immune system responds to pathogens with both specific and nonspecific processes. Which of the following models depicts a nonspecific response?
B) Macrophage (PICTURE)
The data over the duration of the experiment provide the strongest support for which the following conclusions regarding the effect of the parasite on Tribolium populations?
B) T. castaneum is adversely affected by the parasite, while T. confusum is not
Initially, which of the following isolating mechanisms is likely to have been most important in preventing gene flow between the 2 populations of Rhagoletis?
B) Temporal isoltion
A group of mice was released into a large field to which no other mice had access. The mice were then returned to the field. After 20 years, another representative sample of the mice was captured, and the fur color of each individual in the sample was again recorded. Which of the following best explains the change in the frequency distribution of the fur color phenotypes in the mouse population, as shown in the figures above? (PICTURE)
B) The field was composed primarily of light-colored soil and little vegitation, affording gray mice protection from predators
Undersea landslides can disrupt marine habitats by burying organisms that live on the ocean floor. The graph above shows the size of the population of a certain organism that lives in the ocean floor. The population was affected by a recent landslide at the time indicated on the graph. Which of the following best predicts how the population will be affected by the landslide? (PICTURE)
B) The reduced population will likely have allelic frequencies that are different from initial population
The processes illustrated in the models depicted above all result on which of the following?
B) an increase in genetic variation
Beaked whales feed at various depths, but they defecate at the oceans surface. Nitrogen- rich what feces deposited in surface waters supply nutrients for algae that are eaten by surface- dwelling fish. Which of the following best predicts what would happen if the whale population decreased?
B) the surface fish populations would decline due to reduced populations of algae
Thrips are insects that feed on rose pollen. Scientists notes that the thrips population increased in the spring and decreased dramatically during the summer. The researchers hypothesized that food abundance was the limiting factor for the population. Which of the following types of data would be most useful for the scientists to collect at regular intervals on a designated test plot of rose plants?
C) Density of rose pollen produced (g/m2)
If ATP breakdown is inhibited, which of the following types of movement across cell membranes is also inhibited?
C) Passage of a solute against its concentration gradient
Mating between individuals from the 2 populations of Rhagoletis produce hybrid flies that appear to be healthy and have normal life spans. The eggs laid by these hybrid flies, however, hatch less often then those flies from either of the 2 populations. What isolating mechanism seems to be important in this hybrid population?
C) Reduced hybrid fertility
Under which of the following conditions is the observed number of beetles per culture dish the greatest? (PICTURE)
C) T castaneum with parasite at 100 days
To determine the evolutionary history and relationships among organisms, scientists gather evidence from a wide variety of sources including paleotology, embryology, morphology, behavior and molecular biology. A phylogenetic tree of vertibrates is shown. Which of the following statements is most consistent with the phylogenetic tree shown?
C) The common ancestor of reptiles, birds, mammals, produced amniotic eggs.
if chemical signals in the cytoplasm control the progression of a cell to the M phase of the cell cycle, then fusion of a cell in G1 with a cell early M phase would most likely result in the
C) condensation of chromatin in preparation of \nuclear division in both cells.
The data below demonstrate the frequency of tasters and nontasters of a certain compound in four isolated populations that are in Hardy-Weinberg equlibrium. The allele for nontasters is reccesive. In which population is the frequency of the recessive allele highest?
C) population: 3, Tasters: 215, Nontasters: 500, Size of population: 715
The figure above depicts the DNA- protein complex that is assembled at the transcriptional start site of gene X when the expression of gene X is activated in liver cells. Previous studies have shown that gene X is never expressed in nerve cells. Based on the diagram, which of the following is most likely contributes to the specific expression pattern of gene X? (PICTURE)
C) the activator is a sequence- specific DNA- binding protein that is present in some tissues but not in other tissues.
In the arctic ocean, the predominant primary producers are phytoplankton. Phytoplankton are consumed by Zooplankton. Based on the graph above, the difference is most likely becAUse (PICTURE)
C) the ice blocks the light, so in years with more ice coverage, there is less photosynthesis by the phytoplankton
The diagram above depicts the response to a pinprick on the tip of a human finger. The arrows show the direction of impulse transmission along the labeled axons. IF axon 2 was damaged before the pinprick, which of the following is most likely?
C) the person's finger will not withdraw reflexively
Which of the following conclusions is most consistent with the results if the experiment?
C) the subunits of hemoglobin occur at a faster rate in in size, shape, or charge
Scientists have found that the existing population of a certain species of amphibian are small in number, lacking in genetic diversity, and seperated from each other by wide areas of dry land. Which of the following human actions is most likely to improve the long term survival of the amphibians?
D) Building ponds in the areas of dry land to promote interbreeding between the seperated populations
What most likely causes the trends in oxygen concentration shown in the graph above?
D) Photosynthesis produces more oxygen than the consumed by respiration during the day
The observation that the rabbit mRNA was succesfully translated in the frog tissue supports which of the following conclusions
D) Rabbits and frogs share a common genetic conde for expressing heritable information
The diagram above illustrates the feedback control as exerted by the hormone thyroxine. Following surgical removal of the thyroid gland, the level of TSH in the blood will increase. Which of the following best explains this increase? (PICTURE)
D) a decrease in thyroxine levels means a loss in inhibition to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, leading to increased TSH secretion.
The equation above shows one of the reversible reactions that occur in blood. After the exercise, an athlete's blood pH has dropped below the normal level. How will normal blood pH be restored?
D) an increase in breathing rate will lead to a decrease in blood CO2 and H+ concentration
A student in biology class crossed a male Drosophilia melanogaster having gray body and long wings with a female D. melanogaster having a black body and apterous wings. The following distribution of traits was observed in the offspring. Which of the following is supported by the data?
D) genes for the 2 traits are located close together on the same chromosome, and crossing over occurred between the 2 gene loci
A researcher is investigating the relationship between the existing species diverity in a community and the ability of an introduced nonnative species to destabilize the community. Which of the following graphs is most consistent with the claim that communities with high diversity are more resistant to change than are communities with low diversity?
D) line going down (GRAPH)
Rosalind Franklin's x-rays diffraction images taken in the 1950s most directly support which of the following claims about DNA?
D) the basic molecular structure is a helix
Which of the following best justification for why the rabbit hemoglobin proteins were found throughout the tadpole?
D) the mRNA injected into the newly fertilized frog eggs is distributed in the cytoplasm of every daughter cell during cell division.
In Figure 1, the difference between the 2 curves can best be attributed to which of the following?
D) the natural variation among populations