AP Enviro Ch.15 Review
Use Figure 15-1. A daily measurement of toxic emissions in Maine measures 0.070 ppm. What amount of that would be attributed to gasoline powered automobiles such as a 4-door sedan? • 0.052 ppm • 0.0180 ppm • 0.039 ppm • 0.031 ppm • 0.021 ppm
0.021 ppm
The Clean Skies Initiative proposed a SO2 emissions reduction from 11 million tons in 2002 to 4.5 million tons in 2010. What was the proposed annual reduction of emissions, assuming that emissions are reduced at a constant rate? - 4.5 million tons per year - 0.8 million tons per year - 0.3 million tons per year - 6.5 million tons per year - 1.2 million tons per year
0.8 million tons per year
Which one of the following best describes the effects of acid deposition or acid rain? - Acid deposition can decrease the pH in lakes and streams and negatively impact aquatic ecosystems and cause a decrease in species diversity of aquatic organisms. - It creates debilitating deformations in young plants, making them unable to photosynthesize. - It slowly erodes the ozone layer, allowing additional ultraviolet light to hit and stress plants, reducing their growth and killing them. - The additional nitrogen and sulfur encourage rapid vegetation growth, which stresses the plant and withdraws too many nutrients from the soil.
Acid deposition can decrease the pH in lakes and streams and negatively impact aquatic ecosystems and cause a decrease in species diversity of aquatic organisms.
Which statement about sulfur and its role in acid deposition is NOT correct? - Acid deposition continues to increase in the United States today. - Acid deposition is largely the result of human activity, although natural processes, such as volcanoes, may also contribute to its formation. - The primary pollutants sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are precursors to acid deposition. - Acid deposition has been reduced in the United States as a result of the Clean Air Act - Amendments passed in 1990. The greatest effects of acid deposition have been on aquatic ecosystems such as lakes and streams.
Acid deposition continues to increase in the United States today.
Which is NOT part of the sulfur allowance provision in the Acid Rain Program of the Clean Air Act? - Additional funding for program cost overruns - Fines to companies that emit more sulfur than they are allowed -A goal of overall reduction in sulfur emissions in the US - Provision for a company to sell its unused sulfur allowances to other companies -- Permission for a company to emit an amount of sulfur proportional to the amount it emitted prior to 1990
Additional funding for program cost overruns
The depletion of ozone over Antarctica is greatest during - throughout the year. - December - February. - February - May. - August - November. - June - August.
August - November.
The class of anthropogenic compounds responsible for the breakdown of stratospheric ozone are: • VOC's • CFC's • VFC's • COx • NOx
CFC's
Early air pollution legislation in the US sought to control all of the following EXCEPT • open burning • sulfur content in fuel • CO2 emissions • NOx emissions • emissions from industrial smokestacks
CO2 emissions
To control tropospheric ozone it helps to limit I. VOC emissions. II. NOX emissions. III. CO emissions - III only - I, II, and III - II only - I and II
I and II
Catalytic Converters in cars have been instrumental in removing which of the following pollutants from vehicle emissions? I. NOx II. CO III. SO4 • I only • II only • I and II only • I and III only • I, II, and III
I and II only
In order to control the concentrations of tropospheric ozone, it is necessary to regulate I. VOC emissions. II. NOX emissions. III. CO emissions. - II only - I only - I and II only - I, II, and III - III only
I and II only
Which is NOT a characteristic of NOX? - It contributes to the production of stratospheric ozone. - Fossil fuel combustion is the primary anthropogenic source. - It contributes to the production of photochemical smog. - It occurs as NO2 and NO gases. - It occurs as a product of combustion in the atmosphere.
It contributes to the production of stratospheric ozone.
Which of the following is INCORRECT regarding SO2? • It is a corrosive gas • It has only anthropogenic sources • It is a respiratory irritant • results from the combustion of coal & oil • It can adversely affect plant tissues
It has only anthropogenic sources
Which of the following is INCORRECT regarding CO? • It is the product of respriration • It is an odorless, colorless gas • It is a product of incomplete combustion • It is a common vehicle emmision
It is the product of respriration
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT regarding the pollutant NOX? - occurs both as NO2 &NO - Motor vehicles and fossil fuel combustion are the primary anthropogenic sources. - It plays a role in the decline of stratospheric ozone. - It plays a role in the formation of ozone and other components of smog. - It can occur as a product of natural combustion in the atmosphere.
It plays a role in the decline of stratospheric ozone.
Which pollution control measure reduces nitrogen oxide emissions when burning coal? - Lowering coal burning temperatures - Electrostatic precipitators - Fluidized bed combustion - Fabric filters - Scrubbers
Lowering coal burning temperatures
Why is indoor air pollution especially severe in developing countries? - These countries have the least strict air pollution laws. - Many people rely on open fires or inefficient stoves, where they burn biomass, animal dung, or coal indoors. - Many people rely on open fires or inefficient stoves, where they burn biomass, animal dung, or coal indoors. - The people are exposed to high levels of air pollutants at work. - The majority of adults smoke at least two packs of cigarettes a day.
