AP Biology Chapter 38: The Plant Body

___________ cells, like parenchyma cells, have living chloroplasts and may live for many years. They provide support for plant organs, allowing them to bend without breaking.

Collenchyma

______ tissue includes epidermal cells, guard cells, trichomes, and root hairs.

Dermal

_________ cells, which originate from the protoderm, cover all parts of the primary plant body.

Epidermal

______ are long, slender cells that are usually grouped together in strands and serves to strengthen the tissues in which they occur.

Fibers

______ tissue consists primarily of thin-walled parenchyma cells that are initially (but briefly) more or less spherical.

Ground

__________ cells, which have large vacuoles, thin walls, and an average of 14 sides at maturity, are the common type of plant cell. They are the most abundant cells of primary tissues.

Parenchyma

______, which is located toward the outer parts of roots and stems, is the principal food-conducting tissue in vascular plants.

Phloem

_______ growth results from cell division at the apical meristem at the plant tip.

Primary

_______ xylem is derived from the procambium, which comes from the apical meristem.

Primary

There are four zones or regions that are commonly recognized in developing roots. What are these four zones?

Root cap, Zone of Cell Division, Zone of Elongation, and Zone of Maturation

In the zone of __________, roots lengthen because the cells produced by the primary meristems become several times longer than wide, and their width also increases slightly. No further increase in cell size occurs above this zone.

elongation

The dermal system is composed of the _________, which is one cell thick in most plants and forms the outer protective covering of the plant.

epidermis

The three basic types of tissues found in a plant are ______ tissue, ______ tissue, and ________ tissue.

ground, dermal, and vascular

Most trees, shrubs, and some herbs have active _______ meristems.

lateral

A ____ consists of a blade (the flattened portion), petiole (stalk), and stipules (appendages at the base)

leaf

Cork tissue also produces unsuberized cells called _________, which permit continuance of gas exchange.

lenticels

The stomata open and shut in response to external factors such as _____, ___________, and ____________ of water.

light, temperature, and availabilty

The cells that have elongated in the zone of elongation become differentiated into specific cell types in the zone of __________.

maturation

The tissue between the upper and lower epidermis of the plant is called _________.

mesophyll

A leaf's external structure consists of two morphological groups known as ___________ and __________.

microphylls and megaphylls

The region or area of leaf attachment is called the ____.

node

Cork tissues impregnated with suberin constitute _____ ____.

outer bark

Leaflets that radiate out from a common point are called _________ _________.

palmately compounds

Immediately adjacent and interior to the endodermis are parenchyma cells known as the _________.

pericycle

The ______ conducts carbohydrates, hormones, amino acids, and other substances that are necessary for plant growth.

phloem

The pattern of leaf arrangement is called __________ and may optimize exposure of leaves to the sun.

phyllotaxy

Leaflets arranged in pairs along a common axis are called _________ _________.

pinnately compounds

The elongation of the root and stem forms what is known as the _______ _____ ____, which is made up of primary tissues.

primary plant body

The plant tissues that result from primary growth are called _______ _______.

primary tissues

Shoot apical meristem initiates stem tissues, and intermittently produces _________ that will develop into leaves, other shoots, or flowers.

primordia

The ____ system anchors the plant and penetrates the soil to absorb water and ions.

root

The vascular plant consists of a ____ system and a _____ system.

root and shoot

The ____ ___ is composed of inner columella cells and lateral ____ ___ cells. (the blanks are the same two words)

root cap

Vascular cambium cells divide indefinitely, producing _________ tissues.

secondary

The _____ system consists of stems and leaves.

shoot

Food conduction in the phloem is carried out through two kinds of elongated cells: _____ cells and _____-____ members.

sieve and sieve-tube

There are two types of leaves, ______ (undivided blades) and ________ (blade divided into leaflets).

simple and compound

All tissues interior of the endodermis are collectively referred to as the ____.

stele

The ____ serves as a framework for positioning the leaves.

stem

Apical meristems are located at the tips of _____ and at the tips of _____.

stems and roots

The three tissue systems are found in the three kinds of vegetative organs in plants, which are the _____, _____, and ______. (all words are plural)

stems, roots, and leaves

The _____ conducts water and dissolved minerals throughout the plant.

xylem

____ _____ are tubular extensions of individual epidermal cells that occur in a zone just behind the tips of young growing roots. This is where most of the absorption of water and minerals occurs.

Root hairs

_________ are variable in shape but are often branched and serves to strengthen the tissues in which they occur.

Sclereids

____________ cells have tough thick walls, and have two types: fibers and scleroids.

Sclerenchyma

_________ growth results from cell division at the lateral meristem, increasing the shoot's girth.

Secondary

_________ xylem is formed by the vascular cambium, a lateral meristem that later develops. Wood is made up of an accumulation of this type of xylem.

Secondary

_________ are hairlike outgrowths of the epidermis that regulate the "microclimate". They occur frequently on stems, leaves, and reproductive organs.

Trichomes

________ tissue includes two kinds of conducting tissues: xylem and phloem.

Vascular

_____, the principal water-conducting tissue of plants, usually contains a combination of vessels and tracheids.

Xylem

There are three types of leaf arrangements: _________ (one leaf per node), _________ (two leaves per node on opposing sides of stem), and _____ (a circle of leaves at the same level).

alternate, opposite, whorl

Guard cell formation is the result of an ____________ ____ ________.

asymmetrical cell division

The zone of ____ ________ is where cells divide every 12 to 36 hours in the apical meristem.

cell division

The ____ _______ produces the bark of a tree trunk or root and replaces the epidermis.

cork cambium

Crocuses, gladioluses, and other popular garden plants produce _____ that superficially resemble bulbs.

corms

_____ cells are paired sausage-or-dumbell shaped cells flanking a stoma, a mouth-shaped epidermal opening, and contains chloroplasts.

Guard

____________ tissues are clumps of small cells with dense cytoplasm and proportionately large nuclei.

Meristematic