biodiversity final exam review

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which refers to the variation in rates of growth for different parts of the body

allometric growth patterns

what kingdom would you assign an organism with the following descriptions "a microscopic, unicellular organism with no membrane bound organelles and having a cell wall"

archaea

One characteristic of all animals is that they

are heterotrophs

keystone species

are usually not the most abundant

An example of homologous structures is the wing of a bat and the

arm of a gorilla

Which is not a characteristic of all chordates

brain

what is considered to be a significant difference between anthropoids and other primates

brain size

The fossil of Australopithecus afarennis, was given the name Lucy, how did she get this name

A song by the English rock band the Beatles, "Lucy in the sky with diamonds" which was playing at the time

Whose findings of evolution by natural sections were presented with those of Darwins

Alfred Russel Wallace

The Hawaiian goose is restricted to the Hawaiian islands, but is thought to have defended from Canada geese. They probably evolved from a population that either migrated there or were blown off course during a storm. This is an example of

Allopatric speciation

Who is responsible for the concept that "organisms are imperfect but are moving towards a more perfect state?"

Aristotle

Which best explains how Australia has distinctive organisms, such as echidnas, dark- billed platypus and kangaroos?

Australia was separated and isolated from other land masses for a long period of time

A frog that lacks chemical defenses, yet resembles a poison arrow from, would exhibit

Batesian mimicry

The sea bird, blue footed-boobies have very elaborated courtship rituals, this illustrate what type of reproductive isolating mechanism ?

Behavioral isolation

which survivorship curve would best fit for elephants

C

Darwin drew on several lines of evidence when considering how species might have originated. Initial thoughts were that the world was too young to allow for organisms to change. On his voyage Darwin took the book "principles of geology" which indicated that the world was extremely old, therefore allowing time for change. Who wrote this book

Charles Lyell

What mechanism would explain how fossils of the same organisms can be found in parts of Africa and South America

Continental drift

Which were the first organisms to release oxygen by photosynthesis

Cyanobacteria

The "age of fishes" is an informal name for which period

Devonian

Which important finding from fossils record supports the theory of evolution

Life has evolved over time

Evolution that involves changes in allele frequencies over generations is referred as

Microevolution

Which process provides the genetic variability that natural selection acts on during evolution

Mutation

Refer to the figure above. The line d indicates

carrying capacity

which of the following organisms would have the highest intrinsic rate of increase

cats

What did R.H. Wittaker base his five kingdoms of classification upon

cell structure and how an organism derived its nutrition

DNA sequence analyses indicate that the nearest living relatives to humans are

chimpanzees

From the clade deuterostomia, which has a "water vascular system"

echinoderms

An organisms role within the structure and function of a particular community is its

ecological niche

a biological community and its abiotic environment together compromise which of the following

ecosystem

In the 1930's who suggested the terms "procariotique & eucariotique" as classified of cells

edouard chatton

One reason that the realized niche and fundamental niche are not typically the same is

limiting resources

the germ layer "endoderm" forms the

lining of the digestive tract

highly developed countries are most likely to be characterized by which of the following

long life expectancies

From the following, what is not typically considered a "primate" characteristics

many offspring

an example of both chemical protection and coevolution can be seen in

milkweeds and monarch caterpillars

During the evolution of eukaryotic cells, aerobic bacteria gave rise to the

mitochondria

The veliger larval form is unique

molluscs

the locust belongs in the clade ecdysozoa because its life cycle involves

molting

Many poisonous snakes share warning colors of red, yellow, and black. This is an example of

mullerian mimicry

What is the only source of new alleles?

mutations

the relationship between reef-building coral animals and zooxanthellae is classified as

mutualism

what is not a future of the porifera

nerve tissue

We have strong evidence to state that all organisms evolved from a common ancestor because

of the genetic code

from the following, which would not be considered a factor in an organisms intrinsic rate of increase

percentage of males to females

from the choices, what is the next taxon by which organisms are grouped, after kingdom

phylum

from the following, what would you not associate with a k-selected organism

short life span

the potential capacity to produce offspring is called

fecundity

The first cells were more likely heterotrophic anaerobes, the process they used to extract energy from organic compounds would most likely be

fermentation

which is not associated with cephalopods

filter feeders

In 2004 a very important fossil was found, it was names tiktaalik. It was a link between:

fish to tetrapods

Allopolyploidy is a significant factor in the evolution of which type of organism

flowering plants

which mechanism prevents fish sperm from fertilizing frog eggs

gametic isolation

The migration of breeding individuals between populations causes a corresponding movement of alleles, which is referred to as

gene flow

which of the following taxa would be the least inclusive

genus

which from the following would best fit as a brachiate

gibbon

from the following, which has adapted to a more terrestrial life style

gorilla

from the following, what would be in the clade hominoids

gorillas

The evolutionary species concept states that for a population to be declared a separate species, it must:

have diverged significantly from other populations

A student brings you an animal to identify. It has a head, thorax, and abdomen, one pain of antennae, 3 pairs of legs and wings, to which subphylum would it belong to

hexapod

In relations to human origins, who is thought to have evolved the first sophisticated stone tools called "acheulean tools"? (they have two sides that have been worked to fashion teardrop shaped cutting instruments)

homo ergaster

In relation to human origins, which group is there fossil evidence of caring for the aged and the sick. Fossils indicate healed bones and older members of their society

homo neanderthalensis

In ___________, genes swapping takes place between one genome and another within one taxon or between genomes in different taxa.