Many people rely on open fires or inefficient stoves, where they burn biomass, animal dung, or coal indoors.
What is the chemical symbol of ozone
O3
Which of the following lists the six "criteria" air pollutants that EPA must specify emissions limits for under the Clean Air Act? - Tropospheric O3, SO2, NOX, PM, Pb, and CO2 - SO2, NOX, CO, PM, Pb and tropospheric O3 - SO2, NOX, CO, Hg, PM, and tropospheric O3 - SO4, NOX, CO, PM, Pb, and tropospheric O3 - SO2, NOX, Hg, Pb, PM, and O3
SO2, NOX, CO, PM, Pb and tropospheric O3
Which piece of legislation's goal was to achieve safe and acceptable air quality through the attainment and maintenance of national ambient air quality standards? • The Clean Air Act • The Air Quality Act • National Environmental Policy Act • The Montreal Protocol • The Clean Skies Initiative
The Clean Air Act
The agreement that allowed form a reduction, and eventually elimination, of CFC production use is • The Montreal Protocol • The Quebec Protocol • The Kyoto Protocol • The Clean Skies Initiative • The Clean Air Act
The Montreal Protocol
Which of the following statements is NOT true about the major air pollutants? - hazardous to the health of the environment. - hazardous to human health. - Which of the following statements is - They are quite rare sources of air pollution. - There are six major pollutants. - They can have a negative impact on our atmosphere.
They are quite rare sources of air pollution.
Which of the following is a secondary pollutant involved in photochemical smog? • Stratospheric O3 • SO2 • Tropospheric O3 • CO • CO2
Tropospheric O3
Which of the following is correct with regard to the effects of CFC's on ozone production? • UV radiation frees a chlorine atom, which breaks down ozone • Infared radiation frees a chlorine atom, which breaks down ozone • Chlorine bonds to an oxygen atom, which increases the production of ozone • UV radiation frees a carbon atom, which breaks down ozone • CFC's have no effect on ozone
UV radiation frees a chlorine atom, which breaks down ozone
Which of the following processes is correct with regard to the effects of CFCs on ozone dynamics in the stratosphere? - Infrared radiation frees a chlorine atom, which breaks down ozone. - UV radiation frees a chlorine atom, which breaks down ozone. - UV radiation frees a fluorine atom, which breaks down ozone. - UV radiation frees a carbon atom, which breaks down ozone.
UV radiation frees a chlorine atom, which breaks down ozone.
The protective layer of oxygen and stratospheric ozone absorb over 99% of incoming: • solar radiation • UV Radiation • UV-A and UV-B radiation • UV-B and UV-C radiation • UV-A and UV-C radiation
UV-B and UV-C radiation
When is the air considered to be polluted? • When human health is at risk • When there is the formation of Acid Rain and Smog • When the air is no longer tasteless, colorless, and odorless • When there is death caused by air pollution • When there is an increase in Global Warming
When the air is no longer tasteless, colorless, and odorless
The correct sequence of events for acid deposition are W. deposition of ions on vegetation or soil X. secondary pollutants are formed Y. combustion releasing SO2 and NOx Z. dissociation of pollutants • Z>X>Y>W • Y>W>X>Z • Z<Y>W>X • Y>X>Z>W • Y>Z>X>W
Y>X>Z>W
Which of the following best describes the indoor air pollutant asbestos? • a radioactive compound that can lead to lung cancer • A VOC found in furniture and carpets • a fibrous material that can cause respiratory disease • a metal that can cause brain damage in children • it is routinely found in homes in developing countries
a fibrous material that can cause respiratory disease
The atmospheric movement of acid deposition across the Pacific Ocean into the northern US is an example of - the impacts of the low air-quality standards specified for oceanic transport vessels. - a reason that international air-quality treaties or conventions would be useful. - a reason that international air-quality treaties or conventions would be useful. - the effects of increased UV radiation over the Pacific. - a violation of the Montreal Protocol. - a violation of the provisions of the Clean Air Act.
a reason that international air-quality treaties or conventions would be useful.
This air pollutant comes from incomplete combustion of fossil fuels or biomass and binds irreversibly to hemoglobin, reducing the blood's ability to carry oxygen, causing death in high concentrations. - nitrogen oxides - lead - carbon monoxide - ozone - particulate matter
carbon monoxide
A thermal inversion, which can lead to serious pollution events, occurs when • warm air that normally rises, does so taking the pollutants with it • cool air stays close to the surface but pollutants rise into the atmosphere • warm air that normally rises stays close to the surface holding pollutants close to the surface • cool air that normally rises, does so taking the pollutants with it • cool air stays close to the surface and is blanketed by a layer of warm air that traps pollutants
cool air stays close to the surface and is blanketed by a layer of warm air that traps pollutants
The VOC that is commonly found in particle board and carpeting glue and is dangerous to human health is • hydrocarbons • formeldehyde • Radon-222 • Asbestos • CFC's
formeldehyde
Gasoline is a VOC. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of gasoline that makes it a "VOC"? • gasoline is a hazardous compound • gasoline evaporates at a typical atmospheric temperature • gasoline is an organic compound • gasoline has a strong smell • gasoline is a hydrocarbon
gasoline is a hazardous compound
The major source of indoor air pollution in developing countries is • using synthetic materials in the construction of buildings • indoor cooking with biomass as fuel • release of Radon-222 gas • lead based paints on furniture& walls • smoking cigarettes
indoor cooking with biomass as fuel
Each of the following statements describes the pollutant radon-222 EXCEPT - it is a radioactive gas that results from the natural decay of uranium. - it seeps from the soil into homes and buildings through gaps and cracks in the foundation. - it exists in the granitic rocks and soils all around the world. - the health effects can be minimized by increasing building ventilation. - it binds with hemoglobin in red blood cells, reducing oxygen transport and can lead to death.
