AP Comparative Politics-Iran

Nigeria's multistate structure was primarily designed to Responses A. reduce loyalty to the previous military regime B. allocate resources from the federal government more directly C. splinter the power of its main ethnic groups D. mobilize higher voter turnout in local elections E. promote economic development

C. splinter the power of its main ethnic groups

Which of the following pairs of countries have federal systems? A. China and Russia B. Iran and Mexico C. Great Britain and Russia D. Mexico and Nigeria E. Great Britain and Nigeria

D. Mexico and Nigeria

Which of the following countries have bicameral legislatures? A. Nigeria and China B. China and Mexico C. The United Kingdom and Iran D. Russia and Nigeria

D. Russia and Nigeria

Which of the following is an accurate description of a difference in the legislative structures of the countries? A. In the United Kingdom, the upper house is not elected, while in Nigeria, the upper house is elected. B. In Mexico, the lower house is appointed, while in Russia, the lower house is elected C. In Iran, the Guardian Council supervises the legislature, while in China, the legislature oversees the Communist Party. D. In Mexico, the Senate has the power to confirm all political appointments, while in the United Kingdom, the power to confirm appointments lies with the lower house.

A. In the United Kingdom, the upper house is not elected, while in Nigeria, the upper house is elected.

Which of the following statements best describes the judiciary in Russia and Nigeria? A. Russia's government uses the judicial system to target opposition, and Islamic Sharia Courts have been established in northern Nigeria B. Russian courts have the power of judicial review, but Nigerian courts do not C. Russian Supreme Court justices serve 4-year terms, and Nigerian Supreme Court justices serve 12-year terms. D. Russian Supreme Court justices are approved by the president, and Nigerian Supreme Court justices are elected.

A. Russia's government uses the judicial system to target opposition, and Islamic Sharia Courts have been established in northern Nigeria

Which of the following is the reason for Nigeria's electoral rule that presidential candidates must secure at least 25 percent of the vote in two-thirds of all states? A. The president must have support among a broad cross section of Nigeria's diverse population B. The president will most likely be a policy centrist from Nigeria's diverse Middle Belt. C. This rule ensures that the president will be a Christian, since Christians are the majority of the population. D. This rule increases run-off elections, thereby increasing electoral competition.

A. The president must have support among a broad cross section of Nigeria's diverse population

Which of the following best explains why countries rich in oil are susceptible to economic crises? A. High taxation of their citizens makes them susceptible to budgetary shortfalls when oil prices fall. B. Lack of economic diversification makes them vulnerable to debt when oil prices fall. C. Undervaluation of their currencies makes it hard for them to import materials needed for investment D. Inequality between rich and poor makes them susceptible to social conflict.

B. Lack of economic diversification makes them vulnerable to debt when oil prices fall.

In which of the following sets do all states have federal governments? A. China, Iran, and Mexico B. Mexico, Nigeria, and Russia C. Mexico, Russia, and Iran D. Nigeria, Russia, and Great Britain E. China, Iran, and Great Britain

B. Mexico, Nigeria, and Russia

Which of the following statements did most poll respondents say described the state of political affairs in Nigeria? A. Elected officials care what ordinary people think. B. Most politicians are corrupt. C. No matter who wins, things do not change much. D. The court systems treat everyone fairly.

B. Most politicians are corrupt.

Which of the following is true of the cabinet in both Mexico and Nigeria? A. Cabinet members must be members of the legislature. B. The legislature must approve cabinet members nominated by the executive. C. The cabinet is solely accountable to the executive branch D. The courts must review all cabinet member nominations by the executive

B. The legislature must approve cabinet members nominated by the executive.

Which of the following correctly explains an important limitation of the data on the map? A. The map does not allow for a comparison of state levels of unemployment B. The map does not indicate the overall level of unemployment in Nigeria C. The map indicates that southern Nigeria has lower levels of unemployment overall. D. The map does not give unemployment figures for states in eastern Nigeria.

