AP BIO Tri 2 exam
Probability that the genotype ccdd will be produced by the parents CcDd x CcDd
1/16
Probability that the genotype Aa will be produced by the parents Aa x Aa
1/2
Probability that the genotype Rr will be produced by the parents Rr x rr
1/2
Probability that the genotype TTSs will be produced by the parents TTSs x TtSS
1/4
Achondroplastic dwarfism is a dominant genetic trait that causes severe malformation of the skeleton. Homozygotes for this condition are spontaneously aborted (hence, the homozygous condition is lethal) but heterozygotes will develop to be dwarfed. Matthew has a family history of the condition, although he does not express the trait. Jane is an achondroplastic dwarf. Matthew and Jane are planning a family of several children and want to know the chances of producing a child with achondroplastic dwarfism. If three children are born to Matthew and Jane, what are the chances that the first two children will not express the trait but that the third child will be an achondroplastic dwarf?
1/8
In sheep, eye color is controlled by a single gene with two alleles. When a homozygous brown-eyed sheep is crossed with a homozygous green-eyed sheep, blue-eyed offspring are produced. If the blue-eyed sheep are mated with each other, what percent of their offspring will most likely have brown eyes?
25%
The following questions refer to the following DNA strand and table of codons. The mRNA transcribed from the DNA would read
5' AUC AAG UUU GGC GCA UUG UAA 3'
Achondroplastic dwarfism is a dominant genetic trait that causes severe malformation of the skeleton. Homozygotes for this condition are spontaneously aborted (hence, the homozygous condition is lethal) but heterozygotes will develop to be dwarfed. Matthew has a family history of the condition, although he does not express the trait. Jane is an achondroplastic dwarf. Matthew and Jane are planning a family of several children and want to know the chances of producing a child with achondroplastic dwarfism.
50%
One of the affected males from the third generation has a child with a female who is a carrier. For the pedigree shown above, which of the following best expresses the probability that the couple's first son will be affected with the disorder?
50%
The diagram above shows a developing worm embryo at the four-cell stage. Experiments have shown that when cell 3 divides, the anterior daughter cell gives rise to muscle and gonads and the posterior daughter cell gives rise to the intestine. However, if the cells of the embryo are separated from one another early during the four-cell stage, no intestine will form. Other experiments have shown that if cell 3 and cell 4 are recombined after the initial separation, the posterior daughter cell of cell 3 will once again give rise to normal intestine. Which of the following is the most plausible explanation for these findings?
A cell surface protein on cell 4 signals cell 3 to induce formation of the worm's intestine.
Cancer can result from a variety of different mutational events. Which of the following is LEAST likely to result in the initiation of a cancerous tumor?
A defect in a cell-cycle checkpoint prevents a cell from entering the S phase.
Damaged tissue releases chemicals that activate platelets and stimulate the formation of blood clots. Which of the following predictions about the activity of platelets best describes a positive feedback mechanism?
Activated platelets release chemicals that activate more platelets.
In the pedigree above, circles represent females, squares represent males, and shaded figures represent individuals expressing a specific trait. The expression of this trait is most likely due to which of the following?
Autosomal recessive inheritance
Which of the following best represents two different signaling pathways that share a second messenger?
C
In dogs, one pair of alleles determines coat color (dark and albino). Another pair of alleles determines hair length (short and long). Thus, each gamete will contain one of the coat-color alleles, C or c and one of the hair-length alleles, B or b. In repeated crosses of a specific dark, short-haired dog with an albino, long-haired dog, all the offspring were dark with short hair, as shown in cross I. However, in subsequent crosses of another dark, short-haired dog with a dark, long-haired dog, the ratios shown in cross II below were obtained.
CCBB
In dogs, one pair of alleles determines coat color (dark and albino). Another pair of alleles determines hair length (short and long). Thus, each gamete will contain one of the coat-color alleles, C or c and one of the hair-length alleles, B or b. In repeated crosses of a specific dark, short-haired dog with an albino, long-haired dog, all the offspring were dark with short hair, as shown in cross I. However, in subsequent crosses of another dark, short-haired dog with a dark, long-haired dog, the ratios shown in cross II below were obtained.