horizontal gene transfer

where does digestion in a sponge take place

individual cells

which is recognized as the most recent stage in the development of human culture

industrial revolution

A pride of lions and a pack of hyenas inhabit the same geographical areas; they are both large carnivorous animals and as such, this can lead to

interspecific competition

Two male deer fight for control over the heard and the right mate, this would be an example of

intraspecific competition

the main evolutionary advantage of prehensile tail is that

it can wrap around and grab branches

An important adaptation to a terrestrial life is a body covering that minimizes water loss, what protein is found in animals skin cells that helps prevent water loss and provides physical protection

keratin

The monotremes are an unusual group of mammals because they

lay eggs

From the choices below, what best fits the description "the process when a population becomes reproductively isolated from other populations and their gene pool diverge"

speciation

In the subphylum vertebrata, what would best represent a shared ancestral character? (ie features that were present in an ancestral species and remain present in all groups descended from that ancestor)

spinal column

what specialized structure do crustaceans use to sense gravity

statocysts

Which of the following is not required for the chemical evolution of life

sunlight

The Hawthorne and apple maggot flies appear to have become reproductively isolated from each other, the process is

sympatric speciation

what is a unique adaptation in insects not found in any other arthropod

wings

What would be the growth rate of an island population of 1000 that has 30 births per 100 population, 20 death per 100 population, 5 immigrants per 100 population, and 10 emigrants per 10 population

+50

this graph would be best described as

- J-shaped curve -exponential growth curve (two of these)

organisms such as oysters or fish ie sockeye salmon that produce millions of eggs per year may be characterized as

- R selected - having a type 3 survivorship curve (two of these)

The mid-atlantic ridge is caused by

-an expanding zone of lave -two plates separating

What is most likely to occur if a parasite accidentally introduced into the Great Lakes killed 95% of all living organisms living in the lakes

-evolution of the surviving organisms -Adaptive radiation of the surviving population

As a generalization, the fossils records were biased towards

-organisms in marine environments -organisms in fresh water environments

If the carbon 14 is about 25 % that of carbon 12, how old is the site ? (c 14 half life is 5730 years )

11,460 ( half life = 50% ; so 5730 x 2 = 11,460)

Which period in earth history would hold the record of the oldest fossils of multicellular animals, found in mountainous areas of south Australia, and parts of Canada and China

Edicarian

Which theory states that eukaryotic organelles originated as prokaryotes that survived ingestion by a host cell and ultimately evolved mutualistic relationships with the host cell

Endosymbiont theory

which country would be expected to have the greatest species richness per unit area

England

What was considered to be an important factor in the mass extinction that included the dinosaurs

Extraterrestrial impact

How are fungi differentiated from plants

Fungi are heterotrophic

What best describes all alleles for all of the loci present in a population

Gene pool

What is the raw material for evolutionary change because it provides the diversity on which natural selection acts

Genetic Variations

The similarity of bone arrangement in the cat forelimb and the whale flipper are example of

Homologous features

The similarity of body form and spines in echidnas and hedgehogs are example of

Homoplastic features

What group of genes control the development of the body plan of animals

Hox

Two mammals, for example a sheep and a goat are able to mate and produce a viable offspring. Only the F1 and F2 generations produce fertile offspring. This occurs as a result of

Hybrid breakdown

The iron-sulfur world hypothesis suggest that organic molecules formed near

Hydrothermal vents

Which region would most likely display an example of the founder effect amongst its population

Iceland

Scientists noticed that the fruit fly Drosophila, which is native to Europe; have larger wings in northern areas and smaller wings in southern regions. When accidentally introduced to North America the same pattern was observed within 20 years of their introduction. The differential distribution of wing length in Drosophila provides evidence that

Natural selection is the most important agent in evolutionary change

From the Hardy- Weinberg principle of genetic equilibrium , what condition does this break, "a case where a river dries up and two previously separated populations can now mix"

No migration

Darwin's mechanism for evolution by natural selection consists of four aspects of the natural world. A female cod can produce many millions of eggs, a female frog can lay many hundreds of eggs, yet the vast majority don't survive. This is an example of

Overproduction

A significant reduction in the amount of which gas would allow more ultraviolet radiation to reach earths surface

Ozone

what would be the best example of density- dependent factor influencing a population

Parasitic infections

which animal phylum has an asymmetrical body plan

Porifera

Wings on insects, flowers on plants, and feathers on birds are all examples of variations of some pre-existing structures, otherwise known as

