Ap bio final exam
Which of the following best explains why GFP might exhibit a bright green fluorescence in alkaline conditions but not in acidic conditiotis?
(A) Addition of an H 'to GFP at acidic pH changes the shape of the protein. Preventing fluorescence.
The pedigree suggests that the gene is on a nuclear chromosome, and not on mitochondrial DNA, because
(C) maternal mitochondrial mutations are inherited by all of the mother's offspring
Which of the following statements is most consistent with the date in the table?
B The kidneys of reptiles and birds are highly efficient because little water is needed to excrete uric acid.
Two populations of a spokies of squirtel geographi ally trom each other A hough they have the same population density one population is significantly larger in number than the other. New bacterial disease, which is easily spread and extremely virulent, affects both populations at the same time. /Which of the following is the best prediction of how the new disease will affect the two populations
C) and smaller population will be more affected than the larger population, because the smaller population has less genetic variation than the larger population has
The p53 protein regulates cellular response to DNA damage. Based on the above diagram. Which of the following best describes the role of p53 in the response to DNA damage?
Phosphorylation p53 stimulates transcription of p21, and the resulting protein suppresses cell division until the DNA damage is repaired.
The validity of the cladogram is best supported by molecular evidence for the following changes in the amino acid composition of the beta-hemoglobin protein during the evolution of these species?
(A) Arginine to leucine at position X on the cladogram
To investigate whether an organism in the study is capable of both photosynthesis and respiration, the comparison of which treatment groups is most appropriate?
(A) I and ll
Sickle-cell anemia is associated with a mutation the gene encoding the beta subunit of hemoglobin that results in a change from glutamic acid to valine at position 6. All other amino acids are identical to a normal hemoglobin molecule. Based on the above information, which of the following mutations is the most likely cause of sickle-cell anemia?
A) A single base pair substitution in the gene encoding the beta subunit
Which of the following most likely describes how the interaction between bears and salmon influences nitrogen dynamics in the environment?
A) in bears consume salmon, they leave parts of the carcasses on the ground, which decompose, releasing nitrogen into the environment.
Which of the following observations provides the best evidence that photosynthesis occurred in treatment group l?
C) The mean pH of the samples increased after one hour.
Epinephrine is a protein hormone found in many animals. Epinephrine stimulates a pathway that results in the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver cells. Epinephrine binds to a cell-surface receptor;
(a) Epinephrine binds to a cell-surface receptor; The activated receptor stimulates production of the second messenger, CAMP
Which of the following modifications does the experimental design reduce the standard errors of the means?
Increasing the sample size of each treatment group
Butterflies of the genus Colias live in the Rocky Mountains, where they experience a wide range of temperatures. Different variants of a particular glycolytic enzyme in the flight muscles are optimally active at different temperatures. Within the same population, some individual butterflies fly most effectively at 29 ° C, while others fly most effectively at 40 C. Still others can be equally active at both temperatures Which of the following claims is most consistent with the observed observed behavior?
(A) Butterflies that express two variants of the enzyme are active over a greater range of temperature.
The table shows the changes in allele frequencies and the specifie gene in two populations of randomly mating small mammals after 30 years. The populations inhabit adjacent equatorial islands that have similar topography and climaae which of the following is the most reliable conclusion that can be drawn from the analysis of the above data?
(A) Genetic drift has occurred in population
Based on the model of speciation presented, which of the following describes the most likely consequence of the populations over time?
(A) Hybrid individuals are less likely to pass their genetic information on subsequent generations.
Using the model of speciation and applying it to a different population, which of the following outcomes is most consistent for different species in which the evils are homogenous and the females are heterogametic?
(A) Sterility would appear in females before appearing in males.
Based on the experimental results, which of the following is the best evolutionary explanation for the occurrence of ARD in C. elegans
(A) The ability to enter ARD provides a strong selective advantage because reproduction can occur despite periods of food scarcity
A scientist is evaluating a proposal for raising large numbers of fish in ocean pens for human consumption. As part of the evaluation, the scientist is designing a plan for investigating how the fish in the ocean might affect nearby ecosystems. Which of the following is the most appropriate factor to use as the dependent variable in the experimental investigation?
