AP Bio Final Project
Genetics- A red flower and a white flower produce a red and white streaked flower this is an example of what? (A) Codominance (B) Epistasis (C) Multiple alleles (D) Pleitotropy (E) Incomplete Dominance
(A) Codominance
Cellular Respiration- Which of the following represents a plausible pathway of electrons through the process of cellular respiration? (A) Glucose- Pyruvate- AcetylCoA- FADH2 -oxygen (B) Glucose- NADH electron transport chain- AcetylCoA- oxygen (C) Glucose -Pyruvate electron transport chain- NADH- AcetylCoA (D) Glucose -NADH- AcetylCoA -electron transport chain- carbon dioxide (E) Glucose -carbon dioxide -FADH2- electron transport chain -Acetyl-CoA
(A) Glucose- Pyruvate AcetylCoA- FADH2 -oxygen
Biotechnology- The bacterium Vibrio cholerae is harmless unless a lysogenic bacteriophage provides the gene coding for the cholera toxin, which converts the bacterium to the virulent form that causes cholera. Which of the following best explains how the gene encoding cholera toxin becomes part of the bacterial genome? (A) The bacteriophage inserts the toxin gene into the host cell DNA, and the gene is expressed with the rest of the host cell's genes. (B) The bacteriophage makes copies of the toxin gene and expresses the copies inside the bacteriophage. (C) The bacteriophage converts its toxin gene into mRNA, which is then translated by the host cell. (D) The bacteriophage transforms itself into a self-replicating protein that can survive inside the host cell.
(A) The bacteriophage inserts the toxin gene into the host cell DNA, and the gene is expressed with the rest of the host cell's genes.
Photosynthesis- Accessory pigments such as chlorophyll b, xanthophyll, and carotenoids are important in photosynthesis in that they are able to (A) absorb wavelengths of light that are not absorbed by chlorophyll a (B) serve as enzymes to create new chlorophyll a molecules (C) directly convert carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen (D) absorb water in arid conditions (E) control the opening and closing of stomata
(A) absorb wavelengths of light that are not absorbed by chlorophyll a
Biochemistry- Polysaccharides are best described as: (A) complex molecules such as starches that are composed of many chains of sugar monomers (B) chains of amino acids joined by peptide bonds (C) molecules made of glycerol and three fatty acid chains (D) nucleotides arranged in a helical pattern (E) a five- or six-carbon sugar molecule bonded to an aldehyde or ketone group
(A) complex molecules such as starches that are composed of many chains of sugar monomers
Transport- The passive transport of an ion through a protein carrier into a cell represents which of the following? (A) facilitated diffusion (B) osmosis (C) exocytosis (D) phagocytosis (E) active transport
(A) facilitated diffusion
Nervous System- Local anesthetics, such as Novocaine, block normal nerve transmission. Which of the following statements could NOT be an explanation for how Novacaine works? (A) it enhances the flow of vesicles containing neurotransmitters down the axon (B) It binds to sodium ions and prevents their passage through the sodium-potassium pump. (C) It decreases the flow of calcium ions into the terminal branch of an axon. (D) It decreases the sensitivity of the postsynaptic receptors to neurotransmitters.
(A) it enhances the flow of vesicles containing neurotransmitters down the axon
Development- A sea urchin sperm penetrates the jelly coat of an egg and adheres to receptor proteins on the egg's surface as a result of __________. (A) the acrosomal reaction (B) cleavage (C) gastrulation (D) the cortical reaction (E) depolarization
(A) the acrosomal reaction
Endocrine system- Which of the following statements is correct about how a hydrophilic hormone triggers a response in a target cell? (a) The hormone acts as the first messenger when it binds to and activates a receptor on the target cell surface (b) The hormone diffuses through the plasma membrane and triggers a second messenger in the cytosol. (c)the hormone acts as a transcription factor when it binds to and activates a receptor on the target cell surface. (d) The hormone binds to water within the palm embrace and ic carried into the cytosol, where is triggers the response
(A)The hormone acts as the first messenger when it binds to and activates a receptor on the target cell surface.
Evolution- By discharging electric sparks into a laboratory chamber atmosphere that consisted of water vapor, hydrogen gas, methane, and ammonia, Stanley Miller obtained data that showed that a number of organic molecules, including many amino acids, could be synthesized. Miller was attempting to model early Earth conditions as understood in the 1950s. The results of Miller's experiments best support what hypothesis? (A) The molecules essential to life today did not exist at the time Earth was first formed. (B) The molecules essential to life today could not have been carried to the primordial Earth by a comet or meteorite. (C) The molecules essential to life today could have formed under early Earth conditions. (D) The molecules essential to life today were initially self-replicating proteins that were synthesized approximately four billion years ago.
(A)The molecules essential to life today could have formed under early Earth conditions.
