AP Euro Absolutism
... is a vision of a world in which community needs predominate over competition and profit.
A moral economy
What were the military service requirements established for Prussian men in 1733?
All men had to undergo military training and serve as reservists in the army.
Why were religious tensions in England increasing in the early seventeenth century?
Anglican bishops sought to reclaim church lands seized during the Reformation.
How did rulers transform the structure of armies in the seventeenth century?
Army officers were required to be loyal and obedient to the monarchs who commanded them.
The Peace of Utrecht represented the _________ principle in action.
Balance of power
What role did women play in the French patronage systems?
Brokered alliances between factions, advocated policy decisions, and recommended individuals for honors.
The Ottoman state combined Arab and Persian traditions with the heritage of _________.
Byzantium
Which of the following is not a component of mercantilism?
Colonial activity expends wealth that a country could apply to the development of national industries.
Explain how the rulers of Austria and Prussia managed to build powerful absolute monarchies.
Control over standing army, taxation, and representative bodies; left underlying social and economical structure; growth of state power
Peasants fleeing the policies of Ivan IV joined free groups and warrior bands known as _________.
Cossacks
Why did the economic position of peasants in eastern Europe erode?
Eastern lords responded to the labor shortages caused by the Black Death by restricting the right of their peasants to move about and seek better opportunities.
During his tour of western European capitals, Peter the Great was especially impressed with the growing power of _________.
England and Holland
... benefited the most from the inexpensive grain grown in eastern Europe.
England and the Netherlands
Trace the emergence of constitutionalism in England and the Dutch Republic.
England violently resisted, civil war, emerged with constitutional monarchy; Bill of Rights established parliamentary control of legal system. Dutch Republic rejected monarchical rule after winning independence from Spain.
_________ never fully embraced the baroque style.
England, Holland, and France
What Louis XIV's goal in keeping France at war for so much of his reign?
Expand France
Prussian absolutism was brought to fruition by __________.
Frederick William I, "the Soldiers' King"
By the beginning of the eighteenth century, _________ had become established as the language of polite society and international diplomacy.
French
The artistic and literary world of Louis XIV in which artists and writers imitated the subject matter and style of classical antiquity is called _________.
French Classicism
The _________ was a revolt of both the popular masses and nobility in France that challenged the regency government of Anne of Austria.
Fronde
How was Louis XIV able to compel the nobility to participate in the elaborate court rituals of Versailles?
Granted privileges, titles, and offices to them
How did Charles II seek to address his lack of adequate income from Parliament?
He accepted funds from Louis XIV of France in return for promising to move England toward Catholicism.
How did Peter the Great seek to reward talented individuals of non-noble origins?
He created a bureaucracy with fourteen ranks and required everyone to work their way up from the bottom.
How did Ivan IV seek to crush the power of the boyars?
He created a new service nobility dependent on the state for their titles and estates.
Which of the following best characterizes Oliver Cromwell's religious policies?
He forbade the practice of Catholicism but welcomed the immigration of Jews to England.
What political action did the Holy Roman emperor take during the second, or Danish, phase of the Thirty Years' War?
He ordered that all Catholic properties lost to Protestantism be restored.
How did Charles I seek to address his financial crisis?
He revived medieval laws that permitted him to levy taxes considered illegal by most people.
Why did Louis XIV select councilors from the recently ennobled or the upper middle class?
He wanted to show the public that he did not intend to share power with his ministers.
In response to the devastation of the civil wars in France, _________ promised "a chicken in every pot."
Henry IV
What was James I's greatest problem when he assumed the throne of England?
James's belief that a monarch was responsible only to God contradicted English tradition that private property could not be seized without due process of law.
Gluckel of Hameln
Jewish widow, 12 children, wrote her autobiography; source for scholars
The baroque style in music reached its culmination in the innovative work of _________.
Johann Sebastian Bach
The _________ were the landowning classes in Brandenburg and Prussia.
Junkers
What change in political practice marked a significant decline in the monarchy's decision-making authority in England?
King George II stopped attending cabinet meetings.
How did the urban-rural dynamic change in eastern Europe in the seventeenth century?
Landlords sold products directly to foreigners, bypassing local towns, and the population of the towns and the urban middle class subsequently declined.
How did the Ottomans organize their various religious factions within their empire?
Millets or nations with self-government under its religious leaders.
Describe the distinctive features of Russian and Ottoman absolutism.
Mongol conquest and rule set stage for absolutism; Ivan the Terrible's harsh rule sparked revolt. Russia expanded, large empire, Peter the Great modernized absolutism. Ottomans developed system in which all land belonged to the sultan; religious tolerance
Over the course of the seventeenth century, how did rulers improve their response to popular revolts?
Municipal governments were better integrated into the national structure, and local authorities received prompt military support from the central government.
The fleshy, sensual nude was a trademark of _________.
