AP Enviro Ch.19 Review
Which data are used to estimate historic temperatures and carbon dioxide concentrations? I.Marine organism fossils II.Air trapped in ice III.Glacier depth - I and III only - I and II only - I, II, and III - I and III only
I and II only
This agency was established in 1988 to bring together experts on climate change to review the evidence and make policy recommendations. - The Kyoto Protocol - The Montreal Protocol - EPA - The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
he Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
When atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are lower, the global temperature is lower; when concentrations are higher, the global temperature is higher. True or False?
True
The predicted rise in global temperatures will lead to many potential human health issues. One key issue is an increase in heat related mortality. Heat related mortality will likely hit which of the following the hardest? - Rural residents - Urban areas of developed nations - Pacific island nations - Tropical regions - Latitudes greater than 60 degrees
Urban areas of developed nations
The concentration of which of the following greenhouse gases is LEAST affected by human activity? • Water vapor • Carbon dioxide • Chlorofluorocarbons • Methane • Carbon monoxide
Water vapor
An approach to combating global warming by removing already-emitted greenhouse gas is termed • carbon disassociation. • thermal stratification. • carbon sequestration. • methanogenesis. • cogeneration.
carbon sequestration.
The greenhouse gas with the highest greenhouse warming potential is - carbon dioxide. - methane. - water vapor. - chlorofluorocarbons. - nitrous oxide.
chlorofluorocarbons.
One effect due in part to global warming at the organismal level is seen when certain types of algae disassociate from their symbiotic hosts. This process is known as: - parasitoid evacuation. - sequential hermaphroditism. - coral bleaching. - commensalistic separation.
coral bleaching
Methane is naturally produced by - decomposition. - volcanic eruptions. - denitrification. - evapotranspiration. - forest fires.
decomposition.
Oceans are a global sink for carbon dioxide. This is a concern because as global temperatures increase, the oceans ability to retain carbon dioxide will tend to • increase slightly. •remain unchanged. •double. • decrease. • triple.
decrease.
Effects of climate change on organisms include all of the following except - increased growing seasons. - disruption of animal life cycles. - coral bleaching. - decreased species ranges in temperate areas. - increased dispersal of plants and animals.
decreased species ranges in temperate areas.
Per capita carbon emissions tend to be highest in • developed nations. • developing nations. • South America. • Eurasia. • Africa.
developed nations.
Which of the following poses the greatest threat to polar bears? • hunting • tainted seal meat • pollution • global warming
global warming
Which atmospheric gas absorbs the MOST infrared radiation (heat) and accounts for half of the greenhouse effect? - carbon dioxide - water vapor - neon - methane
water vapor
Total CO2 emission equivalent (millions of metric tons) Beef cattle 168.3 Dairy cattle 51.2 Swine 21.0 Poultry 3.1 In 2005, there were approximately 60.6 million swine in the U.S. About how much emissions did EACH of these swine produce? • 0.035 metric tons • 0.35 metric tons • 3.5 metric tons • 35 metric tons • 3500 metric tons.
0.35 metric tons
How much has the average global temperature increased in the last 120 years? - 0.6°F - 1.0°F - 1.4°F - 2.7°F - 3.2°F
1.4°F
The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere in 1958 was 310 ppm and rose to 390 ppm in 2009. The percent increase in carbon dioxide over this period of time is closest to • 20% • 25% • 70% • 80%
25%
In the two decades since the Kyoto Protocol mapped a path to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, emissions have, in fact, increased by approximately _____. - 10% - 50% - 80% - 100% - 34%
34%
The average concentration of atmospheric CO2 is currently about: - 280 ppm. - 400 ppm. - 160 ppm. - 360 ppm. - 520 ppm.
400 ppm.
If the annual rate of CO2increase is 1.5 ppm and the concentration in 2010 is 390 ppm, what concentration would you expect in 2100? - 420 ppm - 480 ppm - 505 ppm - 525 ppm - 540 ppm
525 ppm
Which of the following natural disasters in the United States can be at least partly attributed to global warming? • Hurricane Katrina • Gulf Oil Spill • Love Canal • Exxon Valdez Oil Spill • Eruption of Mount St. Helens
Hurricane Katrina
Which of the following are examples of how climate change is affecting species? - In the Northern Hemisphere, the growing season for plants has lengthened by 4 to 16 days. - Many species of plants now flower earlier, birds arrive at their breeding grounds earlier, and insects emerge earlier. - The ranges occupied by different species of plants, birds, insects, and fish have shifted toward both poles. - Rapid temperature changes harm organisms that do not have the option of moving to more hospitable climates and do not have sufficient time to evolve adaptations. - All of the above.