Development- In a study of the development of frogs, groups of cells in the germ layers of several embryos in the early gastrula stage were stained with five different dyes that do not harm living tissue. After organogenesis (organ formation), the location of the dyes was noted, as shown in the table below. Tissue - Stain Brain - Red Notochord - Yellow Liver - Green Lens of the eye. - Blue Lining of the digestive tract - Purple Ectoderm would eventually give rise to tissues containing which of the following colors? (A)Red and blue (B)Yellow and purple (C)Green and red (D)Green and yellow (E)Purple and green
(A) Red and blue
Protein Synthesis- How many amino acids are contained in a protein that is coded for by a strand of mRNA that is 60 nucleotides in length. Ignore stop signals. (A) 20 (B) 30 (C) 60 (D) 120 (E) 180
(B) 30
Cells- All of the following statements regarding membranes are correct EXCEPT (A) Polar heads of phospholipids are located on the periphery of the cell membrane. (B) Cell surface receptor proteins transfer small polar substances into the cell. (C) Peripheral proteins may display enzymatic functions. (D) Phospholipids are amphipathic. (E) Glycoproteins are involved in cell-to cell recognition.
(B) Cell surface receptor proteins transfer small polar substances into the cell.
Ecology- A dog is following the scent of a jackrabbit. Which of the following accurately describes how the dog's brain integrates information for smell? (A) Chemoreceptors in the brain send impulses for smell in the nasal cavity. (B) Chemoreceptor cells in the nasal cavity send impulses to the appropriate area of the brain. (C) Chemoreceptors on epithelial cells of the tongue send hormones to the appropriate area of the brain. (D) Receptors originating in the nose send action potentials to the motor regions of the brain.
(B) Chemoreceptor cells in the nasal cavity send impulses to the appropriate area of the brain.
Photosynthesis- The chemical reaction for photosynthesis is 6CO2 +12H2O+lightenergy→ C6H12O6 +6O2 +6H2O If the input water is labeled with a radioactive isotope of oxygen, 18O, then the oxygen gas released as the reaction proceeds is also labeled with 18O. Which of the following is the most likely explanation? (A) During the light reactions of photosynthesis, water is split, the hydrogen atoms combine with the CO2, and oxygen gas is released. (B) During the light reactions of photosynthesis, water is split, removing electrons and protons, and oxygen gas is released. (C) During the Calvin cycle, water is split, regenerating NADPH from NADP+, and oxygen gas is released. (D) During the Calvin cycle, water is split, the hydrogen atoms are added to intermediates of sugar synthesis, and oxygen gas is released
(B) During the light reactions of photosynthesis, water is split, removing electrons and protons, and oxygen gas is released.
Evolution- Experimental evidence shows that the process of glycolysis is present and virtually identical in organisms from all three domains, Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Which of the following hypotheses could be best supported by this evidence? (A) All organisms carry out glycolysis in mitochondria. (B) Glycolysis is a universal energy-releasing process and therefore suggests a common ancestor for all forms of life. (C) Across the three domains, all organisms depend solely on the process of anaerobic respiration for ATP production. (D) The presence of glycolysis as an energy- releasing process in all organisms suggests that convergent evolution occurred.
(B) Glycolysis is a universal energy-releasing process and therefore suggests a common ancestor for all forms of life.
Transport- The membrane of an animal cell would be impermeable to all of the following EXCEPT I. a large and primarily polar protein II. a small lipid based molecule III. starch (A) I only (B) II only (C) III only (D) I and II only (E) I and III only
(B) II only
Mitosis- A researcher examining a root tip observes a plant cell with condensed sister chromatids, kinetochores with attached microtubules, and individual chromosomes that are aligned at the equatorial plate of the cell. Which of the following best describes what the next process will be in the cell? (A) Homologous chromosomes (each with two sister chromatids) will move toward opposite poles of the cell. (B) Paired chromatids will separate, and the new daughter chromosomes will move toward opposite poles of the cell. (C) The nuclear envelope will break down, and the spindle will begin to form. (D) The chromatin will decondense, and the daughter cell will enter interphase.
(B) Paired chromatids will separate, and the new daughter chromosomes will move toward opposite poles of the cell.
