biodiversity final exam review
which refers to the variation in rates of growth for different parts of the body
allometric growth patterns
what kingdom would you assign an organism with the following descriptions "a microscopic, unicellular organism with no membrane bound organelles and having a cell wall"
archaea
One characteristic of all animals is that they
are heterotrophs
keystone species
are usually not the most abundant
An example of homologous structures is the wing of a bat and the
arm of a gorilla
Which is not a characteristic of all chordates
brain
what is considered to be a significant difference between anthropoids and other primates
brain size
The fossil of Australopithecus afarennis, was given the name Lucy, how did she get this name
A song by the English rock band the Beatles, "Lucy in the sky with diamonds" which was playing at the time
Whose findings of evolution by natural sections were presented with those of Darwins
Alfred Russel Wallace
The Hawaiian goose is restricted to the Hawaiian islands, but is thought to have defended from Canada geese. They probably evolved from a population that either migrated there or were blown off course during a storm. This is an example of
Allopatric speciation
Who is responsible for the concept that "organisms are imperfect but are moving towards a more perfect state?"
Aristotle
Which best explains how Australia has distinctive organisms, such as echidnas, dark- billed platypus and kangaroos?
Australia was separated and isolated from other land masses for a long period of time
A frog that lacks chemical defenses, yet resembles a poison arrow from, would exhibit
Batesian mimicry
The sea bird, blue footed-boobies have very elaborated courtship rituals, this illustrate what type of reproductive isolating mechanism ?
Behavioral isolation
which survivorship curve would best fit for elephants
C
Darwin drew on several lines of evidence when considering how species might have originated. Initial thoughts were that the world was too young to allow for organisms to change. On his voyage Darwin took the book "principles of geology" which indicated that the world was extremely old, therefore allowing time for change. Who wrote this book
Charles Lyell
What mechanism would explain how fossils of the same organisms can be found in parts of Africa and South America
Continental drift
Which were the first organisms to release oxygen by photosynthesis
Cyanobacteria
The "age of fishes" is an informal name for which period
Devonian
Which important finding from fossils record supports the theory of evolution
Life has evolved over time
Evolution that involves changes in allele frequencies over generations is referred as
Microevolution
Which process provides the genetic variability that natural selection acts on during evolution
Mutation
Refer to the figure above. The line d indicates
carrying capacity
which of the following organisms would have the highest intrinsic rate of increase
cats
What did R.H. Wittaker base his five kingdoms of classification upon
cell structure and how an organism derived its nutrition
DNA sequence analyses indicate that the nearest living relatives to humans are
chimpanzees
From the clade deuterostomia, which has a "water vascular system"
echinoderms
An organisms role within the structure and function of a particular community is its
ecological niche
a biological community and its abiotic environment together compromise which of the following
ecosystem
In the 1930's who suggested the terms "procariotique & eucariotique" as classified of cells
edouard chatton
One reason that the realized niche and fundamental niche are not typically the same is
limiting resources
the germ layer "endoderm" forms the
lining of the digestive tract
highly developed countries are most likely to be characterized by which of the following
long life expectancies
From the following, what is not typically considered a "primate" characteristics
many offspring
an example of both chemical protection and coevolution can be seen in
milkweeds and monarch caterpillars
During the evolution of eukaryotic cells, aerobic bacteria gave rise to the
mitochondria
The veliger larval form is unique
molluscs
the locust belongs in the clade ecdysozoa because its life cycle involves
molting
Many poisonous snakes share warning colors of red, yellow, and black. This is an example of
mullerian mimicry
What is the only source of new alleles?
mutations
the relationship between reef-building coral animals and zooxanthellae is classified as
mutualism
what is not a future of the porifera
nerve tissue
We have strong evidence to state that all organisms evolved from a common ancestor because
of the genetic code
from the following, which would not be considered a factor in an organisms intrinsic rate of increase
percentage of males to females
from the choices, what is the next taxon by which organisms are grouped, after kingdom
phylum
from the following, what would you not associate with a k-selected organism
short life span
the potential capacity to produce offspring is called
fecundity
The first cells were more likely heterotrophic anaerobes, the process they used to extract energy from organic compounds would most likely be
fermentation
which is not associated with cephalopods
filter feeders
In 2004 a very important fossil was found, it was names tiktaalik. It was a link between:
fish to tetrapods
Allopolyploidy is a significant factor in the evolution of which type of organism
flowering plants
which mechanism prevents fish sperm from fertilizing frog eggs
gametic isolation
The migration of breeding individuals between populations causes a corresponding movement of alleles, which is referred to as
gene flow
which of the following taxa would be the least inclusive
genus
which from the following would best fit as a brachiate
gibbon
from the following, which has adapted to a more terrestrial life style
gorilla
from the following, what would be in the clade hominoids
gorillas
The evolutionary species concept states that for a population to be declared a separate species, it must:
have diverged significantly from other populations
A student brings you an animal to identify. It has a head, thorax, and abdomen, one pain of antennae, 3 pairs of legs and wings, to which subphylum would it belong to
hexapod
In relations to human origins, who is thought to have evolved the first sophisticated stone tools called "acheulean tools"? (they have two sides that have been worked to fashion teardrop shaped cutting instruments)
homo ergaster
In relation to human origins, which group is there fossil evidence of caring for the aged and the sick. Fossils indicate healed bones and older members of their society
homo neanderthalensis
In ___________, genes swapping takes place between one genome and another within one taxon or between genomes in different taxa.