B. The map does not indicate the overall level of unemployment in Nigeria

Which of the following explains why, despite Mexico and Nigeria both being democracies, the number of women serving as representatives in the legislature differs in the two countries? A. There is a cultural bias against women participating in politics in Nigeria that is not present in Mexico. B. There are gender quotas in Mexico to increase female representation in the legislature, but there are no quotas in Nigeria. C. Domestic political reforms in Nigeria have increased women's political participation, while no reforms have occurred in Mexico. D. Revenues from oil in Mexico have been used to fund education classes for women running for office, while oil revenues in Nigeria fund only healthcare programs.

B. There are gender quotas in Mexico to increase female representation in the legislature, but there are no quotas in Nigeria

Russia and Nigeria share all of the following characteristics EXCEPT A. significant oil production B. a parliamentary system C. a strong President D. the experience of an identity-based war E. federalism

B. a parliamentary system

Which of the following explains the potential effects of unemployment, as shown on the map? A. Nigeria's economic policies have decreased unemployment overall, increasing regime legitimacy B. Recent economic policies from the Nigerian government have focused on economic liberalization, generating job growth. C. High levels of unemployment can negatively impact the legitimacy of the government in Nigeria D. Nigerians are migrating to rural areas in search of employment

C. High levels of unemployment can negatively impact the legitimacy of the government in Nigeria

Which statement below best explains why, despite tremendous oil reserves, the Nigerian government still has difficulty providing social services throughout the country? A. Domestic instability has diverted oil revenue from the social sector to the defense sector B. Revenues earned from oil reserves have remained in the oil-producing Niger Delta region. C. Massive corruption limits the amount of resources redistributed by the government to the people. D. There are not enough trained teachers and medical professionals in the country. E. Nigeria lacks a bureaucracy.

C. Massive corruption limits the amount of resources redistributed by the government to the people.

Which of the following best explains a characteristic of elections in Mexico and Nigeria? A. Mexico and Nigeria both have rules that require the president to earn a minimum percentage of votes in each state, which has reduced the impact of regional differences upon electoral results. B. Mexico and Nigeria both have thresholds for parties to win seats in the legislature, which have reduced the number of parties that win seats. C. Mexico and Nigeria both have independent electoral commissions to reduce the impact of corrupt practices upon election results. D. Mexico and Nigeria both have single-member district (SMD) electoral systems, which increases the number of parties in the legislature

C. Mexico and Nigeria both have independent electoral commissions to reduce the impact of corrupt practices upon election results.

Which of the following is an implication for competitiveness of the electoral process in Nigeria and Iran? A. Iranian legislative elections are very competitive because the Guardian Council encourages free and fair elections, while Nigerian legislative elections are not very competitive because the incumbent always wins. B. In Nigeria, the government requires that a certain number of seats in the legislature are reserved for minority groups, whereas in Iran there are no legislative seats reserved for specific groups. C. The Nigerian government has established an independent electoral commission to encourage competitiveness in elections, while the Iranian government continues to impose strict limits on who can run for office. D. Electoral competition in Iran and Nigeria is limited, and both countries ban women from running in presidential or legislative elections.

C. The Nigerian government has established an independent electoral commission to encourage competitiveness in elections, while the Iranian government continues to impose strict limits on who can run for office.

Which of the following best describes how the president is removed in Nigeria? A. The Nigerian president can only be removed by the judiciary, based on British common law. B. The Nigerian constitution does not allow the president to be impeached or removed from office C. The Nigerian president is removed through impeachment proceedings in the legislature D. The Nigerian president is removed through a vote of no confidence in the parliament.

C. The Nigerian president is removed through impeachment proceedings in the legislature

Which of the following is an accurate description of the executive in Nigeria? A. The Nigerian president chooses the prime minister. B. The Nigerian president has no power over the military. C. The Nigerian president is the head of state and conducts foreign policy D. The Nigerian president does not interact with the legislature.