Evolution- A biologist spent many years researching the rate of evolutionary change in the finch populations of a group of islands. It was determined that the average beak size (both length and mass) of finches in a certain population increased draterm-1matically during an intense drought between 1981 and 1987. During the drought, there was a reduction in the number of plants producing thin-walled seeds. The biologist discovered that from 1988 to 1993, the average beak size declined to pre-1981 levels. The reversal in beak size from 1988 to 1993 was most likely related to which of the following events? (A) A loss of food supply for the finches (B) The end of the drought (C) An increase in drought conditions (D) An increase in predators consuming finches
(B) The end of the drought
Protein Synthesis- The amount of expressed mRNA present in the eukaryotic cytoplasm may be influenced by all of the following EXCEPT: (A) the presence of a poly A tail (B) the average length of introns (C) the methylation of DNA (D) the presence of activator proteins (E) the acetylation of hisone proteins
(B) the average length of introns
Photosynthesis- The oxygen produced in the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis comes from (A) ATP (B) water (C) carbon dioxide (D) NADP+ (E) chlorophyll
(B) water
Ecology- The area covered by tropical rain forest is reduced by millions of hectares per year due to agriculture and logging. Which of the following best describes a likely result of tropical rain forest deforestation? (A) An increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide will lead to higher levels of ultraviolet radiation reaching the surface of Earth. (B) An increase of soil moisture will lead to a rapid increase in new vegetation coverage. (C) Populations of plants and animals will decrease as more rain forest disappears, leading to a decrease in biodiversity. (D) More oxygen will be available to other organisms as plant numbers decrease.
(C) Populations of plants and animals will decrease as more rain forest disappears, leading to a decrease in biodiversity.
Gene Regulation- Which of the following is a true statement regarding gene regulation in prokaryotes? (A) Nuclear DNA may be modified prior to transcription (B) RNA is modified in the nucleus before translation (C) Repressors may act to turn off operons in both inducible and repressible operons (D) Genes are likely "on" when histone proteins are methylated. (E) Genes are likely "on" when DNA is tightly condensed around histone proteins
(C) Repressors may act to turn off operons in both inducible and repressible operons
Development- In animals all of the following are associated with development EXCEPT: (A) migration of cells to specific areas (B) formation of germ layers (C) activation of all genes in each cell (D) inductive tissue interactions (E) cell division at relatively rapid rates
(C) activation of all genes in each cell
Mitosis- If chemical signals in the cytoplasm control the progression of a cell to the M phase of the cell cycle, then fusion of a cell in G1 with a cell in early M phase would most likely result in the (A) replication of chromosomes only in the G1 cell (B) exiting of both cells from the cell cycle and into the G0 phase (C) condensation of chromatin in preparation of nuclear division in both cells (D) transfer of organelles from the G1 cell to the cell in the M phase
(C) condensation of chromatin in preparation of nuclear division in both cells
Biotechnology- During the infection cycle for a typical retrovirus, such as HIV, which uses RNA as genetic material, the genetic variation in the resulting population of new virus particles is very high because of? (A) damage to the virus particle from envelope loss during infection (B) errors introduced in the DNA molecule through reverse transcription (C) errors in the protein molecules produced in translation (D) recombination of the genomes of free virus particles
(C) errors introduced in the DNA molecule through reverse transcription
Plants- The waxy cuticle found on the leaves of many higher plants functions to (A) transfer gases (B) remove excess water from the plant (C) protect the leaf from water loss (D) store chlorophyll and expose the pigment to the maximum amount of sunlight (E) serve as the site of the electron transport system
(C) protect the leaf from water loss
Meiosis- Which of the following statements is correct about aneuploidy, which means having an abnormal number of chromosomes? (A) Aneuploidy results form a genetic mutation. (B) It is a common occurrence for humans to exhibit aneuploidy. (C) One example of aneuploidy is cystic fibrosis. (D) Aneuploidy is caused by a failure of chromosomes to segregate correctly during meiosis.
(D) Aneuploidy is caused by a failure of chromosomes to segregate correctly during meiosis.
Endocrine System- A human kidney filters about 200 liters of blood each day. Approximately two liters of liquid and nutrient waste are excreted as urine. The remaining fluid and dissolved substances are reabsorbed and continue to circulate throughout the body. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is secreted in response to reduced plasma volume. ADH targets the collecting ducts in the kidney, stimulating the insertion of aquaporins into their plasma membranes and an increased reabsorption of water. If ADH secretion is inhibited, which of the following would initially result? (A) The number of aquaporins would increase in response to the inhibition of ADH. (B) The person would decrease oral water intake to compensate for the inhibition of ADH. (C) Blood filtration would increase to compensate for the lack of aquaporins. (D) The person would produce greater amounts of dilute urine.
(D) The person would produce greater amounts of dilute urine.
Transport- Assume a cell is permeable to water only. If the cell contains a 0.3 M solution of glucose and the environment contians a 0.1 M solution of glucose, which of the following statements would be true? (A) The cell will decrease in volume. (B) Glucose will enter the "cell." (C) Pinocytosis will occur. (D) There would be a net movement of water into the "cell." (E) There would be no net movement of water.
(D) There would be a net movement of water into the "cell."
