AP Biology Lab 06.01-06.02: DNA/RNA Structure and Function (online)

Cells that contain only circular chromosomes are most probably which of the following?

Bacterial cells

The salt in the solution helps ______________ to bind and clump together

DNA

Scientists isolate DNA for a variety of reasons, some of which include

(all of these are correct) genetic testing, body identification, and analysis of forensic evidence

In a DNA extraction, the lysis solution is added to the sample of collected cells in order to

(both are correct) burst open the cell membrane and nuclear envelope and cut apart histone proteins to free DNA

Put the following steps of a DNA extraction in order from first to last:

1. collect cheek cells 2. burst cells open to release DNA 3. seperate DNA from proteins and debris 4. isolate concentrated DNA

The human genome has over ______________ protein-encoding genes located among ____________ DNA base pairs organized in _____ pairs of chromosomes.

20,000; 3.3 billion; 23

DNA precipitates out of the strawberry layer into the __________________ layer and then can be easily removed.

alchohol

What is the human genome?

all the DNA of the human species

In a DNA extraction, concentrated salt solution is added in order to

cause proteins and other cellular debris to clump together

DNA stands for _________________

deoxyribonucleic acid

In a DNA extraction, isopropyl alcohol is added to the sample in order to

isolate concentrated DNA

In the 1940's, Avery MacCleod, and McCarty transformed nonencapsulated bacteria into encapsulated forms by growing the nonencapsulated cells in a culture containing an extract made from dead encapsulated cells. The transformed cells produced colonies of encapsulated bacteria. Three different procedures and their results are outlined below. Procedure I: Extract made from dead encapsulated cells added to culture medium.Nonencapsulated bacteria added to culture medium. Results: Both nonencapsulated and encapsulated bacteria grow. Procedure II: Extract made from dead encapsulated cells treated with protein-degrading enzymes before adding extract to culture medium.Nonencapsulated bacteria added to culture medium. Results: Both nonencapsulated and encapsulated bacteria grow. Procedure III: Extract made from dead encapsulated cells treated with DNAse (an enzyme that selectively destroys DNA) before adding extract to culture medium.Nonencapsulated bacteria added to culture medium. Results: Only nonencapsulated bacteria grow. A reasonable conclusion to draw from the results of the experiment is that

DNA is the genetic material

Which of the following genetic structures are arranged from smallest to largest?

DNA, genes, chromosomes, cells, organisms, population

A model of a process involving nucleic acids is shown in Figure 1. Which of the following best explains what process is represented in Figure 1 ?

New DNA strands are being synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction from their DNA templates.

Erwin Chargaff investigated the nucleotide composition of DNA. He analyzed DNA from various organisms and measured the relative amounts of adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) present in the DNA of each organism. Table 1 contains a selected data set of his results. Which of the following statements best explains the data set?

Since the %A and the %T are approximately the same in each sample, adenine and thymine molecules must pair up in a double-stranded DNA molecule.

Figure 1 shows some relevant details of a model of how a deoxynucleotide, in this case dTMP, is added to a growing strand of DNA The features of this model provide evidence for which explanation of why all growing strands are synthesized in a 5′ to 3′ direction?

The phosphate group, attached to the 5′ carbon of the dTMP , forms a covalent bond with the oxygen atom attached to the 3′ carbon of the growing strand.

Alcohol is ____________ dense than the strawberry solution, which means that it will form a layer on top.

less

The detergent molecules break apart and separate the cell ___________________

membrane

DNA is organized into chromosomes which are found in the _________________ of a cell.

nucleus

About two meters of DNA is found within each ________________, which is found in almost every _______________ in the human body.

nucleus; cell

Strawberry cells are _________________, while human cells are diploid.

octoploid

Genes are sequences of DNA that contain the instructions for making complex molecules called

proteins

In a DNA extraction, the microcentrifuge tube with the sample is spun in order to

sink proteins and debris to the bottom of the tube