All of the above
Which of the following phenomena is a major cause of increasing greenhouse gas production? • A weakening economy leading to less efficient energy usage. • An increasing global population, which is also becoming increasingly affluent. • A more intense Atlantic hurricane season. • A thinning of stratospheric ozone causing an increase in UV radiation. • Higher evaporation rates due to greater area of impervious surfaces.
An increasing global population, which is also becoming increasingly affluent.
Although the average global temperature over the last 120 years has increased by 0.8 degreesC, some parts of the globe have experienced a decline in temperatures. The area that has experienced the most pronounced decrease is • the Atlantic Ocean. • the North Pole. • Antarctica. •the equator. •Europe.
Antarctica
Total CO2 emission equivalent (millions of metric tons) Beef cattle 168.3 Dairy cattle 51.2 Swine 21.0 Poultry 3.1 Which type of livestock causes the greatest overall greenhouse gas emissions? • Beef cattle • Dairy cattle • Swine • Poultry
Beef cattle
Which of the following is not a correct statement about the difference between infrared light and visible light? - Both infrared light and visible light cannot be absorbed. - Infrared light is warmer than visible light. - Infrared light is invisible to the naked human eye. - Infrared light has longer wavelengths than visible light. - All of the above
Both infrared light and visible light cannot be absorbed.
Which of the following gases is the greatest overall contributor to the greenhouse effect? • Carbon Dioxide • Methane • Ozone • Nitrous oxide • Chlorofluorocarbons
Carbon Dioxide
What did Keeling find out when he took numerous air and water samples from Big Sur State Park? - Sunlight, as if filtered through the forest canopy, had a direct impact on the levels of carbon dioxide in the forest air. - Carbon dioxide concentrations differed from one area of the forest to the next, even if the readings were taken at the same time. - Carbon dioxide concentrations varied seasonally and that these concentrations increased from year to year. - The water was far more polluted than the air, as it was extremely deficient in oxygen.
Carbon dioxide concentrations varied seasonally and that these concentrations increased from year to year.
Which of the following greenhouse gases does not exist naturally? • Carbon dioxide • Nitrous oxide • Chlorofluorocarbons • Methane • Ozone
Chlorofluorocarbons
Which of the following energy sources is a chief contributor to greenhouse gas emissions as well as increasing environmental mobility of mercury? • Nuclear power • Wind power • Coal • Natural gas cogeneration • Hydropower
Coal
How might climate change increase the range of pests? - Higher intensity weather events - Changing precipitation patterns - Increasing number of heat waves - Disruption of oceanic currents - Decreased duration of cold spells
Decreased duration of cold spells
Which is an example of a negative feedback? - Higher air temperatures cause increased ocean evaporation. - Higher air temperatures cause increased decomposition in soils. - Lower concentrations of CO2 cause increased absorption of oceanic CO2. - Low albedo causes decreased reflection of sunlight. - Higher CO2 concentrations cause increased photosynthesis.
Higher CO2 concentrations cause increased photosynthesis
Which of the following can be considered reasonable hypotheses to explain the recent trend in warming of surface temperatures globally? I. If greenhouse gas concentrations increase in the troposphere, then surface temperatures will increase. II. If the area of polar ice increases, then the surface temperatures will increase. III. If incoming solar radiation is greater than the release of outgoing infrared radiation, then surface temperatures will increase. • II • I and III • II and III • I, II and III
I and III
Which of the following could be considered a positive feedback loop contributing to increased global temperatures? I. High temperatures lead to increased decomposer activity. II. An increase in soil loss leads to a decrease in light penetration in adjacent streams. III. Increased CO2 stimulates plant growth • I • II • I and II • I and III • II and III
I only
Which of the following statements is correct concerning anthropogenic sources of methane production? I. One of the largest anthropogenic sources of methane is raising livestock. II. Methane emissions increase with the destruction of wetlands. III. Anthropogenic methane has a greater global warming potential than natural sources of methane. - I only - II only - II and III - nI, II, and II
I only
Which of the following best describes the class of compounds known as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)? I. Volcanic eruptions release them into the atmosphere. II. They are known ozone depleters. III. They were targeted for banning in 1987 as part of the Montreal Protocol. • I only • II only • I and III • II and III • I, II and III
II and III
Which of the following organizations was created by the UN to monitor, understand, and estimate the global impact of climate change? • Montreal Protocol • EPA • IUCN • IPCC
IPCC
What is NOT a potential negative effect of climate change on agriculture? - Increased range of pests - Increased risk of droughts - Increased damage from severe weather events - Increased rates of photosynthesis - Decreased growing season in western Europe
Increased rates of photosynthesis
An attempt at global collaboration in curbing greenhouse gas emissions was demonstrated by the • Clean Air Act. • Kyoto Protocol. • Montreal Protocol. • Natural Resource Defense Council • EPA
Kyoto Protocol.