Genetics- If traits X, Y, and Z are consistently inherited together, which of the following best explains why this is the case? (A) These 3 traits are all dominant. (B) The parents both carry the dominant form of each trait. (C) These 3 traits are located on different chromosomes (D) These 3 traits are located close to each other on the same chromosome. (E) These 3 traits are located far from each other on the same chromosome.
(D) These 3 traits are located close to each other on the same chromosome.
Cellular Respiration- Prior to entering the Krebs Cycle, each pyruvate molecule loses electrons, hydrogen ions, and a carbon, forming an energy-rich molecule of (A) NAD+ (B) NADH (C) FADH2 (D) acetyl-CoA (E) carbon dioxide
(D) acetyl-CoA (E) carbon dioxide
Photosynthesis- All of the following are characteristics of chloroplasts EXCEPT (A) located in mesophyll tissue of leaves (B) bound by a double membrane (C) contain chlorophyll molecules (D) found in the fluids that surround most plant cells (E) somewhat similar in size and structure to mitochondria
(D) found in the fluids that surround most plant cells
Photosynthesis- A major purpose of thylakoids that form the grana in chloroplasts is to (A) provide a fluid environment for the reactions in the light phase (B) control the amount of light that reaches the chlorophyll (C) convert chlorophyll a into various accessory pigments (D) provide increased membrane surface area for the reactions in the light phase (E) accumulate glucose molecules for distribution to other plant cells
(D) provide increased membrane surface area for the reactions in the light phase
Gene regulation- Which of the following best explains why a human kidney cell is different from a human pancreatic cell? (A) Pancreatic cells contain DNA that is different from kidney cells. (B) Pancreatic cells contain different RNA polymerases when compared to kidney cells. (C) Pancreatic cells contain additional chromosomes when compared to kidney cells. (D) Different ribosomes are active in pancreatic cells when compared to a kidney cell. (E) Different sets of genes are "on" in a pancreatic cell when compared to a kidney cell.
(E) Different sets of genes are "on" in a pancreatic cell when compared to a kidney cell.
Protein Synthesis- Which of the following statements regarding eukaryotic splicing is correct? I. Exons are excised before transcription. II. Introns are excised before translation. III. Introns are excised before leaving the nucleus. (A) I only (B) II only (C) III only (D) I and III only (E) II and III only
(E) II and III only
Cellular Respiration- All of the following provide evidence of an increased rate of cellular respiration EXCEPT (A) increase in the concentration of CO2 (B) decrease in the concentration of O2 (C) a low pH in the inner membrane space (D) increased activity of ATPsynthase (E) an increase in the concentration of lactic acid
(E) an increase in the concentration of lactic acid
Protein Synthesis- (a) Describe the role of THREE of the following in the regulation of protein synthesis: • RNA splicing • repressor proteins • methylation • siRNA
(a) RNA splicing • Exons spliced together. • Introns removed. • snRNPs/spliceosomes help remove introns. Repressor proteins • Inhibit transcription. • Inhibit translation. • Silence genes. • Inactivate gene expression. Methylation • DNA or histone methylation prevents transcription. • Protects against restriction enzymes. siRNA • Facilitates degradation of mRNA. • Inhibits translation.
Mutation- (b) Information flow can be altered by mutation. Describe THREE different types of mutations and their effect on protein synthesis
(b) Silent Nucleotide change. No change in amino acid/protein sequence. Missense/substitution Nucleotide change causes new codon. Different amino acid/protein sequence. Nonsense/substitution Nucleotide change causes stop codon. Protein not formed OR truncated protein. Frameshift (insertion/deletion) Nucleotide insertion/deletion alters reading frame after mutation. Changes amino acid/protein sequence OR nonfunctional protein OR no protein. Regulatory region Nucleotide insertion/deletion/substitution. Alters gene expression OR alters splice site. Translocation Chromosome segment moves to different site. Nondisjunction Chromosomes fail to separate. Duplication Chromosome segment doubles. Deletion Chromosome segment is removed. Inversion Chromosome segment is reversed. Transposition Chromosome segment moves to a different site Alters gene expression.
Plants- In a mesophyll of a leaf, the Synthesis of ATP occurs in which of the following? 1. term-83Ribosomes 2. Mitochondria 3. Chloroplasts
2 and 3 only
Nervous System- Which one of the following is the correct sequence of events that follows a threshold potential: 1. the membrane becomes depolarized 2. sodium channels open and sodium ions diffuse inward 3. the membrane becomes repolarized 4. potassium channels open and potassium ions diffuse outward while sodium is actively transported out of the cell A) 2,1,4,3 B) 3,2,4,1 C) 2,1,3,4 D) 4,1,3,2 E) 1,2,4,3
A) 2,1,4,3
Mutations- If a sequence that reads AACTGGACC is replicated and there is a point mutation, what will the replicated strand look like? A) TTAACCTGG B)TTGACCTGGG C)TT GACCTGG D) AACTGGACC E) TTUACCTGG
A) TTAACCTGG
Immune System- All of the following are part of our antigen specific defense mechanisms except: A) acute inflammation. B)lymphocytes. C) antibody production. D)macrophages.