(A) The amount of metabolic wastes in the water where the fish are being raised
Which of the following pieces of additional data would help further investigate the relationship between bears, salmon, and influx of nitrogen into the local environment?
(A) The experimenters should remove remains of salmon carcasses immediately after the salmon are eaten by the bears and determine the nitrogen content of the carcasses.
The year 2000, specimens of Caulerpa taxifal green algae used in tropical aquariums, were found off the coast of California. Native to the Indian Ocean, C taxifolia is known for aggressive growth and ability to compete with sea grasses. It is currently on an international list of invasive species Which of the following best predicts the consequences of the introduction of C. taxifolia to the Califormia coast?
(A) Without natural herbivores or competitors, C taxifolia will grow rapidly and crowd out native species of producers.
Which of the following best describes the reproductive ability of elegans following the ARD induced in the first experiment?
(A)Mating with a well-fed male consistently produced more offspring than did reproduction via self-fertilization.
The average brood size per mated individual upon reintroduction of food following 30 days of ARD is closest to which of the following?
(B) 50
Mitochondria are found in most eukaryotic cells and contain their own DNA and ribosomes that are similar to those typical of many prokaryotic cells. Which of the following statements is justified by these observations?
(B) An ancestral cell most likely to engulf an aerobic prokaryote in a relationship that proved beneficial for both cells
Previous experiments indicate that CDK5 is active only when attached to a protein called p35. Which of the following best predictions could p35 be able to play role in regulating neuron function?
(B) Degradation of p35 results in increased synaptic activity.
Based on the model, which of the following best explains how regulation of neurotransmitter release might increase the range of responses to a stimulus in the nervous system?
(B) Different neurons in the same neural network can release different amounts of neurotransmitter
In a separate investigation, individual mice from two populations that in nature are geographically isolated from each other are mated in the laboratory. The hybrid offspring were then mated with individuals from either of the original populations. Only the female hybrid offspring were fertile. The experimental results are most consistent with which of the stages that are depicted in the model?
(B) Intermediate stage (Figure 2)
If the dam is built downstream and prevents salmon migration to the test sites, which of the following most accurately predicts the impact on nitrogen influx?
(B) Nitrogen influx will decrease because there will be less bear-salmon interaction.
In a species of cactus, the number of spines on a plant is genetically determined. The graph above shows frequency distributions for populations of the cactus species growing in the presence or absence of two herbivores: peccaries (a New World pig) and wasp larvae. Which of the following best accounts for the different frequency distributions in the graph? (B) Peccaries cat cacti with a smaller number of spines, and wasp larvae cacti with a greater number of spines.
(B) Peccaries cat cacti with a smaller number of spines, and wasp larvae cacti with a greater number of spines.
In Drosophila melanogaster a for wild-type tan body color (B) is dominant to the recessive allele for black the allele for wild-type wing shape recessive allele for body color (b) expected and observed vestigial wing Which of the following best Does it explain the observed results of the cross?
(B) The genes for body color and wing shape are located close to each other on the same chromosome.
Which of the following statements best justifies the claim that the conditions at least one of the experiments could generate the molecular building blocks essential for life?
(B) The nitrogen (N2) gas and ammonia (NH) s in experiment 1 could provide the elemental nitrogen required for the formation of amino acids.
Which of the following graphs is the most appropriate representation of the experimental results documented in the table?
(B) bar graph
Which of the following is the most likely mechanism by which the pyogenes acquired the ability to produce the exotoxins?
(C) Bacteriophage DNA became integrated in the bacterial chromosome.
Based on the model, which of the following Describes the most likely mechanism by which CDK5 regulates neurotransmitter release?
(C) CDK5 alters the activity of other proteins involved in the movement of synaptic vesicles to the plasma membrane.
Based on the model, which of the following best explains why a bright green fluorescence was observed following stimulation of a presynaptic neuron?
(C) GFP contained in synaptic vesicles moved into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis.