CcBb
The following questions refer to the following DNA strand and table of codons. In which of the following would there NOT be a change in the amino acid sequence of the peptide coded for by this DNA?
Changing 3' AAA 5' to read 3' AAG 5'
Figure 1 shows the number of chromosomes observed in an actively dividing human cell at each stage of cell division. Figure 1. Number of chromosomes in a human cell at different stages of cell division Which of the following presents a correct interpretation of the changes in chromosome number depicted in Figure 1 ?
Chromosomes enter metaphase containing two chromatids attached by a centromere. During anaphase, the chromatids are separated, each becoming a chromosome. Cytokinesis distributes the chromosomes into two separate cells.
When DNA replicates, each strand of the original DNA molecule is used as a template for the synthesis of a second, complementary strand. Which of the following figures most accurately illustrates enzyme-mediated synthesis of new DNA at a replication fork?
D
Enzyme used during replication to attach Okazaki fragments to each other
DNA ligase
Enzyme used to position nucleotides during DNA replication
DNA polymerase
Which of the following is most likely to create genetic variation in a population?
DNA polymerase errors during replication
Which of the following correctly explains where
DNADNA replication will be initiated immediately to the left of the RNARNA, since DNADNA polymerase requires an RNARNA primer.
Which of the following best describes the role of mitosis in the cell cycle?
Distributing replicated chromosomes to daughter nuclei
Insulin, a hormone secreted by pancreatic cells, stimulates glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells by mobilizing glucose transporter proteins (GLUT4) to the plasma membrane. As depicted in Figure 1, binding of insulin to the insulin receptor triggers an intracellular signaling cascade in which certain molecules activate other molecules in a relay of the hormone signal to cell targets. One outcome of the signaling cascade is mobilization of GLUT4 from vesicle storage sites in the cytoplasm to sites at the cell surface, where GLUT4 allows glucose to enter the cell. In type 2 diabetes, the cellular response to insulin is disrupted, and individuals with type 2 diabetes cannot properly regulate their blood glucose levels. In an investigation of the insulin signaling pathway, samples of skeletal muscle were isolated from individuals who have type 2 diabetes and from individuals who do not. The results of several experiments that were performed on the muscle samples are shown in Figure 2, Figure 3, and Figure 4. Based on the experimental results, which of the following describes the most likely defect in muscle cells of patients with type 2 diabetes?
IRS-1 activation is reduced at high insulin concentrations.
In a transformation experiment, a sample of E. coli bacteria was mixed with a plasmid containing the gene for resistance to the antibiotic ampicillin (ampr). Plasmid was not added to a second sample. Samples were plated on nutrient agar plates, some of which were supplemented with the antibiotic ampicillin. The results of E. coli growth are summarized below. The shaded area represents extensive growth of bacteria; dots represent individual colonies of bacteria. Plates that have only ampicillin-resistant bacteria growing include which of the following?
IV only
The epinephrine signaling pathway plays a role in regulating glucose homeostasis in muscle cells. The signaling pathway is activated by the binding of epinephrine to the beta-2 adrenergic receptor. A simplified model of the epinephrine signaling pathway is represented in Figure 1. Figure 1. A simplified model of the epinephrine signaling pathway in muscle cells Based on Figure 1, which of the following statements best describes the epinephrine signaling pathway?
In involves enzymes activating other enzymes.
Researchers performed an experiment to determine the effect of certain genetic mutations on mitosis in tropical fruit fly embryos. They determined the percentage of cells in each of four phases of mitosis as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. Percent of cells in phases of mitosis Which of the following patterns is shown by the data?
In mutant 3 cells, more time is spent in prophase/prometaphase than in the later stages of mitosis.
The Trp operon is a coordinately regulated group of genes (trpA-trpE) that are required for tryptophan biosynthesis in E. coli. Based on the figure above, which of the following correctly describes the regulation of the Trp operon?
In the presence of tryptophan, the repressor is active and binds to the Trp operator, preventing RNA polymerase from transcribing the operon.
Australian dragon lizards have a ZWZW sex-determination system. The male genotype is homogametic (ZZZZ), and the female genotype is heterogametic (ZWZW). However, all eggs incubated at temperatures above 32°C32°C tend to develop into females. Which of the following best explains how the development of phenotypic female Australian dragon lizards with a ZZZZ genotype occurs when incubation temperatures are above 32°C32°C?