A) acute inflammation
Nervous System Immediately after an action potential is propagated, which one of the following ions rapidly diffuses out of the cell into the tissue fluid: A) potassium B) calcium C) sodium D) chloride E) magnesium
A) potassium
Cells- What is the correct organelle sequence for the export of material out of a cell? A) rough ER --> smooth ER --> Golgi apparatus B) smooth ER --> rough ER --> Golgi apparatus C) rough ER --> Golgi apparatus --> smooth ER D) smooth ER --> Golgi apparatus --> rough ER E) Golgi apparatus --> rough ER --> smooth ER
A) rough ER --> smooth ER --> Golgi apparatus
Cells- When a cell is deprived of oxygen, its lysosomes tend to burst and release their contents into the cell. (This statement is true.) As a result of this, that cell would be expected to A) undergo self-digestion and die. B) recycle damaged organelles. C) produce additional ER. D) undergo cell division. E) produce replacement lysosomes.
A) undergo self-digestion and die.
Mitosis- If there are 20 chromatids in a cell at metaphase, how many chromosomes are there in each daughter cell following cytokinesis? A. 10 B. 20 C. 30 D. 40 E. 80
A. 10
Biochemistry- A cell is composed of thousands of molecules that range in size from very small to very large. Select the sequence of molecular size from the smallest to the largest. A. Carbon dioxide—phospholipid—DNA polymerase—ribosome B. Phospholipid—DNA polymerase—ribosome—carbon dioxide C. Phospholipid—carbon dioxide—ribosome—DNA polymerase D. Carbon dioxide—DNA polymerase—phospholipid—ribosome E. DNA polymerase—ribosome—carbon dioxide—phospholipid
A. Carbon dioxide—phospholipid—DNA polymerase—ribosome
Genetics- Duchenne's muscular dystrophy is inherited as a sex-linked recessive allele. From whom does a male with this disease inherit the defective allele? A. Only his mother B. Only his father C. The mother or the father, but not both D. Both the mother and the father E. It is impossible to determine with certainty using only the given information.
A. Only his mother
Mitosis- The phase of mitosis during which chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate from one another is A. prophase. B. anaphase. C. metaphase. D. telophase.
A. prophase
Cells- DNA is stored in the cell nucleus as: A Sister Chromatids B Chromosomes C Homologous Chromosomes D Tetrads
B Chromosomes
Gene regulation- The vertebrate forelimb initially develops in the embryo as a solid mass of tissue. As development progresses, the solid mass near the end of the forelimb is remodeled into individual digits. Which of the following best explains the role of apoptosis in remodeling of the forelimb? A) Apoptosis replaces old cells with new ones that are less likely to contain mutations. B) Apoptosis involves the regulated activation of proteins in specific cells of the developing forelimb that leads to the death of those cells. C) Apoptosis involves the destruction of extra cells in the developing forelimb, which provides nutrients for phagocytic cells. D) Apoptosis in the developing forelimb triggers the differentiation of cells whose fate was not already determined.
B) Apoptosis involves the regulated activation of proteins in specific cells of the developing forelimb that leads to the death of those cells.
Immune System Your body has millions of different antibodies for detecting millions of different antigens because A) you have millions of different antibody genes B) antibody genes undergo somatic rearrangement and somatic mutation C) antibody genes undergo antigen shifting D) all of the above
B) antibody genes undergo somatic rearrangement and somatic mutation
Biotechnology- A colony of termites was exposed to an atmosphere of 100% oxygen for three days. The insects were not immediately harmed by the treatment, but the Protozoa that lived in the termites' guts were eliminated. The treated termites continued to behave normally and to eat wood, but they began to starve after a short time. When the termites were instead fed wood contaminated with the feces of untreated termites, the treated termites regained the ability to digest wood and no longer starved. The best analysis of the results of the experiment is that A)infection with Protozoa causes the termites to switch to fermentation B) cooperative interactions between the termites and the Protozoa allow termites to extract energy from wood to survive C) the termite immune system eliminates Protozoa from the gut D) termites digests Protozoa as their main source of energy.