it binds with hemoglobin in red blood cells, reducing oxygen transport and can lead to death.
Ground level ozone is classified as a pollutant because it reduces lung functionality AND • it can degrade plant surfaces • it is an unstable molecule • its concentrations are low but the particle size is high • it is entirely anthropogenic in nature • It occurs in the atmoshere only
it can degrade plant surfaces
Ozone is classified as an air pollutant because it impairs lung function AND - because of its high particle size even though its concentrations are low. - it is due to anthropogenic sources. - it can degrade plant tissues. - it only occurs in the atmosphere. - it is an unstable molecule.
it can degrade plant tissues.
All of the following describes the production of stratospheric ozone EXCEPT • it is a closed loop cycle • it is formed from the reaction of O with O2 in the presence of UV radiation • it is formed from the reaction of C with O2 in the presence of NOx • without interference, there is a steady state of ozone being created and destroyed • the ozone absorbs UV-B and decomposes into O2 and O
it is formed from the reaction of C with O2 in the presence of NOx
This air pollutant is used as a gasoline additive, impairs the central nervous system and can have measurable effects on learning at low concentrations. - carbon monoxide - ozone - particulate matter - lead - nitrogen oxides
lead
The air pollutant that is a metal and is released primarily from the combustion of coal is • lead • none of the above • mercury • arsenic • sulfur
mercury
The story of how ozone depletion was addressed shows us that: - people are powerless to effect change once politicians have made up their minds. - nations can work together to solve an environmental problem. - people are apathetic about environment issues, even when faced with hard facts. - rich and powerful people are best suited to addressing pressing environmental issues. - only environmental laws that do not damage the economy have a chance of being passed.
nations can work together to solve an environmental problem.
This air pollutant comes from burning coal, oil, gasoline, and biomass. It irritates eyes, nasal passages and lungs, and can lead to formation of photochemical smog. - carbon monoxide - lead - particulate matter - nitrogen oxides - ozone
nitrogen oxides
The smog that frequently exists in major metropolitan areas such as Los Angeles, CA is known as brown smog and consists primarily of what component? • carbon particulate matter • fog • ozone • sulfate compoounds • smoke
ozone
This air pollutant forms in the lower atmosphere, is formed by chemical reactions in the presence of sunlight, causes respiratory problems, and damages plants. - nitrogen oxides - ozone - lead - carbon monoxide - particulate matter
ozone
What event happened in the mid-1980s that increased awareness about the environment? - forest fires in the west loss of biodiversity in the forest - pollution of rivers - dead zones in the ocean - ozone depletion causing skin cancer
ozone depletion causing skin cancer
Which of the following statements correctly describes the pH range of acidic deposition? - pH < 5.6 - 7 > pH > 5.6 - 7 < pH > 5.6 - pH < 8.6 - 7 < pH < 8.6
pH < 5.6
This air pollutant can exacerbate respiratory and cardiovascular disease and reduce lung function, may lead to premature death, and reduces visibility, and contributes to haze and smog - carbon monoxide - ozone - lead - nitrogen oxides - particulate matter
particulate matter
A phenomenon associated with the buildup of toxic compounds and pollutants in an airtight space is known as • sealed building syndrome • synthetic building syndrome • sick building syndrome • sick worker syndrome • insulated building sick worker syndrome
sick building syndrome
Insulation and prevention of air leaks reduces energy use but may have the unintended side effect of allowing the buildup of toxic compounds and pollutants in an airtight space, called ____________. - sick building syndrome - photochemical oxidants - brown smog - gray smog
sick building syndrome
Haze in the Amazon basin would most likely come from • slash and burn methods used to remove trees • cattle overgrazing the river basin • trade winds moving sea spray inland • microbial action in the river sediments • indigenous people's life styles
slash and burn methods used to remove trees
The beneficial ozone is ___________________ and the dangerous ozone is ____________________. • O2, O3 • O3, O2 • O3, CFC • tropospheric, stratospheric • stratospheric, tropospheric
stratospheric, tropospheric
If a municipality wanted to take measures to decrease its air pollution, the largest impact would come from • a voluntary recycling program • switching its city fleets of vehicles to natural gas from gasloline • limiting the new businesses start-ups in the area • requiring specific materials be used in the manufacture of new homes • constructing new landfills
switching its city fleets of vehicles to natural gas from gasloline