Incubation temperatures above 32°C32°C inhibit the genes on the ZZ chromosome that produce proteins necessary for male development.
A model that represents a process occurring in a cell of a particular organism is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. Process occurring in a cell Which of the following correctly explains the process shown in Figure 1 ?
Initiation of transcription is occurring because a strand of RNARNA is being produced from a DNADNA template strand.
The epinephrine signaling pathway plays a role in regulating glucose homeostasis in muscle cells. The signaling pathway is activated by the binding of epinephrine to the beta-2 adrenergic receptor. A simplified model of the epinephrine signaling pathway is represented in Figure 1. Figure 1. A simplified model of the epinephrine signaling pathway in muscle cells Which of the following statements best describes the role of adenylyl cyclase in the epinephrine signaling pathway?
It accelerates the production of a second messenger.
In a certain signal transduction pathway, the binding of an extracellular molecule to a cell-surface protein results in a rapid increase in the concentration of cyclic AMPAMP inside the cell. The cyclic AMPAMP binds to and activates cytosolic enzymes that then activate other enzymes in the cell. Which of the following statements best describes the role of cyclic AMPAMP in the signal transduction pathwa
It acts as a second messenger that helps relay and amplify the signal within the cell.
In dogs, one pair of alleles determines coat color (dark and albino). Another pair of alleles determines hair length (short and long). Thus, each gamete will contain one of the coat-color alleles, C or c and one of the hair-length alleles, B or b. In repeated crosses of a specific dark, short-haired dog with an albino, long-haired dog, all the offspring were dark with short hair, as shown in cross I. However, in subsequent crosses of another dark, short-haired dog with a dark, long-haired dog, the ratios shown in cross II below were obtained.
It is dominant.
Achondroplastic dwarfism is a dominant genetic trait that causes severe malformation of the skeleton. Homozygotes for this condition are spontaneously aborted (hence, the homozygous condition is lethal) but heterozygotes will develop to be dwarfed. Matthew has a family history of the condition, although he does not express the trait. Jane is an achondroplastic dwarf. Matthew and Jane are planning a family of several children and want to know the chances of producing a child with achondroplastic dwarfism.
MatthewJaneaaAa
Both mitosis and meiosis begin with a parent cell that is diploid. Which of the following best describes how mitosis and meiosis result in daughter cells with different numbers of chromosomes?
Mitosis produces two identical diploid daughter cells after one round of division. Meiosis produces four haploid daughter cells after two rounds of division.
Gregor Mendel's pioneering genetic experiments with pea plants occurred before the discovery of the structure and function of chromosomes. Which of the following observations about inheritance in pea plants could be explained only after the discovery that genes may be linked on a chromosome?
Most offspring of a given cross have a combination of traits that is identical to that of either one parent or the other.
In a transformation experiment, a sample of E. coli bacteria was mixed with a plasmid containing the gene for resistance to the antibiotic ampicillin (ampr). Plasmid was not added to a second sample. Samples were plated on nutrient agar plates, some of which were supplemented with the antibiotic ampicillin. The results of E. coli growth are summarized below. The shaded area represents extensive growth of bacteria; dots represent individual colonies of bacteria. Which of the following statements best explains why there are fewer colonies on plate IV than on plate III?
Not all E. coli cells are successfully transformed.
The epinephrine signaling pathway plays a role in regulating glucose homeostasis in muscle cells. The signaling pathway is activated by the binding of epinephrine to the beta-2 adrenergic receptor. A simplified model of the epinephrine signaling pathway is represented in Figure 1. Figure 1. A simplified model of the epinephrine signaling pathway in muscle cells Cyclic AMPAMP phosphodiesterase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of cyclic AMPAMP to a different molecule. Which of the following best predicts the effect of inhibiting cyclic AMPAMP phosphodiesterase in a muscle cell stimulated by epinephrine?
Phosphorylase kinase will remain active because protein kinase A will no longer be deactivated.
Which of the following statements best explains the structure and importance of plasmids to prokaryotes?