B) cooperative interactions between the termites and the Protozoa allow termites to extract energy from wood to survive
Genetics- In a small group of people living in a remote area, there is a high incidence of "blue skin", a condition that results from a variation in the structure of hemoglobin. All of the "blue-skinned" residents can trace their ancestry to one couple, who were among the original settlers of this region. The unusually high frequency of "blue skin" in the area is an example of A) mutation B) genetic drift C) natural selection D) sexual selection E) hétérozygote advantage
B) genetic drift
Endocrine System- If your adrenal cortex was producing high levels of aldosterone, it would cause your urine to have A) high Na+ and low K+ concentrations B) low Na+ and high K+ concentrations C) high Na+ and high K+ concentrations D) low Na+ and low K+ concentrations E) none of the above - aldosterone would not affect the urine
B) low Na+ and high K+ concentrations
Immune System- Which cell is correctly matched with its secretion or function? A) T-lymphocyte -- IL-1 B) mast cells -- histamine C) macrophage -- IgA D) eosinophil -- clotting
B) mast cells -- histamine
Genetics- Hemophilia is inherited as a sex-linked recessive trait. If a woman whose father has hemophilia marries a man without hemophilia, what is the probability that their child will be a boy with hemophilia. A. 0% B. 25% C. 50% D. 75% E. 100%
B. 25%
Meiosis- A human cell containing 44 autosomes and two X chromosomes is... a. a somatic cell of a male b. a zygote c. a somatic cell of a female d. a sperm cell e. an ovum
B. A zygote
Plants- Which of the following is MOST responsible for the movement of water up a tall tree? A. Adhesion B. Capillary action C. Guttation D. Osmosis E. Sunlight
B. Capillary action
Meiosis- Which 2 cells would be more genetically similar to each other? a. two gametes produced by the same person b. two somatic cells produced by the same person c. two eggs produced by the same woman d. two sperm produced by the same man
B. Two somatic cells produced by the same person
Ecology- In the nitrogen cycle, the transformation of gaseous nitrogen into nitrogen-containing compounds is performed primarily by A. fungi B. bacteria C. greenplants D. herbivores E. carnivores
B. bacteria
Ecology- Clown fish hide among the tentacles of sea anemones. Unlike their predators, clown fish are immune to the stinging tentacles. Thus, clown fish are protected within the sea anemones. The sea anemones are neither helped nor harmed by the presence of the clown fish. The relationship between the clown fish and the sea anemone is a example of A. competition B. commensalism C. mutualism D. parasitism E. predation
B. commensalism
Photosynthesis- During photosynthesis A. light reactions produce sugar, while the Calvin cycle produces O2. B. light reactions produce NADPH and ATP, while the Calvin cycle produces sugar. C. light reactions photophosphorylate ADP, while the Calvin cycle produces ATP. D. the Calvin cycle produces both sugar and O2.
B. light reactions produce NADPH and ATP, while the Calvin cycle produces sugar.
Nervous System- For every 3 Na+ that leave the Sodium-Potassium pump, how many K+ enter? A) 3 B) 4 C) 2 D) 6 E) none
C) 2
Nervous System- The resting potential indicates that the inside of the neuron is ________ compared to the outside. A) under ionic pressure B) positive C) negative D) inactive
C) negative
DNA replication- The actual synthesis of DNA in E. coli is the function of A) polymerase I B) primase C) polymerase III D) DNA ligase
C) polymerase III
Photosynthesis- Red algae can grow at greater ocean depths than most other algae can because red algae are A) specialized for absorbing red wavelengths of light for photosynthesis B) specialized for absorbing ultraviolet wavelengths of light for photosynthesis c) specialized for absorbing blue wavelengths of light for photosynthesis D) unable to see chlorophyll for photosynthesis E) adapted for chemosynthesis, rather than photosynthesis
C) specialized for absorbing blue wavelengths of light for photosynthesis
Nervous System- Which of the following is the correct sequence in a typical reflex arc: A) receptor, afferent neuron, efferent neuron, integration center, effector B) effector, efferent neuron, integration center, afferent neuron, receptor C) receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector D) effector, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, receptor E) receptor, efferent neuron, integration center, afferent neuron, effector
C)receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector
Mitosis- Starting with a fertilized egg (zygote), a series of five cell divisions would produce an early embryo with how many cells? Discuss A. 4 B. 8 C. 16 D. 21 E. 64
C. 16
Biotechnology- What is the relationship between the migration distance and DNA fragment size in a gel electrophoresis? A. Migration distance in independent of DNA fragment size. B. Longer DNA fragments travel a greater distance than shorter fragments. C. Migration distance is inversely proportional to the fragment size. D. Migration distance is directly proportional to the fragment size. E. The heavier the fragment size, the greater the migration distance.
C. Migration distance is inversely proportional to the fragment size.
Transport- A substance that moves across a cell membrane without using the cell's energy tends to move A. away from the area of equilibrium. B. away from the area where it is less concentrated. C. away from the area where it is more concentrated. D. toward the area where it is more concentrated.
