Chem Chapter 4
Greenhouse effect:
- Causes the average temperature on Earth to be higher than predicted when considering its distance from the Sun. - Natural process - Atmospheric gases on Earth trap 80% of the infrared radiation produced by the Earth, warming the planet.
Albedo:
- The fraction of incoming radiation that is reflected by a surface - The albedo of the Earth's affects global temperatures - A more reflective surface will have higher albedo than a less reflective one.
Describe molar mass:
- The periodic table can be used to calculate the molar mass of any substance. - The molar mass of oxygen is 16.00 g/mol. This means that 1 mole of oxygen atoms has a mass of 16.00 g - The molar mass of a molecular substance is the mass per mole of its molecules.
Steps required to determine the shape of the molecule:
1) Determine the number of outer electrons associated with each atom in the molecule. 2) Arrange the outer electrons in pairs, ensuring that all atoms other than hydrogen obey the octect rule. 3) Determine the shape of the molecule by examining the position of the bonding and nonbonding electrons pairs with respect to each other. *ALSO* -The Lewis structure of the molecule must be drawn out first. -Both bonding and nonbonding electron pairs must be considered.
The procedure used to predict the ion formed by an element:
A metal loses enough electrons to attain the same number as its nearest noble gas.
The proportion of incoming radiation that is reflected by a surface is called the _________. This quantity is a measure of the reflectivity of a surface.
Albedo
Which human activity has the GREATEST net effect on atmospheric CO2 levels?
Burning fossil fuel. Fossil fuels are burned for generation of electricity, transportation, and heating. The combined effect of these activities is far greater than the effect of any other human activity.
Describe an ionic compound
Compounds that contain no molecules and compounds formed when metals combine with nonmetals
Molecule Compounds:
Contain only nonmetals
Ionic compounds:
Nonmetals combine with metals and have attraction to oppositely charged ions. *Ions are formed when atoms lose or gain electrons.
Describe a mole:
One mole of any substance contains 6.02x10^23 particles. The number of particles in a mole is called Avogadro's number.
How to name an ionic compound?
The cation is named first and the anion second. When naming the anionic portion of the ionic compound, the element name is changed to end in -ide.
When naming an ionic compound, the _______ is always named first. To name the anion, the root of the non metal is added to the suffix _______.
cation; -ide
In the formation of ionic compounds a non metal will ______ electrons to form an ion with the same number of electrons as the nearest _______ gas.
gain; noble Nonmetals tend to gain electrons. Both metals and nonmetals aim to have the same number of electrons as their nearest noble gas
The natural process by which Earth's atmospheric gases trap the infrared radiation radiated by the Earth is called the _________ effect. This causes Earth's average surface temperature to be _______ than that predicted when considering the distance of the Earth from the Sun.
greenhouse; higher
In the formation of ionic compounds a metal will _____ electrons and a non metal will _____ electrons to form an ion with the same number of electrons as the nearest _____ gas
lose; gain; noble
In the formation of ionic compounds a metal will _______ electrons to form an ion with the same number of electrons as their nearest _______ gas.
lose; noble
The coefficients of a balanced equation reflect the numbers of particles, or ________ of particles, involved in the reaction. They do not represent a ration of masses.
moles
Definition: Organic Chemistry
the study and production of carbon-containing compounds
