AP Chemistry Chapter 2

How many protons and neutrons are in the nucleus of the following atom: 133Cs

55 p; 78 n

When hydrogen is burned in oxygen to form water, the composition of water formed does not depend on the amount of oxygen reacted. Interpret this in terms of the law of definite proportion

A compound will always contain the same numbers (and types) of atoms. A given amount of hydrogen will react only with a specific amount of oxygen. Any excess oxygen will remain unreacted

ion

An atom or group of atoms that has a net positive or negative charge.

True of False? A family of elements is also known as a period of elements

False - a family of elements is also known as a group of elements

What is the symbol for manganese

Mn

What is the symbol for sodium

Na

True or False? Element 118 should be a nonmetal

True

True or False? Most of the known elements are metals

True

alkali metals

a Group 1A metal

Law of Definite Proportion

a given compound always contains exactly the same proportion of elements by mass

Explain the law of definite proportion

a given compound always contains exactly the same proportion of elements by mass. Water is always 1g H for every 8g oxygen.

space-filling model

a model of a molecule showing the relative sizes of the atoms and their relative orientations

anion

a negative ion

nonmetal

an element not exhibiting metallic characteristics. Chemically, a typical nonmetal accepts electrons from a metal

metal

an element that gives up electrons relatively easily and is lustrous, malleable, and a good conductor of heat and electricity

polyatomic ion

an ion containing a number of atoms

Consider the elements of Group 4A (the "carbon family"): C, Si, Ge, Sn and Pb. What is the trend in metallic character going from left to right across a period in the periodic table?

decreases from left to right across the periodic table

The number of protons in an atom determines the identity of the atom. What does the number and arrangement of the electrons in an atom determine?

determines how the atom will react with other atoms. The electrons determine the chemical properties of an atom.

Avogadro's hypothesis

equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of particles

Explain the law of conservation of mass

mass is neither created nor destroyed. The mass before a chemical reaction always equals the mass after a chemical reaction

What is the name of the metal that corresponds to the symbol Hg

mercury

Is the element Am a metal or a nonmetal

metal

Is the element Au a metal or a nonmetal

metal

Is the element Bi a metal or a nonmetal

metal

What is the name of the metal that corresponds to the symbol Ag

silver

cathode-ray tubes

the "rays" emanating from the negative electrode (cathode) in a partially evacuated tube; a stream of electrons

ionic bond

the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions

chemical bond

the force, or more accurately, the energy that holds two atoms together in a compound

atomic number

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

structural formula

the representation of a molecule in which the relative positions of the atoms are shown and the bonds are indicated by lines

chemical formula

the representation of a molecule in which the symbols for the elements are used to indicate the types of atoms present and subscripts are used to show the relative numbers of atoms

nucleus

the small, dense center of position charge in an atom

mass number

the total number of protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus of an atom

atomic weights

the weighted average mass of the atoms in a naturally occurring element

What is the name of the metal that corresponds to the symbol Sn

tin

For the following set of elements, label as either noble gases, halogens, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, or transition metals: Ti, Fe, Ag

transition metals

How many protons and neutrons are in the nucleus of the following atom: 3H

1 p; 2 n

Write the atomic symbol for: the isotope of I with a mass number of 131

131/53 I

Write the atomic symbol for: Z = 8, number of neutrons = 9

17/8 0

A sample of chloroform is found to contain 12.0g of carbon, 106.4g of chlorine, and 1.01g of hydrogen. If a second sample of chloroform is found to contain 30.0g of carbon, what is the total mass of chloroform in the second sample?

299 g

For lighter, stable isotopes, the ratio of the mass number to the atomic number is close to a certain value. What is the value? What happens to the values of the mass number to atomic number ratio as stable isotopes become heavier?

2; the ratio increases

In a neutral atom of the element, how many electrons are present: 79Br

35 e

In a neutral atom of the element, how many electrons are present: 81Br

35 e

How many protons and neutrons are in the nucleus of the following atom: 79Br

35 p; 44 n

How many protons and neutrons are in the nucleus of the following atom: 81Br

35 p; 46 n

In an experiment it was found that the total charge on an oil drop was 5.93 x 10^-18 C. How many negative charge does the drop contain?

