AP classroom 1 questions
Which of the following results of correlational studies implies that environment contributes to the determination of IQ?
Correlations for children and their adoptive parents are statistically significant and positive.
According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following statements is true?
Physiological needs must be met before an individual achieves self-actualization.
Which of the following types of validity is established by demonstrating that there is a correlation between scores on a test and later academic performance?
Predictive
Elena is presented with a list of 20 numbers. When asked to recall this list, she remembers more numbers from the beginning than from the end of the list. This phenomenon demonstrates which of the following types of effect?
Primacy
A stubborn individual who accuses peers of being uncooperative is exhibiting which of the following defense mechanisms?
Projection
Figures such as the one above are used in which of the following kinds of test?
Projective personality
Which of the following concepts refers to the structure and organization of a sentence?
Syntax
Drive reduction as a motivational concept is best exemplified by which of the following?
The injection of heroin by an addict to avoid withdrawal symptoms
A person assembling a tool one week after reading the instructions can remember the first and last steps of the procedure but not the middle ones. This best illustrates which of the following?
The serial position effect
When rehearsal of incoming information is prevented, which of the following will most likely occur?
There will be no transfer of the information to long-term memory.
A test that is labeled an achievement test is most likely to be given to
allow a student to be exempted from a college course
Processing every possible combination of the letters DBRI to arrive at the word BIRD is an example of the use of
an algorithm
A complex pattern of organized, unlearned behavior that is species-specific is called
an instinct
Judy believes that her fate is determined by her own actions. Judy's belief best illustrates
an internal locus of control
John suffered a head injury in an accident five years ago. He now has clear memories of events that occurred before the accident, but he has great difficulty remembering any of the experiences he has had since the accident. John's symptoms describe
anterograde amnesia
A brain tumor that results in obesity would most likely be located in the
area of the hypothalamus
A test that is valid must
be reliable
Individuals exhibiting a hostile type A personality pattern are at an increased risk for
cardiovascular disease
The intelligence quotient (IQ) has traditionally been based on the relationship between an individual's mental age and his or her
chronological age
Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer view emotion as resulting from
cognitive labels of physiological changes
A teacher asks students to think of as many uses for a brick as possible. By listing 50 uses, most of which the class finds new and unusual, Susan is displaying
divergent thinking
According to Sigmund Freud, a child's early experience in coping with external demands leads to the development of the
ego
According to the information-processing view of memory, the first stage in memory processing involves
encoding
According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the need to have respect for ourselves and to be valued by others is classified within the category of
esteem needs
All human languages have several basic sounds in common called
phonemes
Alfred Binet's efforts to measure intelligence were directed at
predicting children's success in school
Memory for automatic activities, such as bike riding and handwriting, is known as
procedural
It is widely known in Jerry's social circle that he is the most stubborn and inflexible member of the group. Yet Jerry complains that all his friends are opinionated and rigid. Jerry's complaints are most clearly a sign of
projection
Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome is an attempt to explain
reactions to stress
Research has shown that the optimal arousal level of an individual performing a given task is
related to task difficulty
The correlation between scores obtained on two halves of a single test yields information about the test's
reliability
The rationale underlying the use of projective personality tests, such as the Rorschach Test and the Thematic Apperception Test, is that they
reveal the subjects' personalities by eliciting responses to vague, ambiguous stimuli
On individual intelligence tests such as the Stanford-Binet and Wechsler scales, an IQ of 100 indicates that the test taker
scored at the average level for test takers of the same age
A student who obtained a percentile rank of 75 on an achievement test is best characterized as having
scored higher than 75% of the test takers
A student's test score of 86 is at the 42nd percentile. This means that this student has
scored the same as or higher than 42 percent of her fellow students
According to Albert Bandura, people who believe that their efforts will be successful and that they are in control of events have a high level of
self-efficacy
Georgi believes she is capable of playing extremely well in the volleyball game scheduled for tonight. Albert Bandura would most likely say that Georgi's expectations for this task reveal that she is exhibiting high
self-efficacy
The rules of grammar are rules of
syntax
Matthew's parents are physicists, and so are the parents of several of his best friends. Therefore, Matthew believes that many people are employed as physicists. Matthew's reasoning is based on
the availability heuristic
A prototype is best defined as
the hypothetical "most typical" instance of a category
Noam Chomsky's view of language proposes that
there is an inherent language acquisition device
Projective tests, such as the Rorschach inkblot test, have been justifiably criticized as tools for assessing personality because
they have not been found to be reliable and valid
Metacognition refers to
thinking about thinking
Psychologist who emphasize the importance of personality traits are most often criticized for
underestimating the variability of behavior from situation to situation
One of the consistent research findings in the area of facial expressions and emotion is the
universality of facial expressions across cultures
The defense mechanism of reaction formation is best exemplified in which of the following situations?
A woman who is unaware of her anger toward her friend expresses affection for that friend.
Which of the following types of intelligence would be most important in answering trivia questions?
Crystallized
A teenager would most probably draw on which of the following to recall her tenth birthday party?
Episodic memory
Which of the following concepts provides the best explanation for why people seek to put on warmer clothing when they start to feel cold?