Peter Paul Rubens
Explain the baroque style in art and music, and identify where it was popular.
Rubens and Bach: emotional and exuberant; religious enthusiasm, seventeenth century, Catholic countries (Spain, Latin America, Austria, s. Germany, and Poland)
Absolutism
Ruler is an absolute dictator
Identify the common crises and achievements of seventeenth-century European states.
Severe economic, social, and military crisis, rebellion; poor harvests, high taxes, decades of war. Increased powers, centralized control, strengthened bureaucracies, and bigger armies.
1. Which of the following best describes the "little ice age" of the seventeenth century?
Shortened farming seasons led to food shortages, malnutrition, and disease.
What result emerged from the Treaty of the Pyrenees of 1659?
Spain surrendered extensive territories to France.
How did Spain's financial position deteriorate in the mid-1600s?
Spain's South American silver mines became much less productive.
What was the fundamentally flawed idea that the Count-Duke Olivares promoted in Spain?
Spain's difficulties could be solved by a return to the imperial tradition of the sixteenth century.
How might Glückel's successes be attributed to the stabilizing force of absolutism in the seventeenth century?
Successful in social and business; importance of dowry in marriage, childbirth, family, and life- dowries for girls
With his defeat of Bohemia in the Thirty Years' War, the Holy Roman Emperor drastically reduced the power of _________.
The Bohemian Estates
What was the most important consequence of the Fronde?
The French desired a strong monarch to reimpose order.
_________ effectively thwarted the full development of Habsburg absolutism in their territory.
The Hungarian nobility
How did the Ottomans understand the fall of Constantinople?
The fall of Constantinople signified the liberation of a glorious city from its long decline under the Byzantines.
How did the coronation of William and Mary resolve the issue of sovereignty in England?
The monarchy was recognized as the sovereign authority, with Parliament having the ability to shape or influence monarchical decisions.
How did the Peace of Westphalia affect the power of the Holy Roman emperor in central Europe?
The treaty confirmed the emperor's severely limited authority.
How did the Ottomans establish an effective bureaucracy?
They trained slaves to administer, and the most talented slaves rose to the top of the bureaucracy.
How did the Habsburgs' losses in the Thirty Years' War affect their political ambitions?
They turned their attention inward and eastward and strove to unify their domains.
Discuss the factors that led to the rise of the French absolutist state under Louis XIV, and the factors that led to the decline of absolutist Spain.
Used divine right of kings to justify hold on power, centralized bureaucracy, professional army, state-directed economy, collaboration of high nobles; economic catastrophe, decline in royal capacities, fall in colonial trade, state debt, decline in manufacturing and agricultural productivity
Neither England nor Holland was an example of _________ in the late seventeenth century.
a democracy
Though called the Protectorate, the rule of Oliver Cromwell constituted _________.
a military dictatorship
The Archbishop of Canterbury William Laud sought to impose _________ on Presbyterian Scots.
a new prayer book and bishoprics
What did Thomas Hobbes believe was the only solution for managing humans' violent hunger for power and wealth?
a social contract in which all members of society submit to the absolute rule of a monarch, who maintains peace and order
What did nobles in Austria and Prussia receive in exchange for growing monarchical authority?
a. Nobles remained as unchallenged masters of their peasants.
John Locke's view of natural rights included all of the following except...
all men have the right of consent and must therefore hold the right to vote.
The Catholic Church wanted the baroque movement to promote what sensibility?
an intensely emotional, exuberant sensibility that emphasized ceaseless striving
Who held the majority of political authority in the Dutch Republic?
an oligarchy of wealthy businessmen called "regents" who handled domestic affairs in each province's Estates
The _________ were the highest-ranking nobles in Russia.
boyars
The _________ in 1649 sent shock waves around Europe.
execution of Charles I
In his effort to establish St. Petersburg as Russia's capital, Peter the Great required all of the following except...
foreigners were required to pay for the city's infrastructure in order to conduct business in Russia.
The Ottoman Empire originally was characterized by an almost complete absence of _________.
private landed property
The political success of the Dutch Republic rested on its _________.
remarkable commercial prosperity
Which of the following was not one of the primary groups within rural life in western Europe?
serfs who were required to work for the local lord and did not own land in their own right
Of whom did the Russian rulers see themselves as heirs?
the Byzantine Empire
The development of the early baroque style was promoted by __________.
the Catholic church
During the Thirty Years' War, German Protestants received subsidies from ...
the French chief minister, Cardinal Richelieu
In rural villages, an important annual festival was...
the killing of the family pig
What was Cardinal Richelieu's main foreign policy goal?
to destroy the Habsburgs' control of territories that surrounded France
The driving force of seventeenth-century state-building was ...
warfare
How did the Romanovs fund their bid for territorial expansion?
with profits from the natural resources of Siberia