C. The Nigerian president is the head of state and conducts foreign policy

Which of the following best explains the effect of the president's combined role as both head of state and head of government in countries such as Nigeria and Mexico? A. The president has more independence from the demands of political parties and coalitions. B. The president has a smaller role in foreign policy due to the combination of the roles of head of state and head of government C. The president is responsible for both executing the laws and representing the state. D. The president both acts as the chief executive and serves in the legislature, which facilitates policy making

C. The president is responsible for both executing the laws and representing the state.

Which of the following is true of women in Nigeria? A. They must walk at least two spaces behind their husbands B. They voted for the first time in 1999. C. They enjoy more freedom in the southern region than they do in the north. D. They had more control over their own affairs under colonialism than they do now. E. They enjoy more freedom in the northern region than they do in the south.

C. They enjoy more freedom in the southern region than they do in the north.

Britain's imposition of a federal political structure on Nigeria was significant because it A. facilitated development by giving each state the opportunity to carry out independent development projects B. led to the equitable distribution of resources across all regions C. aggravated ethnonationalism when regional boundaries coincided with ethnic divisions D. gave states responsibility for law enforcement with a network of state police forces E. simplified the revenue allocation process

C. aggravated ethnonationalism when regional boundaries coincided with ethnic divisions

Which of the following is true of cleavages in modern Nigeria and China? A. Pro-western groups repeatedly clash with nationalists. B. Ethnic separatism poses no major threat to central government institutions. C. Both countries have experienced sectarian conflict among religious communities D. Both countries are experiencing deepening rural-urban divides E. Social inequality has been reduced as a result of foreign investment.

D. Both countries are experiencing deepening rural-urban divides

Nigeria has significantly increased its importance as a regional power through its leadership in which of the following organizations? A. United Nations Security Council B. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) C. Organization of Islamic States D. Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) E. International Monetary Fund (IMF)

D. Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)

In which two countries were the following economic policies pursued to increase the power of the ruling party ? A. Private control of resources in the United Kingdom and privatization in Russia B. Increased trade in Iran and Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in Russia C. Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in China and nationalized oil in Mexico D. Nationalization of oil and gas in Russia and state ownership of the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) in Nigeria

D. Nationalization of oil and gas in Russia and state ownership of the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) in Nigeria

Which of the following is an implication of the data for Nigeria? A. Corruption will continue to get worse because most politicians refuse to see it as a major issue B. Corruption is no longer an issue because the Nigerian military has arrested public officials accused of taking bribes. C. Citizen protests led to the eradication of governmental corruption in Nigeria. D. The government has curtailed corruption in many areas, but it still continues to be a major issue for policy makers.

D. The government has curtailed corruption in many areas, but it still continues to be a major issue for policy makers.

Which of the following is an empirically based statement about politics in Nigeria? A. Shari'ah law ought to be imposed nationwide B. The head of government believes in democratic values, as he should C. Nigeria must remain a positive force in restoring peace in West Africa. D. There are many major ethnic groups in Nigeria. E. The Nigerian government ought to spend oil revenue to successfully address income disparities between ethnic groups in the Niger Delta region of the country.

D. There are many major ethnic groups in Nigeria.

Public policy in Nigeria is influenced by both domestic and international factors. All of the following factors are central to the Nigerian policy-making process EXCEPT A. the World Bank B. the Nigerian bureaucracy C. international commodities markets D. single-party dominance in the legislature E. ethnic and religious divisions

D. single-party dominance in the legislature

The major motivation for neoliberal economic reforms in Mexico and Nigeria has come from which of the following? A. Widespread opposition to globalization B. The need to expand the economic base for military modernization C. Political uprising by the urban poor D. Collapse of longstanding labor unions E. Debt burdens and pressures from international lenders

E. Debt burdens and pressures from international lenders

Which of the following statements best characterizes Nigerian society? A. Religious diversity, ethnic homogeneity, linguistic homogeneity B. Religious diversity, ethnic diversity, linguistic diversity C. Religious homogeneity, ethnic homogeneity, linguistic homogeneity D. Religious diversity, ethnic diversity, linguistic homogeneity E. Religious homogeneity, ethnic diversity, linguistic diversity

E. Religious diversity, ethnic diversity, linguistic diversity

In Nigeria, Shari'ah law is part of the legal system in the Responses A. eastern region B. city of Lagos C. southwestern region D. capital region of Abuja E. northern region

E. northern region