Homeostasis
In a normal distribution of test scores, the percentage of scores that fall at or below the mean score is
50
According to the Stanford-Binet formula for an intelligence quotient (IQ), the IQ of a ten-year-old child with a mental age of eight and a half years is
85
Which of the following types of test is designed to measure an individual's knowledge of a subject?
Achievement
Which of the following are the stages in Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome?
Alarm, resistance, exhaustion
Which of the following is an example of a prelinguistic event?
Babbling
Which of the following best supports the hypothesis that basic human emotions, such as sadness, are innate?
Basic emotions are understood and expressed in a similar fashion by individuals from diverse cultures.
Which of the following is LEAST likely to affect the immune system's ability to ward off illness?
Being around someone who has a serious case of the flu
Which of the following situations poses an approach-approach conflict for a person who listens only to classical music?
Choosing to study with one of two friends, both of whom listen to classical music while studying
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is used primarily to provide information about which of the following?
Clinical disorders
When parents refuse to accept several psychologists' diagnosis of a child's mental illness, they are using which of the following defense mechanisms?
Denial
According to Benjamin Whorf's linguistic relativity hypothesis, which of the following is true?
Different languages predispose those individuals who speak them to think about the world in different ways.
An individual experiencing a low blood-glucose level would be best advised to do which of the following?
Eat a snack
An individual's ability to remember the day he or she first swam the length of a swimming pool is most clearly an example of which of the following kids of memory?
Episodic
In the James-Lange theory of emotion, which of the following immediately precedes an emotion?
Experience of physiological changes
Which of the following methods is used in studies designed to determine the primary components of intelligence?
Factor analysis
Failure to recognize that an object typically not used for a particular purpose can, in fact, serve that purpose illustrates which of the following?
Functional fixedness
A hostile person with a type A personality is most at risk for developing which of the following?
Heart disease
Which of the following statements best depicts the concept of incentive theory?
Jennifer studies hard because her parents reward her by paying $20 for each superior grade that she brings home.
Which of the following is an example of metacognition?
Knowing the effectiveness of different strategies for learning statistical formulas
According to cognitive dissonance theory, human beings are motivated to
Reduced tensions produced by inconsistent thoughts
Lee is about to skydive for the first time. He interprets his racing heart to be the result of his eager anticipation and excitement. This best represents which theory of emotion?
Schachter's two factor
Which of the following is the most appropriate criterion for evaluating the predictive validity of an intelligence test?
School grades
Alicia has started a new and very different job but believes in her skills and ability to carry out the tasks required of her. Albert Bandura would refer to Alicia's sense of confidence as which of the following?
Self-efficacy
The linguistic relativity hypothesis of Benjamin Whorf suggests which of the following?
Speakers of different languages think differently due to the differences in their languages.
Which of the following represent, respectively, superordinate and subordinate categories for the basic-level category of "automobile"?
Vehicle, convertible
A normally functioning 65-year-old who cannot solve abstract logic puzzles as quickly as he did when he was younger is experiencing a
decrease in his fluid intelligence
All of the following are reasons for requiring clearly specified procedures for the administration and scoring of assessment measures, such as standardized tests, EXCEPT to
decrease the amount of time needed to administer the test
Montgomery prepares his resume carelessly and arrives late for his job interview. He is rejected by the prospective employer. Montgomery concludes that "It's all a matter of dumb luck, anyway." Montgomery's judgement of his situation most clearly reflects
external locus of control
The overjustification effect has led some psychologists to question the value of
extrinsic motivation
The view that human emotions are universal has been supported by studies of
facial expressions
On a fishing trip, Ed realizes that he has mistakenly packed the sewing box instead of the tackle box. He wants to fish but returns home because he does not have any line or hooks. Ed's failure to realize that sewing thread can be used as fishing line and that a bent needle can be used as a hook is an example of
functional fixedness
Mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that help solve problems and reduce mental effort are called
heuristics
Theories of motivation that assert the existence of biological motives to maintain the body in a steady state are called
homeostatic
According to Freudian theory, the component of the personality that is "blind, impulsive, and irrational" is the
id
When a list of words is learned in order, the words most likely to be forgotten are those that are
in the middle of the list
Humanistic psychologists believe that the drive toward self-actualization is
innate
Wolfgang Köhler considered a chimpanzee's sudden solving of a problem evidence of
insight
A genetically programmed action pattern is the ethologist's definition of
instinct
Carla tutors other students because she likes to be helpful, whereas Jane tutors classmates strictly for pay. Their behaviors demonstrate the difference between
intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
In a memory study, the experimenter reads the same list of words to two groups. She asks group A to count the letters in each word, and she asks group B to focus on the meaning of each word for a later memory quiz. During a recall test, participants in group B recall significantly more words than participants in group A. Memory researchers attribute this effect to differences in
levels of processing
In Sigmund Freud's view, the role of the ego is to
mediate among the id, the superego, and reality
When participants in dichotic listening experiments are repeating aloud a message presented in one ear, they are most likely to notice information on the unattended channel if that channel
mentions the participant's name
A word or part of a word that is in itself meaningful, but that cannot be broken into smaller meaningful units, is called a
morphene
The performance of the group on which an IQ test is standardized sets the
norms against which the performance of later test takers can be evaluated
To score high on a test of creativity, a person's answers should be
original and valuable