Preadaptations

In the evolution of life, what is thought highly likely to be one of the first molecules to be self-sustaining and self-reproducing

RNA

930

Refer to the accompanying table above. what is the gene frequency of "D"

The amphibians are believed to have arisen from ancestral

Sarcopterygian

Charles Darwin called choosing a mate based on its color or some other characteristics

Sexual selection

which was the most recent continent to be inhabited by monkeys

South America

A _____________ is a group of organisms with similar genetic information, structure, and function that are capable of interbreeding with one another

Species

If an environment changes over time, natural selection operates on an organisms phenotype, ______________ trims off extreme phenotypes and most show average or intermediate phenotypes. An example would be human birth weights

Stabilizing selection

Microfossils indicate the presence of microbial life dating back around 3.4 billion years ago, they appear as a very thin microbial biofilms. There are living representatives of these organisms still around today they are

Stromatolites

______________ is the scientific study of the diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationships

Systematics

Which of the following animals helps to maintain fertile soil

earthworms

The wood frog (Rana sylvatica) mates in early spring while the leopard frog (Rana pipiens) mates in early summer. Which of the following mechanisms is preventing them from crossbreeding

Temporal isolation

Linnaeus' classification of plants and other organisms into separate species based on their visible structural differences, such as feathers or number of flower parts, is known as

The morphological species concept

Four of the following ideas are consistent with Darwinism evolution. Which one is the exception ?

Traits acquired during an individual's life are passed on to its offspring

Flightless bird like the New Zealand kiwi still have the remains of wings but they are tiny and non functional, these are examples of

Vestigal structures

the term "clade" most closely refers to

a group of organisms that share common characteristics inherited from a common ancestor

what would be the best description of a paraphyletic group

a group that includes some of, but not all the descendants of the most recent common ancestor

which of the following consists of organisms, all of which share a common gene pool

a population

Using the cladogram and molecular techniques it has been possible to follow the evolution of HIV. The strain that has affected millions of people around the world, HIV-1 ; has now been traced to a virus that originated infected

chimpanzees

You are walking along the beach and come across the almost complete body of an animal. It appears to be mature, has a skeleton of cartilage, paired fins and tooth like scales covering the body. You classify this animal as a

chondrichthyan

Semelparity is common in which of the following organisms

cicadas

From an evolutionary perspective, true nerve cells are first seen in the phylum

cnidaria

The main structural protein in the extracellular matrix of animals is

collagen

community ecology, the realized niche for the green anole was determined by

competition

This graph represents

competitive exclusion

The process that lead to the similarity of body shape of whales and sharks are examples of

convergent evolution

sea snakes, which are reptiles, are similar in body form to eels, which are fish. sea snakes and eels therefore demonstrate

convergent evolution

which arthropods are you most likely to have living your bed, whether you like it or not

crustaceans

the world human population has increased dramatically during the past few centuries due to

decreased death rates

Primates have eyes located in the front of the head, what is the major importance of this ?

depth perception

Which was the primary challenge animals faced in adapting to life on land

dessication

Homologous structures are a product of

divergent evolution

which of the following is not an example of platyhelminth

earthworm

The amniotic eggs was an extremely important evolutionary step as it allowed terrestrial vertebrates to complete their life cycle on land. The amniotic egg contains several "extra embryonic membranes" what is the function of the chorion

plays a major role in gas exchange

What is a unique feature of some New World monkeys that Old world monkeys do not. have

prehensile tails

Temporal and gametic isolation is classified as what type of reproductive barrier

prezygotic barriers

The main benefit of a coelom is

providing a space for internal organs

Which model would predict that populations diverge from one another with abrupt appearance of new species in the fossil record with little or no evidence of intermediate forms

punctuated equilibrum

which of the following is characteristics to most deuterostomes

radial cleavage

which structure do numerous mollusks use to feed, for example; to scrape algae off rocks

radula

.20

refer to the accompanying table above. what is the frequency of the DD genotype

The amniotic egg first evolved in the

reptiles

You are given a box of bones, which include a short, broad pelvis and a foot which has all the toes aligned. which statement can be supported by these bones

the bones belonged to a bipedal organism

In the evolution of vertebrates, it has been hypothesized that they might have come from a tunicate ancestor and that the tunicate lava maybe be "the chordate body plan" by a process of neoteny. What does neoteny mean

the retention of juvenile features in the adult animal

Which is a characteristic of all annelids

they are segmented

what was a significant outcome of the Miller and Urey experiment

they synthesized organic molecules from inorganic materials

What distinguishes the gorillas and chimpanzees from the orangutans and gibbons

they walk on their knuckles

In accordance with the species richness hypothesis, the critical importance of any one species is expected to be the least in which of the following habitats

tropical rain forest

this graph is representative of

type 2 survivorship

in relation to populations, what type of dispersal pattern is seen with nesting cape gannets on the coast of South Africa

uniform dispersion


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