horizontal gene transfer
where does digestion in a sponge take place
individual cells
which is recognized as the most recent stage in the development of human culture
industrial revolution
A pride of lions and a pack of hyenas inhabit the same geographical areas; they are both large carnivorous animals and as such, this can lead to
interspecific competition
Two male deer fight for control over the heard and the right mate, this would be an example of
intraspecific competition
the main evolutionary advantage of prehensile tail is that
it can wrap around and grab branches
An important adaptation to a terrestrial life is a body covering that minimizes water loss, what protein is found in animals skin cells that helps prevent water loss and provides physical protection
keratin
The monotremes are an unusual group of mammals because they
lay eggs
From the choices below, what best fits the description "the process when a population becomes reproductively isolated from other populations and their gene pool diverge"
speciation
In the subphylum vertebrata, what would best represent a shared ancestral character? (ie features that were present in an ancestral species and remain present in all groups descended from that ancestor)
spinal column
what specialized structure do crustaceans use to sense gravity
statocysts
Which of the following is not required for the chemical evolution of life
sunlight
The Hawthorne and apple maggot flies appear to have become reproductively isolated from each other, the process is
sympatric speciation
what is a unique adaptation in insects not found in any other arthropod
wings
What would be the growth rate of an island population of 1000 that has 30 births per 100 population, 20 death per 100 population, 5 immigrants per 100 population, and 10 emigrants per 10 population
+50
this graph would be best described as
- J-shaped curve -exponential growth curve (two of these)
organisms such as oysters or fish ie sockeye salmon that produce millions of eggs per year may be characterized as
- R selected - having a type 3 survivorship curve (two of these)
The mid-atlantic ridge is caused by
-an expanding zone of lave -two plates separating
What is most likely to occur if a parasite accidentally introduced into the Great Lakes killed 95% of all living organisms living in the lakes
-evolution of the surviving organisms -Adaptive radiation of the surviving population
As a generalization, the fossils records were biased towards
-organisms in marine environments -organisms in fresh water environments
If the carbon 14 is about 25 % that of carbon 12, how old is the site ? (c 14 half life is 5730 years )
11,460 ( half life = 50% ; so 5730 x 2 = 11,460)
Which period in earth history would hold the record of the oldest fossils of multicellular animals, found in mountainous areas of south Australia, and parts of Canada and China
Edicarian
Which theory states that eukaryotic organelles originated as prokaryotes that survived ingestion by a host cell and ultimately evolved mutualistic relationships with the host cell
Endosymbiont theory
which country would be expected to have the greatest species richness per unit area
England
What was considered to be an important factor in the mass extinction that included the dinosaurs
Extraterrestrial impact
How are fungi differentiated from plants
Fungi are heterotrophic
What best describes all alleles for all of the loci present in a population
Gene pool
What is the raw material for evolutionary change because it provides the diversity on which natural selection acts
Genetic Variations
The similarity of bone arrangement in the cat forelimb and the whale flipper are example of
Homologous features
The similarity of body form and spines in echidnas and hedgehogs are example of
Homoplastic features
What group of genes control the development of the body plan of animals
Hox
Two mammals, for example a sheep and a goat are able to mate and produce a viable offspring. Only the F1 and F2 generations produce fertile offspring. This occurs as a result of
Hybrid breakdown
The iron-sulfur world hypothesis suggest that organic molecules formed near
Hydrothermal vents
Which region would most likely display an example of the founder effect amongst its population
Iceland
Scientists noticed that the fruit fly Drosophila, which is native to Europe; have larger wings in northern areas and smaller wings in southern regions. When accidentally introduced to North America the same pattern was observed within 20 years of their introduction. The differential distribution of wing length in Drosophila provides evidence that
Natural selection is the most important agent in evolutionary change
From the Hardy- Weinberg principle of genetic equilibrium , what condition does this break, "a case where a river dries up and two previously separated populations can now mix"
No migration
Darwin's mechanism for evolution by natural selection consists of four aspects of the natural world. A female cod can produce many millions of eggs, a female frog can lay many hundreds of eggs, yet the vast majority don't survive. This is an example of
Overproduction
A significant reduction in the amount of which gas would allow more ultraviolet radiation to reach earths surface
Ozone
what would be the best example of density- dependent factor influencing a population
Parasitic infections
which animal phylum has an asymmetrical body plan
Porifera
Wings on insects, flowers on plants, and feathers on birds are all examples of variations of some pre-existing structures, otherwise known as
Preadaptations
In the evolution of life, what is thought highly likely to be one of the first molecules to be self-sustaining and self-reproducing
RNA
930
Refer to the accompanying table above. what is the gene frequency of "D"
The amphibians are believed to have arisen from ancestral
Sarcopterygian
Charles Darwin called choosing a mate based on its color or some other characteristics
Sexual selection
which was the most recent continent to be inhabited by monkeys
South America
A _____________ is a group of organisms with similar genetic information, structure, and function that are capable of interbreeding with one another
Species
If an environment changes over time, natural selection operates on an organisms phenotype, ______________ trims off extreme phenotypes and most show average or intermediate phenotypes. An example would be human birth weights
Stabilizing selection
Microfossils indicate the presence of microbial life dating back around 3.4 billion years ago, they appear as a very thin microbial biofilms. There are living representatives of these organisms still around today they are
Stromatolites
______________ is the scientific study of the diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationships
Systematics
Which of the following animals helps to maintain fertile soil
earthworms
The wood frog (Rana sylvatica) mates in early spring while the leopard frog (Rana pipiens) mates in early summer. Which of the following mechanisms is preventing them from crossbreeding
Temporal isolation
Linnaeus' classification of plants and other organisms into separate species based on their visible structural differences, such as feathers or number of flower parts, is known as
The morphological species concept
Four of the following ideas are consistent with Darwinism evolution. Which one is the exception ?