C. away from the area where it is more concentrated.
Ecology- A young gosling follows its mother soon after birth. If a human raises the gosling from birth, the young gosling follows a human. If no animate object is nearby at birth, the gosling fails to follow its mother or a human if either are introduced several days after birth. This behavior can best be described as A. insight B. associative learning C. imprinting D. fixed action pattern E. trial-and-error learning
C. imprinting
Development- Identify the developmental origin of all of the following tissues in vertebrates: • central nervous system • digestive system • muscle
Central nervous system- • Ectoderm / outer germ layer Digestive system- • Endoderm / inner germ layer (lining) • Mesoderm / middle germ layer (other layers of digestive tract) Muscle- • Mesoderm / middle germ layer
DNA Replication- By convention, the sequence of bases in a nucleic acid is usually expressed in the _________ direction. A) 3' to 1' B) 3' to 5' C) 1' to 3' D) 5' to 3' E) clockwise
D) 5' to 3'
Biochemistry- Which of these is an example of a hydrolysis reaction? A) amino acid + amino acid > dipeptide + H2O B) denaturation of a polypeptide C) Dipeptide + H2O > amino Acid + Amino Acid D) Both B & D are correct
D) Both B & D are correct -denaturation of a polypeptide and -Dipeptide + H2O > amino Acid + Amino Acid are both hydrolysis reactions
Immune System- A person with anti-A and anti-B antibodies in their blood has what blood type? A) type A B) type B C) type AB D) type O
D) type O
DNA replication- The genome of a typical bacterium contains about 5 x 106 base pairs and can be replicated in about 30 minutes. The human genome is 600X larger (3 x 109 base pairs) and at the rate of a bacterium would require 300 hours (~12 days) to be replicated; yet the entire human genome can be replicated with several hours. How is this possible? A. Eukaryotic DNA is simpler to replicate than prokaryotic DNA. B. Human DNA polymerases work much faster than those of prokaryotes. C. The nucleosomes of eukaryotic DNA allow for faster DNA replication. D. Human DNA contains more origins of replication than prokaryotic DNA.
D. Human DNA contains more origins of replication than prokaryotic DNA.
Endocrine system- The endocrine system: A) Releases chemicals into the bloodstream for distribution throughout the body B) Releases hormones that can alter the metabolic activities of many different tissues and organs C) Produces effects that can last for hours, days, or even longer D) Can alter the gene activity of cells E) All of the above
E) All of the above
Endocrine System- Type I diabetes mellitus is caused by a deficiency of A) exercise B) glucagon C) glucose D) glycogen E) insulin
E) insulin
Protein Synthesis- A transcription of the DNA sequence CCCGGAATT with a substitution mutation on the final T to a G would produce which of the following sequences in mRNA? A. CCCGGAATT B. GGGCCTTAA C. AAATTCCGG D. UUUAACCAA E. GGGCCUUAC
E. GGGCCUUAC
Evolution- A severe storm forms a new rive that divides a population of mice. After 500 years, a drought causes the rive to dry up, allowing the two populations of mice to mix. Mating between mice from the two populations does not yield any offspring. This is an example of A. hybridization B. adaptive radiation C. balanced polymorphism D. sympatric speciation E. allopatric speciation
E. allopatric speciation
Cells- Living cells are highly organized and regulated. Describe the structure of the plasma membrane.
Plasma membranes are composed of a lipid bilayer. Phospholipids are amphipathic; the phosphate head faces the interior and exterior of the cell, and the non-polar tail forms a hydrophobic barrier that keeps out ions and large polar molecules.
Cellular Respiration- Chloroplasts and Mitochondria both utilize the process of chemiosmosis. Compare and contrast the process of chemiosmosis as it occurs in a chloroplast and a mitochondrion by describing 3 similarities and 3 differences between the two.
SIMILARITIES (1 point per correct statement) Both utilze.... -membrane structures that increase surface area for chemiosmosis (cristae & thylakoid or grana: stacks of thylakoids) -Both use protein carriers (proton pumps) to increase H+ in a membrane bound compartment --Both use energized electrons to power the proton pumps -Both use ATP synthase for the synthesis of ATP DIFFERENCES (must describe both the mitochondrion and chloroplast to earn a point) Mitochondria O2 is a reactant and H2O is a product NAD+ /NADH & FAD/FADH2 = electron carriers Removal of excess electrons is key Electrons arrive "energized" from the breakdown of glucose Photosystems not present OR Chlorophyll not present Chloroplasts H2O is a reactant and O2 is a product NADP+/NADPH = electron carrier Replacing lost electrons is key Electrons must be energized by light Photosystems are present OR Chlorophyll present
Biochemistry- For a reaction with a free energy change ΔG = +0.7 kcal/mole, which of the following statements is true? a. the reaction is exergonic b. the reaction could never take place c. the reaction is endergonic d. the reaction has reached equilibrium
The reaction is exergonic
Cellular Respiration- The absence of O2 is problematic to the process of cellular respiration. Describe how a muscle cell may attempt to compensate during strenuous exercise. (4 pt maximum)
__glycolysis may continue __glycolysis will still net 2 ATP __NADH is unable to become oxidized (or lose electrons) at the ETC __NAD+ must be regenerated __NADH oxidized through an alternate pathway resulting in lactic acid formation __ much of the energy remains in lactic acid __oxygen debt explanation OR idea that lactic acid will eventually feed back into cellular respiration OR similar
Biochemistry- If an enzyme is saturated with substrate, the best way to obtain an even faster yield of products would be to (a) add more of the enzyme (b) heat the solution to 90°C (c) add more substrate (d) add a non-competitive inhibitor
a) add more of the enzyme
DNA replication- Cytosine makes up 38% of the nucleotides in a sample of DNA from an organism. Approximately what percentage of the nucleotides in this sample will be thymine? a. 12 b. 24 c. 31 d. 38 e. It cannot be determined from the information provided.