What is the evidence that solar radiation is less important to global warming than the increase in greenhouse gases? - Temperatures have increased more in the summer than the winter. - Temperatures have increased more in the winter than the summer. - Temperature increases have been uneven across the globe. - There is an historic correlation of CO2and temperature. - There is a lack of temperature change in some areas.
Temperatures have increased more in the winter than the summer.
Which of the following molecules is not considered a greenhouse gas? • Carbon dioxide • Ozone • Nitrogen • Methane • Chloroflurocarbon
Nitrogen
Which of the following would likely show the greatest impacts due to global climate? - Organisms in communities around thermal rift vents - Generalist species - Organisms in extreme environments such as the polar bear - Extremophile bacteria in the geysers of Yellowstone National Park - Species in temperate communities adapted to seasonal changes
Organisms in extreme environments such as the polar bear
Why did Keeling's measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the Northern Hemisphere show a rise in winter and a decline in summer (a "sawtooth") for each year that he monitored these concentrations? - Humans use more energy to cool their homes during the summer, thereby emitting more CO2. - Photosynthesis causes land plants to absorb CO2 during the spring, while plant respiration pumps CO2 into the atmosphere during the fall. - Volcanic activity tends to peak during the winter months. - Respiration rates of animals increase during the winter, as animals try to keep themselves warm. - None of the above.
Photosynthesis causes land plants to absorb CO2 during the spring, while plant respiration pumps CO2 into the atmosphere during the fall.
The loss of glaciers could directly cause • an increase in permafrost. • a decrease in storm intensity. • a lowering of the mosquito line in highland areas. • a decline in seasonal drinking water supplies. • an increase in water filtration capabilities.
a decline in seasonal drinking water supplies.
Most nitrous oxide emissions are from - fossil fuel combustion. - agricultural practices. - refrigerants. - deforestation. - industrial processes
agricultural practices.
Particulate matter may have an impact on global surface temperatures because as soot lands on snow and ice surfaces, the absorption of thermal energy increases with a decrease in • evaporation. • condensation. • sublimation. • albedo. • phototrasmittance
albedo.
Soils contain a large amount of stored carbon. The current and expected increase in temperature is likely to stimulate a positive feedback mechanism driven by • increased plant growth. • increased activity of decomposers in soils. • heightened soil erosion. • soil salinization. • loss of groundwater recharge.
increased activity of decomposers in soils.
An increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the troposphere will lead to the reduction in heat radiated back to space in the form of • infrared radiation. • visible light. • gamma radiation. • ultraviolet light. • cosmic rays.
infrared radiation.
In 1997 the United States did not ratify the Kyoto Protocol because - it required the same emission reductions from all signatories. - it did not limit the emissions of developing nations. - the predictions regarding the severity of climate change were too uncertain. - current technology was unable to meet the required goals. - the target emission reductions were seen as impossible to achieve.
it did not limit the emissions of developing nations.
Particulate matter can increase global warming by - reacting with chlorofluorocarbons. - reducing surface absorption of ultraviolet radiation. - producing additional nitrous oxides. - reflecting radiation. - lowering surface albedo.
lowering surface albedo.
Global warming might limit the availability of fresh water in many areas because of - melting glaciers - increased sea level. - thawing permafrost. - more frequent heat waves. - changes in storm intensity.
melting glaciers
What is the only developed country that has not ratified the Kyoto Protocol? • Russia • the United States • France • Japan
the United States
The greenhouse effect is due to - the absorption and reradiation of infrared radiation by the atmosphere. - the reflection of ultraviolet radiation by the atmosphere. - the absorption of ultraviolet radiation by the atmosphere. - the reflection of infrared radiation from Earth's surface. - the absorption of ultraviolet radiation by Earth.
the absorption and reradiation of infrared radiation by the atmosphere.