Plasmids are circular, double-stranded DNADNA molecules that provide genes that may aid in survival of the prokaryotic cell.
Enzyme used in the synthesis of mRNA
RNA polymerase
Enzyme found in retroviruses that produce DNA from an RNA template
Reverse transcriptase
For following group of questions first study the description of the situation or data and then choose the one best answer to each question following it and fill in the corresponding oval on the answer sheet. The diagram below illustrates the results of electrophoresis of DNA sequences obtained from a family of two adults and three children, and amplified using PCR. The bands represent short repeating sequences of variable length. Results for another female (X) are included for comparison. Which of the following is the best explanation for the fragment pattern for individual X ?
She is the mother's child from another marriage.
Cell communication is critical for the function of both unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes. Which of the following is likely true of cell signaling?
Similar cell signaling pathways in diverse eukaryotes are evidence of conserved evolutionary processes.
Erwin Chargaff investigated the nucleotide composition of DNADNA. He analyzed DNADNA from various organisms and measured the relative amounts of adenine (AA), guanine (GG), cytosine (CC), and thymine (TT) present in the DNADNA of each organism. Table 1 contains a selected data set of his results. Table 1. Nucleotide composition of sample DNADNA from selected organisms Which of the following statements best explains the data set?
Since the %A%A and the %T%T are approximately the same in each sample, adenine and thymine molecules must pair up in a double-stranded DNADNA molecule.
The data above represent the results of three different crosses involving the inheritance of a gene that determines whether a certain organism is blue or white. Which of the following best explains the mechanism of inheritance of the gene?
The allele for blue is an X-linked dominant allele because there are no blue male offspring in cross 2.
The relative amount of DNADNA in a cell at various stages of the cell cycle is shown in Figure 1 . Figure 1. Amount of DNADNA per cell during different stages of the cell cycle, relative to the beginning of the G1G1 stage Which of the following best describes how the amount of DNADNA in the cell changes during MM phase?
The amount of DNADNA is halved as the cell divides into two daughter cells.
The students choose a significance level of p=0.01p=0.01. Which of the following statements best completes the next step of the chi-square goodness-of-fit test?
The calculated chi-square value is 10.48, and the critical value is 11.35.
Based on the model of eukaryotic cell cycle regulation shown in the figure, which of the following best describes the effect of a drug that blocks the production of the mitotic cyclin?
The cell would be prevented from entering mitosis, and the cell would stop dividing.
Cancer cells behave differently than normal body cells. For example, they ignore signals that tell them to stop dividing. Which of the following conditions will most likely cause a normal body cell to become a cancer cell?
The environment contains mutagens that induce mutations that affect cell-cycle regulator proteins.
Antibiotics can be used to kill the specific pathogenic bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, that causes tuberculosis. The appearance of antibiotic-resistant strains has made it more difficult to cure M. tuberculosis infections. These antibiotic-resistant bacteria survive and pass on the genes to their offspring, making the resistant phenotype more common in the population. DNADNA analysis indicates that the genes for antibiotic resistance are not normally present in bacterial chromosomal DNADNA. Which of the following statements best explains how the genes for antibiotic resistance can be transmitted between bacteria without the exchange of bacterial chromosomal DNADNA?
The genes for antibiotic resistance are located on a plasmid that can be passed to neighboring bacteria.
Which of the following statements best describes how a growth factor stimulates cell division from outside a cell?
The growth factor binds to receptors on the cell surface, initiating a signal transduction pathway that activates specific target genes.
In a transformation experiment, a sample of E. coli bacteria was mixed with a plasmid containing the gene for resistance to the antibiotic ampicillin (ampr). Plasmid was not added to a second sample. Samples were plated on nutrient agar plates, some of which were supplemented with the antibiotic ampicillin. The results of E. coli growth are summarized below. The shaded area represents extensive growth of bacteria; dots represent individual colonies of bacteria. Which of the following best explains why there is no growth on plate II?
The initial E. coli culture was not ampicillin-resistant.