37

Write the atomic symbol for: the isotope of chlorine in which A = 37

37/17 Cl

In a neutral atom of the element, how many electrons are present: 133Cs

55 e

Write the atomic symbol for: number of protons = 26, number of neutrons = 31

57/26 Fe

Write the atomic symbol for: Z = 27, A = 60

60/27 Co

Write the atomic symbol for: Z = 3, number of neutrons = 4

7/3 Li

In a neutral atom of the element, how many electrons are present: 239Pu

94 e

How many protons and neutrons are in the nucleus of the following atom: 239Pu

94 p; 145 n

Hydrazine, ammonia, and hydrogen azide all contain only nitrogen and hydrogen. The mass of hydrogen that comes with 1.00g of nitrogen for each compound is 1.44 x 10^-1g, 2.16 x 10^-1g, respectively. Show how these data illustrate the law of multiple proportions

All the masses of hydrogen in these three compounds can be expressed as simple whole-number ratios. The g H/g N in hydrazine, ammonia and hydrogen azide are in the ratios 6:9:1

What is the symbol for gold

Au

When mixtures of gaseous H2 and gaseous CI2 react, a product forms that has the same properties regardless of the relative amounts of H2 and CI2 used When a volume of H2 reacts with an equal volume of CI2 at the same temperature and pressure, what volume of product having the formula HCl is formed?

Avogadro's hypothesis implies that volume ratios are equal to molecule ratios at constant temperature and pressure. From the balanced equation, the volume of HCl produced will be twice the volume of H2 (or Cl2) reacted

True or False? Hydrogen has mostly metallic properties

False - hydrogen has mostly nonmetallic properties

What is the symbol for iron

Fe

Consider the elements of Group 4A (the "carbon family"): C, Si, Ge, Sn and Pb. What is the trend in metallic character as one goes down with this group?

Metallic character increases as one goes down a family

What is the symbol for lead

Pb

What is the symbol for radium

Ra

The number of protons in an atom determines the identity of the atom. What does the number and arrangement of neutrons in an atom determine?

The number of neutrons present determine the isotope identity and the mass number

Explain the law of multiple proportions

When two elements form a series of compounds, the ratios of the mass of the second element that combine with one gram of the first element can always be reduced to small whole numbers. For CO2 and CO, the mass ratios of oxygen that react with 1g of carbon in each compound are a 2:1 ratio

alkaline earth metals

a Group 2A metal

halogens

a Group 7A element

noble gases

a Group 8A element

molecule

a bonded collection of two or more atoms of the same or different elements

periodic table

a chart showing all the elements arranged in columns with similar chemical properties

Law of Multiple Proportions

a law stating that when two elements form a series of compounds, the ratios of the masses of the second element that combine with one gram of the first element can always be reduced to small whole numbers

ball-and-stick model

a molecular model that distorts the sizes of atoms but shows bond relationships clearly

electrons

a negatively charged particle that moves around the nucleus of an atom

neutron

a particle in the atomic nucleus with mass virtually equal to the protons but with no charge

cation

a positive ion

proton

a positively charged particle in an atomic nucleus

ionic solid

a solid containing cations and anions that dissolves in water to give a solution containing the separated ions, which are mobile and thus free to conduct an electric current

covalent bond

a type of bond in which electrons are shared by atoms

group (family)

a vertical column of elements having the same valence electron configuration and showing similar properties

For the following set of elements, label as either noble gases, halogens, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, or transition metals: Li, K, Rb

alkali metals

For the following set of elements, label as either noble gases, halogens, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, or transition metals: Mg, Sr, Ba

alkaline earth metals

nuclear atom

an atom having a dense center of positive charge (the nucleus) with electrons moving around the outside

isotopes

atoms of the same element (the same number of protons) with different numbers of neutrons. They have identical atomic numbers but different mass numbers

For the following set of elements, label as either noble gases, halogens, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, or transition metals: F, Br, I

halogens

What is the name of the metal that corresponds to the symbol Mg

magnesium

Law of Conservation of Mass

mass is neither created nor destroyed

Is the element Eu a metal or a nonmetal

metal

Is the element Ge a metal or a nonmetal

metal

Is the element Mg a metal or a nonmetal

metal

Is the element Ti a metal or a nonmetal

metal

For the following set of elements, label as either noble gases, halogens, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, or transition metals: Ne, Kr, Xe

noble gases

Is the element At a metal or a nonmetal

nonmetal

Is the element B a metal or a nonmetal

nonmetal

Is the element Br a metal or a nonmetal

nonmetal

Is the element Rn a metal or a nonmetal

nonmetal

Is the element Si a metal or a nonmetal

nonmetal

What is the name of the metal that corresponds to the symbol Pt

platinum

What is the name of the metal that corresponds to the symbol K

potassium

When mixtures of gaseous H2 and gaseous CI2 react, a product forms that has the same properties regardless of the relative amounts of H2 and CI2 used How is this result interpreted in terms of the law of definite proportion?

the composition of a substance depends on the number of atoms of each element making up the compound (depends on the formula of the compound) and not on the composition of the mixture from which it was formed