Which of the following questions would be most appropriate to investigate whether the proteolytic enzymes are evolutionarily conserved among species
(C) If a proteolytic enzyme from one species is incubated with a precursor protein from another species, does correct cleavage occur
Which of the following best describes the reason for excluding hybrid evils when calculating the allele frequencies of two interbreeding populations at the intermediate stage of speciation (Figure 2)
(C) Sterile individuals make in the genetic contribution to the next generation.
The students concluded that pea plants grew better in compost than did melon plants. Which of the following best addresses is the validity of the conclusion made by the students?
(C) The conclusion is invalid because other variables in the experiment (both biotic and abiotic) affected the results.
Which of the following conclusions is consistent with the data shown in Figure 2?
(C) The number of days an animal spend in ARD does not significantly affect its time
Which of the following scientific questions is most relevant to the model represented in the figure above?
(C) Which molecular substance is actively transported across the plasma membrane?
If the two finch populations are each in Hardy.Weinberg equilibrium and are isolated from each other. Then what of the following graphs correctly displays the relative genotype frequencies?
(C) down, up, medium
High blood cholesterol thypercholesterolemia, HC can lead to cardiovascular problems such as atherosclerosis and heart attack. Exercise and monitoring of diet can often control cholesterol levels; However, in certain cases HC is inherited as an autosomal dominant disease caused by a mutation in a single gene. A man with high cholesterol levels is about to marry a woman whose total cholesterol levels are also higher than average. A physician has suggested they get tested for HC allele. Which of the following is a valid ethical question concerning the test?
(C) yIf both have the allele for HC, should an insurance company raise their rates because of the results of the test?
A cell is treated with a drug that prevents the formation of new lysosomes. The cell continues to transcribe the genes that code for the hydrolytic enzymes that are normally found in lysosomes and continue to translate the mRNAs for those proteins on membrane-bound ribosomes. The hydrolytic enzymes are most likely to accumulate in which of the following cellular structures?
(D) Golgi complex
Which of the following observations best supports the hypothesis that CDK5 negatively regulates neurotransmitter release?
(D) Inhibition of CDK5 activity in neurons increases the movement of synaptic vesicles to the plasma membrane in response to a specific stimulus
Based on the information presented, which of the following will also occur in response to steroid signaling?
(D) Production of a specific mRNA will increase as a result of the binding of the hormone-receptor complex to the DNA.
11. Which of the following represents a cross between a white-eyed female and a red-eyed male?
(D) Rr XtXt x RrXTY
The data above represent the results of three different crosses involving the inheritance of the gene that defines whether the organism is blue or white which of the following best explains the mechanism of inheritance of the gene.
(D) The allele for blue an X-linked dominant allele because there are no blue male offspring in cross 2.
As depicted in the diagram, honeybees communicate the location of flower patches to members of their hives with waggle dances that give information about the direction and distance to the flowers. Which of the following statements about honeybees communicate the position of flower patches is most consistent with the model?
(D) The farther the target flowers from the hive, the longer the waggle phase.
Which of the following statements is best supported by the data?
(D) The presence of black bears and salmon correlates with a significant increase in nitrogen influx.
The graph above represents the number individuals in a population of wolves and in a population of moose observed in the same isolated geographic area over a 40 year period from 1955 through 1995. Which of the statements over a supported by the information presented in the graph?
(D) The wolves were predators of the moose, which were otherwise reproductively successful.
Which of the following statements accurately uses the information presented to support the hypothesis that interruption of M in a single body cell can result in cancer?
C) Growth-factor signaling can trigger mitosis cells that are in direct contact with other cells.
Based on the universal genetic code, which of the following represents the correct polypeptide that will result from the translation of the mRNA molecule shown, beginning with the first available start codon?
C) Met-Val-Thr-Lys-Phe-Gly-His
Transmission of an action potential across the synapse involves the release of ters by the presynaptic neuron. The arrival of the potential triggers to rise in the calcium concentration in the synaptic terminal, and the change in concentration triggers a release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. Which of the following representations of the movement of calcium, sodium, and potassium ions best shows how an action potential is transmitted to the postsynaptic neuron?
Ca pointing in na pointing and k pointing out
The results for treatment groups V atod vl suggest which of the folderwitz questions the design of the experiment?
D) Does the aquarium water contain living microorganisms?