The epinephrine signaling pathway plays a role in regulating glucose homeostasis in muscle cells. The signaling pathway is activated by the binding of epinephrine to the beta-2 adrenergic receptor. A simplified model of the epinephrine signaling pathway is represented in Figure 1. Figure 1. A simplified model of the epinephrine signaling pathway in muscle cells Which of the following outcomes will most likely result from the irreversible binding of GDPGDP to the G protein?
The intracellular concentration of glycogen will increase.
A gene that influences coat color in domestic cats is located on the XX chromosome. A female cat that is heterozygous for the gene (XBXOXBXO) has a calico-colored coat. In a genetics experiment, researchers mate a calico-colored female cat (XBXOXBXO) with an orange-colored male cat (XOYXOY) to produce an F1F1 generation. The researchers record observations for the cats in the F1F1 generation and plan to use the data to perform a chi-square goodness-of-fit test for a model of XX-linked inheritance. The data for the chi-square goodness-of-fit test are presented in Table 1. The researchers calculate a chi-square value of 4.6 and choose a significance level of p=0.05p=0.05. Which of the following statements best completes the chi-square goodness-of-fit test?
The null hypothesis cannot be rejected because the chi-square value is less than the critical value.
The following the DNA sequence is a small part of the coding (nontemplate) strand from the open reading frame of β-hemoglobin gene. Given the codon chart listed below, what would be the effect of a mutation that deletes the G at the beginning of the DNA sequence? 5'- GTT TGT CTG TGG TAC CAC GTG GAC TGA - 3'
The reading frame of the sequence would shift, causing a change in the amino acid sequence after that point.
In the first cross, a female with wild-type wings and eyes is mated with a male with vestigial wings and cinnabar eyes. All the F1 individuals have wild-type wings and eyes. In the second cross, female F1 flies are mated with males with vestigial wings and cinnabar eyes. The phenotypes of 500 F2 individuals are shown in the table Which of the following is the most likely explanation of the results?
The two genes are linked on an autosome.
Researchers studying cell cycle regulation in budding yeast have observed that a mutation in the CDC15 gene causes cell cycle arrest in telophase when the yeast cells are incubated at an elevated temperature. Which of the following statements best predicts the effect of the cell cycle arrest on proliferating yeast cells?
The yeast cells will replicate their chromosomes but will fail to complete cytokinesis.
A genetic counselor is consulted by a young man who is worried about developing Huntington's disease, an inherited disorder caused by a dominant allele of a single gene. The young man explains that his cousin was recently diagnosed with Huntington's disease, and the news has caused him to consider his own risk of developing the disorder. Which of the following questions will best help the genetic counselor to evaluate the risk of the young man developing Huntington's disease and transmitting it to his children?
Were your parents or grandparents ever diagnosed with Huntington's disease?
Figure 1 represents a metabolic process involving the regulation of lactose metabolism by E. coli bacteria. Lactose is utilized for energy by E. coli when glucose is not present. Allolactose is an isomer of lactose that is in the environment of these bacteria when lactose is present. The CAPCAP site prevents the binding of RNARNA polymerase when glucose is present in the environment. The lacZlacZ, lacYlacY, and lacAlacA genes code for proteins needed for lactose metabolism. Figure 1. Model of lac operon, comparing repressed and active states Which is a scientific claim that is consistent with the information provided and Figure 1 ?
When bound to the operator, the repressor protein prevents lactose metabolism in E. coli.
In a transformation experiment, a sample of E. coli bacteria was mixed with a plasmid containing the gene for resistance to the antibiotic ampicillin (ampr). Plasmid was not added to a second sample. Samples were plated on nutrient agar plates, some of which were supplemented with the antibiotic ampicillin. The results of E. coli growth are summarized below. The shaded area represents extensive growth of bacteria; dots represent individual colonies of bacteria. Plates I and III were included in the experimental design in order to
demonstrate that the E. coli cultures were viable
DNA replication occurs
during the S phase of the cell cycle
For following group of questions first study the description of the situation or data and then choose the one best answer to each question following it and fill in the corresponding oval on the answer sheet. The diagram below illustrates the results of electrophoresis of DNA sequences obtained from a family of two adults and three children, and amplified using PCR. The bands represent short repeating sequences of variable length. Results for another female (X) are included for comparison. The banding patterns of the DNA fragments reveal that
the mother cannot be the biological parent of all three children