a. 12
Gene Regulation- Eukaryotic cells can control gene expression by which of the following mechanisms? a. histone acetylation of nucleosomes b. DNA acetylation c. RNA induced modification of chromatin structure d. repression of operons e. induction of operators in the promoter
a. histone acetylation of nucleosomes
DNA replication- The leading and the lagging strands differ in that a. the leading strand is synthesized in the same direction as the movement of the replication fork, and the lagging strand is synthesized in the opposite direction. b. the leading strand is synthesized by adding nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing strand, and the lagging strand is synthesized by adding nucleotides to the 5' end. c. the lagging strand is synthesized continuously, whereas the leading strand is synthesized in short fragments that are ultimately stitched together. d. the leading strand is synthesized at twice the rate of the lagging strand.
a. the leading strand is synthesized in the same direction as the movement of the replication fork, and the lagging strand is synthesized in the opposite direction.
Gene regulation- In both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, gene expression is primarily regulated at the level of a. transcription. b. translation. c. mRNA stability. d. mRNA splicing. e. protein stability.
a. transcription
Meiosis- At which stage of meiosis do chromatids separate and become daughter chromosomes? a. metaphase I b. anaphase I c. metaphase II d. anaphase II e. telophase II
b. Anaphase 1
Mutations- Which point mutation would be most likely to have a catastrophic effect on the functioning of a protein? a. a base substitution b. a base deletion near the start of a gene c. a base deletion near the end of the coding sequence, but not in the terminator codon d. deletion of three bases near the start of the coding sequence, but not in the initiator codon e. a base insertion near the end of the coding sequence, but not in the terminator codon
b. a base deletion near the start of a gene
Meiosis- Metaphase of meiosis I and meiosis II differ in that... a. chromosomes line up at the equator b. homologues line up in meiosis I & duplicated chromosomes line up in meiosis II c. sister chromatids line up in meiosis I and chromosomes line up in meiosis II d. there are the same number of chromosomes
b. homologues line up in meiosis I & duplicated chromosomes line up in meiosis II
Biotechnology- Which of the following is characteristic of the lytic cycle? a. Many bacterial cells containing viral DNA are produced. b. Viral DNA is incorporated into the host genome. c. A large number of phages is released at a time. d. The virus-host relationship usually lasts for generations.
c. A large number of phages is released at a time.
Mutations- A particular triplet of bases in the coding sequence of DNA is AAA. The anticodon on the tRNA that binds the mRNA codon if there was a substitution mutation of the second A to a G would be a. TCT. b. TTT. c. UUU. d. UGU.
d. UGU.
Cells- A cell has mitochondria, ribosomes, smooth and rough ER, and other parts. Based on this information, it could not be a. a cell from a pine tree. b. a grasshopper cell. c. a yeast (fungus) cell. d. a bacterium. e. Actually, it could be any of the above.
d. a bacterium.
Evolution- The amino acid sequence of cytochrome c is exactly the same in humans and chimpanzees. There is a difference of 13 amino acids between the cytochrome c of humans and dogs, and a difference of 20 amino acids between the cytochrome c of humans and rattle snakes. Which of the following is best supported by these data? a. Rattlesnakes apparently gave rise evolutionarily to the dog, chimpanzee, and human. b. Cytochrome c apparently has an entirely different function in rattlesnakes than in mammals, which explains the difference in the number of amino acids. c. Cytochrome c is not found universally in animals. d. Cytochrome c from a rattlesnake could function in a dog, but not in a chimpanzee. e. The human is apparently more closely related to the chimpanzee than to the dog or rattlesnake.
e. The human is apparently more closely related to the chimpanzee than to the dog or rattlesnake
Mutations- A frameshift mutation could result from a. a base insertion only. b. a base deletion only. c. a base substitution only. d. deletion of three consecutive bases. e. either an insertion or a deletion of a base.
e. either an insertion or a deletion of a base.