Traits acquired during an individual's life are passed on to its offspring
Flightless bird like the New Zealand kiwi still have the remains of wings but they are tiny and non functional, these are examples of
Vestigal structures
the term "clade" most closely refers to
a group of organisms that share common characteristics inherited from a common ancestor
what would be the best description of a paraphyletic group
a group that includes some of, but not all the descendants of the most recent common ancestor
which of the following consists of organisms, all of which share a common gene pool
a population
Using the cladogram and molecular techniques it has been possible to follow the evolution of HIV. The strain that has affected millions of people around the world, HIV-1 ; has now been traced to a virus that originated infected
chimpanzees
You are walking along the beach and come across the almost complete body of an animal. It appears to be mature, has a skeleton of cartilage, paired fins and tooth like scales covering the body. You classify this animal as a
chondrichthyan
Semelparity is common in which of the following organisms
cicadas
From an evolutionary perspective, true nerve cells are first seen in the phylum
cnidaria
The main structural protein in the extracellular matrix of animals is
collagen
community ecology, the realized niche for the green anole was determined by
competition
This graph represents
competitive exclusion
The process that lead to the similarity of body shape of whales and sharks are examples of
convergent evolution
sea snakes, which are reptiles, are similar in body form to eels, which are fish. sea snakes and eels therefore demonstrate
convergent evolution
which arthropods are you most likely to have living your bed, whether you like it or not
crustaceans
the world human population has increased dramatically during the past few centuries due to
decreased death rates
Primates have eyes located in the front of the head, what is the major importance of this ?
depth perception
Which was the primary challenge animals faced in adapting to life on land
dessication
Homologous structures are a product of
divergent evolution
which of the following is not an example of platyhelminth
earthworm
The amniotic eggs was an extremely important evolutionary step as it allowed terrestrial vertebrates to complete their life cycle on land. The amniotic egg contains several "extra embryonic membranes" what is the function of the chorion
plays a major role in gas exchange
What is a unique feature of some New World monkeys that Old world monkeys do not. have
prehensile tails
Temporal and gametic isolation is classified as what type of reproductive barrier
prezygotic barriers
The main benefit of a coelom is
providing a space for internal organs
Which model would predict that populations diverge from one another with abrupt appearance of new species in the fossil record with little or no evidence of intermediate forms
punctuated equilibrum
which of the following is characteristics to most deuterostomes
radial cleavage
which structure do numerous mollusks use to feed, for example; to scrape algae off rocks
radula
.20
refer to the accompanying table above. what is the frequency of the DD genotype
The amniotic egg first evolved in the
reptiles
You are given a box of bones, which include a short, broad pelvis and a foot which has all the toes aligned. which statement can be supported by these bones
the bones belonged to a bipedal organism
In the evolution of vertebrates, it has been hypothesized that they might have come from a tunicate ancestor and that the tunicate lava maybe be "the chordate body plan" by a process of neoteny. What does neoteny mean
the retention of juvenile features in the adult animal
Which is a characteristic of all annelids
they are segmented
what was a significant outcome of the Miller and Urey experiment
they synthesized organic molecules from inorganic materials
What distinguishes the gorillas and chimpanzees from the orangutans and gibbons
they walk on their knuckles
In accordance with the species richness hypothesis, the critical importance of any one species is expected to be the least in which of the following habitats
tropical rain forest
this graph is representative of
type 2 survivorship
in relation to populations, what type of dispersal pattern is seen with nesting cape gannets on the coast of South Africa
uniform dispersion